Adirondack Watersheds Research Articles

The Buck Creek‐Boreas River Adirondack watershed monitoring program

AbstractThe Buck Creek‐Boreas River Adirondack Watershed Monitoring Program, located in the Adirondack region of New York State, United States, combines the monitoring of headwater streams, soils, and vegetation based on a watershed design. Continuous monitoring of six watersheds is linked to the sampling of more than 400 additional Adirondack streams between 2003 and 2019 for chemical analysis of 14 constituents throughout the highly valued Adirondack ecoregion that covers an area of more than 24 000 km2. Much of this landscape has a low capacity for acid buffering, but due to spatial variation in geologic features, some areas are moderately to well acid buffered. This program includes data that extends back to the early 1980s and is ongoing. The focus of the program is on the watersheds of headwater Adirondack streams. Soil, vegetation and stream data are used to better understand environmental effects on the linkages of these ecosystem components. Documentation of the long‐term responses of Adirondack ecosystems to environmental disturbances such as acid rain, climate change and other unforeseen factors is the primary objective of the program.

Composition and distribution of fish environmental DNA in an Adirondack watershed.

BackgroundEnvironmental DNA (eDNA) surveys are appealing options for monitoring aquatic biodiversity. While factors affecting eDNA persistence, capture and amplification have been heavily studied, watershed-scale surveys of fish communities and our confidence in such need further exploration.MethodsWe characterized fish eDNA compositions using rapid, low-volume filtering with replicate and control samples scaled for a single Illumina MiSeq flow cell, using the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA locus for taxonomic profiling. Our goals were to determine: (1) spatiotemporal variation in eDNA abundance, (2) the filtrate needed to achieve strong sequencing libraries, (3) the taxonomic resolution of 12S ribosomal sequences in the study environment, (4) the portion of the expected fish community detectable by 12S sequencing, (5) biases in species recovery, (6) correlations between eDNA compositions and catch per unit effort (CPUE) and (7) the extent that eDNA profiles reflect major watershed features. Our bioinformatic approach included (1) estimation of sequencing error from unambiguous mappings and simulation of taxonomic assignment error under various mapping criteria; (2) binning of species based on inferred assignment error rather than by taxonomic rank; and (3) visualization of mismatch distributions to facilitate discovery of distinct haplotypes attributed to the same reference. Our approach was implemented within the St. Regis River, NY, USA, which supports tribal and recreational fisheries and has been a target of restoration activities. We used a large record of St. Regis-specific observations to validate our assignments.ResultsWe found that 300 mL drawn through 25-mm cellulose nitrate filters yielded greater than 5 ng/µL DNA at most sites in summer, which was an approximate threshold for generating strong sequencing libraries in our hands. Using inferred sequence error rates, we binned 12S references for 110 species on a state checklist into 85 single-species bins and seven multispecies bins. Of 48 bins observed by capture survey in the St. Regis, we detected eDNA consistent with 40, with an additional four detections flagged as potential contaminants. Sixteen unobserved species detected by eDNA ranged from plausible to implausible based on distributional data, whereas six observed species had no 12S reference sequence. Summed log-ratio compositions of eDNA-detected taxa correlated with log(CPUE) (Pearson’s R = 0.655, P < 0.001). Shifts in eDNA composition of several taxa and a genotypic shift in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) coincided with the Hogansburg Dam, NY, USA. In summary, a simple filtering apparatus operated by field crews without prior expertise gave useful summaries of eDNA composition with minimal evidence of field contamination. 12S sequencing achieved useful taxonomic resolution despite the short marker length, and data exploration with standard bioinformatic tools clarified taxonomic uncertainty and sources of error.

