Adirect Impact Research Articles

Sustainable Income, Employment, and Income Distribution in Indonesia

Production and consumption activities in any economy have a direct impact on the environment. Although increased economic activity and population growth in developing countries continue to exert enormous pressure on their natural environments, the role of the environment is neglected in the estimation of national income. Such neglect at the macroeconomic level is at least in part, an important cause of environmental degradation in developing countries. Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 at Rio and even as early as middle of the 1980s, a substantial literature had developed on methods to integrate the environment into the economic development process. The main assertion in this literature is that natural resources represent a form of capital that is analogous to the stock of manufactured capital. Sustainable income can be determined by allocating a portion of income to allow for the deprecation of natural capital [Ahmed, El Serafy, and Lutz (1989) and Solow (1992)]. Indonesia had average real GDP growth rates of more than five percent per year up to the early 1990s [World Bank (1994)]. But income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient) has been high. Although inequality continues to be quite high, especially between rural and urban populations, Indonesia has been successful in poverty alleviation up to mid 1990s. In 1976 almost 40 percent of its population was below the poverty line, which in 1993 decreased to less than 14 percent [Todaro (1994)]. Income distributional consequences of economic growth would continue to be one of the main policy issues in Indonesia. This is due to its large population size, presence of different ethnic and religious groups, large diversity between rural and urban groups, variety of natural resources scattered over the country, huge distances and the effects of a far-flung archipelago [Akita, Lukman, and Yamada (1999)].

Leadership in ophthalmology by humanity and competence.

Leadership in healthcare institutions has adirect impact on the practice of the medical and nursing professions. The respective leadership style that is cultivated in amedical institution therefore has adirect impact on the personnel and thus adirect impact on the treatment of patients, in both senses of the word. Leadership in healthcare should therefore inspire, motivate, and guide healthcare workers to use their individual and collective skills as well as the available resources in the best possible way for the benefit