Temporal and geographic trends in mercury concentrations in muscle tissue in five species of hudson river, USA, fish

AbstractWe analyzed a New York (USA) state database of mercury concentrations in muscle tissue for five species of fish (striped bass, yellow perch, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and carp) over a range of locations in the Hudson River (USA) between 1970 and 2004. We used regression models to discern temporal and geographic change in the fish while controlling for a positive correlation between mercury concentration and body mass. Mercury concentrations significantly increased in fish from New York Harbor waters to the mid‐Hudson River. Striped bass and yellow perch showed a shallower increase in mercury concentration with river mile than did carp, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass. Mercury concentrations declined over the 34‐year period. These results imply that a geographically restricted source of mercury may be spread throughout the watershed by toxin‐laden dispersing species. The increase of mercury toward the north may relate to a point source in the mid‐Hudson River, or it may indicate mercury released from the Adirondack watershed. The decline of mercury over three decades corresponds to a reduction of various inputs in the region. The temporal and geographic pattern of mercury in sediments corresponds to the geographic trend of mercury in fish.

The Impacts of Forest Management on Invertebrate Communities Associated with Submerged Leaves in Forested Adirondack Streams

ABSTRACT We compared seven small (2–6 km2) upland watersheds located in two land-use categories (logged and unlogged) in the Adirondack Park (New York). Watersheds were considered logged if the lands were managed for timber harvesting, while unlogged watersheds have not been logged for at least 85 years. Riparian litter species composition and biomass were estimated for each stream. In-stream leaves were also sampled to assess invertebrate community assemblages and leaf species composition. Leaf material in logged catchments was composed mainly of litter that decomposes more quickly and is thus of higher quality to the invertebrate consumer (i.e., Acer spp., Populus tremuloides and Fraxinus americana). Leaves in unlogged catchments contained a higher abundance of invertebrates and detritivorous insects throughout the year. The results suggest that alterations to the invertebrate community related to land-use may result in differing energy processing rates in logged Adirondack watersheds.

Temporal and Geographic Trends in Mercury Concentrations in Muscle Tissue in Five Species of Hudson River, USA, Fishes

We analyzed a New York (USA) state database of mercury concentrations in muscle tissue for five species of fish (striped bass, yellow perch, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and carp) over a range of locations in the Hudson River (USA) between 1970 and 2004. We used regression models to discern temporal and geographic change in the fish while controlling for a positive correlation between mercury concentration and body mass. Mercury concentrations significantly increased in fish from New York Harbor waters to the mid-Hudson River. Striped bass and yellow perch showed a shallower increase in mercury concentration with river mile than did carp, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass. Mercury concentrations declined over the 34-year period. These results imply that a geographically restricted source of mercury may be spread throughout the watershed by toxin-laden dispersing species. The increase of mercury toward the north may relate to a point source in the mid-Hudson River, or it may indicate mercury released from the Adirondack watershed. The decline of mercury over three decades corresponds to a reduction of various inputs in the region. The temporal and geographic pattern of mercury in sediments corresponds to the geographic trend of mercury in fish.

Acid‐base Characteristics of Soils in the Adirondack Mountains, New York

It is believed that atmospheric deposition of S and N in the Adirondack Mountains of New York has depleted soil‐base cation pools, reduced soil base saturation (BS), and contributed to enhanced acidification of soils and surface waters. However, data to determine changes in soil characteristics are generally lacking. It is expected that soil acid‐base status will improve as acidic deposition declines in response to atmospheric emissions controls. We studied edaphic characteristics at 199 locations within 44 statistically selected Adirondack lake‐watersheds, plus 26 additional watersheds that are included in long‐term lakewater monitoring programs. The statistically selected watersheds were chosen to be representative of Adirondack watersheds containing lakes larger than 1 ha and deeper than 1 m that have lakewater acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) less than or equal to 200 μmolc L−1 Results of soil analyses were extrapolated to the watersheds of 1320 low ANC lakes. In general, the concentrations of exchangeable base cations, base saturation, and soil pH were low. More than 75% of the target lakes received drainage from watersheds having average B horizon exchangeable Ca concentrations &lt; 0.52 cmolc kg−1, base saturation &lt; 10.3%, and pH (H2O) &lt; 4.5. Variations in the effective cation exchange capacity in both O and B horizons were closely correlated with soil organic matter content. These data provide a baseline against which to compare future changes in regional soil chemistry, and provide input data for aquatic and terrestrial effects models intended to project future changes in surface water chemistry, biological conditions, and forest health.

WATERSHED CLASSIFICATION BY DISCRIMINANT ANALYSES OF LAKEWATER-CHEMISTRY AND TERRESTRIAL CHARACTERISTICS

We used canonical discriminant analyses to improve an existing classification scheme by identifying those lakewater-chemistry and terrestrial variables that can jointly differentiate among a set of lakes in the Adirondack region of the northeastern USA. We then used predictive discriminant analysis to examine the ability of the models constructed in predicting class membership for lakes with unknown hydrogeological settings into known classes. We used two sets of data collected during summers of 1984-1987 and 1994. For both periods, two main underlying dimensions were identified reflecting watershed hydro- geology and lake dissolved organic carbon. The hydrogeological construct was defined by lakewater concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, and Si. This construct provides a continuous index from several previously assigned class variables and can help in data reduction and elim- ination of multicolinearity in further multivariate studies of ecosystem processes in the study lakes. The importance of Ca in defining the hydrogeological construct decreased from 1984-1987 to 1994, due to differential decrease in Ca concentration in the lake classes. The periodic decrease in Ca concentration of many drainage lakes suggests that they con- tinue to lose buffering capacity to acidic deposition and that the current decreased emission and deposition of acidic S compounds may not be sufficient for chemical recovery of these lakes. The construct reflecting lakewater concentration of dissolved organic carbon was defined by lakewater Fe concentration and the lake-volume-weighted watershed areas cov- ered by wetlands and forest. Our methodology and results should provide useful information for studies conducted in the Adirondack watersheds and may be applicable to other regions with properties and environmental issues comparable to those in the Adirondack region.

Forest Community Composition and Juvenile Red Spruce (Picea rubens) Age-Structure and Growth Patterns in an Adirondack Watershed

L. (red maple), is replaced. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American beech) was codominant in the overstory with A. rubrum, and was dominant in the understory. Picea rubens saplings were more frequently found on mounds than other microtopographical positions, but not on mounds that were of recent origin. Picea rubens saplings had an unimodal age-structure characteristic of an even-aged population, which suggests a pattern of episodic regeneration coincident with local windthrow disturbance. Picea rubens that occurred on mounds, rocks, and intact areas tended to be larger and older than those found in pits. The establishment and survival of juvenile P. rubens were limited by the availability of microsites coincident with good seed years, and the suitability of microsites for growth once stems were established. Terminal and lateral growth increments of P. rubens saplings were similar among microtopographical positions and between reference and limed subcatchments before and in the two years after liming. In 1992, the terminal increment of P. rubens was not different from the 1991 terminal increment on treated subcatchments, but in reference subcatchments the terminal increment was less than in 1991. The potential role of P. rubens in future forests is discussed.

Short‐Term Responses of Wetland Vegetation After Liming of an Adirondack Watershed

Watershed liming has been suggested as a long—term mitigation strategy for lake acidity, particularly in areas subject to high levels of acidic deposition.However, virtually no information has been available on the impacts of liming on wetland vegetation. In 1989, 1100 Mg of limestone (83.5% CaCO3) were aerially applied to 48% (100 ha) of the Woods Lake watershed in the west—central Adirondack region of New York as part of the first comprehensive watershed liming study in North America. We inventoried wetland vegetation in 1.0—m2 plots before liming and during the subsequent 2 yr. Within this period liming influenced the cover, frequency, or importance values of only 6 of 64 wetland taxa. The cover of Sphagnum spp. and of the cespitose sedge Carex interior decreased in control relative to limed plots, and cover of the rhizomatous sedge Cladium mariscoides increased nearly threefold in limed areas. These two sedges, which are relatively tall, are characteristic of more calcareous habitats. Cover of the grass Muhlenbergia uniflora, cover and importance value of the sundew Drosera intermedia, and frequency of the forb Hypericum canadense were adversely affected or inhibited by lime. It is unclear whether liming directly inhibited the growth of these three small—statured species, or whether the adverse effects of lime were mediated through shifts in competitive interactions with other species. The limited responses that we observed to liming, along with changes that occurred in control plots over the study period, may indicate that in the short term watershed liming was no more of a perturbation than the environmental factors responsible for natural annual variation in wetland communities.

Chemical Weathering in the Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado

Mineralogic, hydrologic, and geochemical data were used to determine the source of solutes to surface waters draining the Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS), an alpine‐subalpine drainage located in the Front Range of Colorado. The flux of dissolved solids from LVWS is primarily controlled by interactions between snowmelt and materials derived from the local bedrock; the biomass has only a minor effect on solute budgets except for ammonium. LVWS is underlain by Precambrian granite and gneiss, the major minerals include quartz, microcline, plagioclase, biotite, and sillimanite. Small amounts of calcite were found along hydrothermally altered zones in the bedrock. Mass balance calculations indicate that the weathering of calcite contributes nearly 40% of the cations derived within the basin. The importance of calcite weathering in LVWS is a result of its chemical reactivity and the high rate of physical erosion in this alpine environment. The average cationic denudation rate in the drainage (390 eq/ha/yr) is similar to long‐term rates in forested Adirondack watersheds (500–600 eq/ha/yr), but much lower than the average for the North American Continent (3800 eq/ha/yr). Surface waters in LVWS are susceptible to acidification should acid deposition from the atmosphere increase.

Reactions that modify chemistry in lakes of the National Surface Water Survey

A simple mass balance equation was used to determine the important reactions that occur in selected lake watersheds of the Adirondack Park, the Southern Blue Ridge Province of the Appalachian Mountains, and a portion of northern Florida. The mass balance requires only three input parameters: precipitation ion concentration, lake ion concentration, and an evapoconcentration factor appliable to the watershed. It was determined that the most important alkalizing reaction in all three study areas was the production of base cations (Ca{sup 2+}, Mg{sup 2+}, and Na{sup +}) by ion exchange and chemical weathering, followed by sulfate adsorption in the Southern Blue Ridge watersheds and nitrate assimilation/reduction in the Adirondack Park. Dry deposition of sulfate was important to the sulfate balance in the Adirondack watersheds and was f the same order of magnitude as wet precipitation inputs. Chloride ion could not be used to provide an independent check on the mass balance methodology because unmeasured sources such as dry deposition and mineral dissolution appeared to be significant, especially in the Southern Blue Ridge Province and Florida watersheds.

Response of two Adirondack watersheds to acidic deposition

Responses of two lake-watersheds to changes in atmospheric deposition were simulated using the Integrated Lake-Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) Model. The simulated annual chemical outlet fluxes were continuous functions of both S and N deposition. No acidification threshold was observed. The slopes of the response curves quantified the contrasting sensitivities of the two systems to changes in deposition.

The Nature of Vermiculite in Adirondack Soils and Till

AbstractThe clay and bulk mineralogy of soil and till from 26 Adirondack watersheds was studied. The materials consist typically of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, mica, vermiculite, and kaolinite. Talc, smectite, halloysite, and hornblende are present in some samples. The clay fraction of the soils is composed predominantly of vermiculite, likely derived from the transformation of a mica precursor, and kaolinite. The soil vermiculite commonly contains hydroxy-Al interlayers which are especially prevalent in the B-horizon samples. Despite significant variation in the type of bedrock and the composition of heavy mineral assemblages in these watersheds, the clay mineralogy is remarkably uniform. This finding supports earlier suggestions that the occurrence of vermiculite in soils is more dependent on climate than on the nature of the parent material.

Chemical weathering in two Adirondack watersheds: Past and present-day rates

Research Article| October 01, 1986 Chemical weathering in two Adirondack watersheds: Past and present-day rates RICHARD APRIL; RICHARD APRIL 1Department of Geology, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York 13346 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar ROBERT NEWTON; ROBERT NEWTON 2Department of Geology, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar LAURA TRUETTNER COLES LAURA TRUETTNER COLES 3Department of Geology and Geography, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information RICHARD APRIL 1Department of Geology, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York 13346 ROBERT NEWTON 2Department of Geology, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063 LAURA TRUETTNER COLES 3Department of Geology and Geography, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 Publisher: Geological Society of America First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Geological Society of America GSA Bulletin (1986) 97 (10): 1232–1238. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<1232:CWITAW>2.0.CO;2 Article history First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation RICHARD APRIL, ROBERT NEWTON, LAURA TRUETTNER COLES; Chemical weathering in two Adirondack watersheds: Past and present-day rates. GSA Bulletin 1986;; 97 (10): 1232–1238. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<1232:CWITAW>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Rates of chemical weathering in two forested Adirondack watersheds were determined from mineral and elemental depletion trends in soil profiles and from input/output budgets based on precipitation and surface-water chemistry. Long-term rates of weathering have averaged about 500 to 600 eq/ha·yr for both watersheds since the glaciers retreated from the region about 14,000 yr ago. Present-day denudation rates average 1679 eq/ha·yr in the Panther Lake watershed and only 198 eq/ha·yr in the Woods Lake watershed.Mineral weathering reactions in both watersheds involve primarily the dissolution of plagioclase, potassium feldspar, and hornblende. Mass balance calculations, however, indicate that hornblende weathers in disproportionately large amounts in the Panther Lake watershed relative to its abundance in soils and till. Cation exchange in the glacial till mantling the Panther Lake watershed may also play an important role in controlling surface-water chemistry in the basin.In the Panther Lake watershed, the current rate of weathering, which is about a factor of 3 greater than the long-term average, may reflect a recent adjustment for higher hydrogen ion fluxes brought about by acid deposition. The capacity of the thick till deposits in the Panther Lake watershed to neutralize acidity is ultimately reflected by the circum-neutrality of Panther Lake. In the Woods Lake watershed, the soils and thin till deposits cannot effectively neutralize current acid loadings and, therefore, Woods Lake is acidic with a pH below 5. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Oxygen-18 study of the atmospheric-aquatic linkage in adirondack watersheds

Twelve monthly measurements were made of the δ18O of the water and of the dissolved sulfates in inlet streams and in outlet streams of lakes in three watersheds in the Adirondack Park region of New York. The average\(\delta ^{18} {\text{O}}_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}\) of the surface waters (streams and lakes) of the three watersheds was in the typical range of seasonally varying\(\delta ^{18} {\text{O}}_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}\) of precipitation water, whereas the\(\delta ^{18} {\text{O}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2 - }}} }\) of the surface waters was significantly lower than the typical range of seasonally varying\(\delta ^{18} {\text{O}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2 - }}} }\) in precipitation water. Two possible causes for the apparent alteration of δ18O of the sulfates during percolation of the water through various strata in the ground link between the atmosphere and the watershed lakes are: (1) bacterial redox cycling, in which the sulfate is reduced, allowing isotopic equilibration between the HS03− ion and associated water, and then catalytically reoxidized to sulfate; and (2) ion exchange, in which the soil strata, containing chemically fixed sulfates, behave as a “column” that is not in sulfate-ion equilibrium with sulfates in the atmospheric recharge water.

EXPLORATION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ACIDIC DEPOSITION, LAND USE, AND WATER CHEMISTRY

ABSTRACT Many waterzshed characteristics, either by themselves or in combination with acidic deposition, have been shown to influence the acidification of lakes. Correlations and linear regressions were calculated for pairs of watershed characteristics and water chemistry measurements to statistically test, using observational data, these relationships. The study included a subset of 46 headwater lakes in the Adirondack Mountain region of New York State that were common to both the National Surface Water Survey (providing water chemistry data) and the Adirondack Watershed Data Base (providing watershed attribute data). Wet deposition and lake elevation showed strong, negative relationships with both lake pH and alkalinity, although elevation may act as a surrogate variable for other factors, such as soil type, vegetation type, and deposition level. Conifer vegetation, historical fire activity, and wetlands, expressed as the percentage of watershed area, also showed significant, negative relationships with lake pH and alkalinity. Thus, several hypotheses concerning the association of watershed attributes with lake acidification are supported and should be given further consideration in research planning, field surveys, and assessment activities.

Adirondack headwater lake chemistry relationships with watershed characteristics

The Adirondack Region of New York State has been identified as having surface waters sensitive to acidic deposition and as receiving large annual inputs of acidic deposition. The large amount of data available for this region makes a quantitative study of the region possible. Compiled from a variety of sources, the Adirondack Watershed Data Base (AWDB) contains information on lake chemistry; lake elevation, area, and volume; and associated watershed data, such as size, slope, aspect, elevation, vegetation and wetland types, beaver activity, fire and logging history, and soils data. Bivariate and multivariate procedures were used to examine relationships between watershed attributes and lake chemistry. Because the variables in the data base are being refined and modified, the current relationships should be considered preliminary. Preliminary results indicate that wet deposition, lake elevation, and forest cover are the principal variables that are associated with variance in the data for lake pH and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) in the Adirondacks. For headwater lakes in the Adirondacks, we estimate approximately 50% have a total ANC ≤ 40 μeq L−1 and 40% have a pH ≤ 5.5.

A comparison of vegetative cover and tree community structure in three forested Adirondack watersheds

The Integrated Lake–Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) was conducted using three forested watersheds (Panther, Sagamore, and Woods) in the central Adirondack Park of New York State. By comparing the biogeochemical behavior of these watersheds, the ILWAS investigators hoped to elucidate the major ecosystem parameters controlling the fate of strong acids introduced from the atmosphere to lake–watershed systems. The ILWAS vegetation research program was designed to compare the quantitative patterns of forest structure in these midelevation watersheds. Results showed that the ILWAS catchments contain closely related variants of the northern hardwood – spruce – fir complex of the Adirondack region. The dominant tree species in these watersheds are beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.). On an areal basis, the watersheds contain 57–88% hardwood cover type and 5–29% spruce–fir cover type. Mean live basal area values range from 22 to 30 m2 ha−1 between catchments, while standing dead basal area values range from 4 to 8 m2 ha−1. Mean live stem densities range from 1400 to 1700 stems ha−1. Mean aboveground biomass projections for the tree stratum in the three watersheds range from 143 to 199 Mt ha−1, while estimated aboveground annual biomass increments range from 4.1 to 5.3% of standing biomass.

Chemistry and movement of dissolved humic substances in three forested Adirondack watersheds

Chemistry and movement of dissolved humic substances in three forested Adirondack watersheds

Forest protection and streamflow from an Adirondack Watershed

On the Sacandaga River watershed above Hope, New York, a slow one‐directional change in land use and an increase in forest cover have been correlated with a decrease in average annual, dormant season, and April runoff over the 39‐year period from 1912 to 1950. In 1912, total forest stand density and the density of conifers on the watershed were probably as low as they had ever been, after widespread logging, insect attacks, and a series of fires. As the beaver population increased explosively from 10 individuals to 20,000 individuals and forest density and crown cover of conifers increased up to 1950, the average annual streamflow decreased 7.72 inches, largely as a result of a 5.18‐inch decrease in dormant season runoff. April was the only month showing a large enough decrease in runoff (2.98 inches) to be statistically significant. Also, the average length of time it took for the most concentrated one‐half of the annual streamflow to run off increased by 19 days, from 67 to 86 days. The storm of November, 1950, disrupted the associated patterns of forest stand development and streamflow change, returning both to a point nearer their 1912 levels. Continuing mortality of trees weakened or exposed by the storm damage had not permitted the re‐establishment of any well defined pattern (by 1962) in either stand development or streamflow, although the changes in quantity and timing of flow parallel the changes in vegetation and largely verify the relationships inferred for the previous period.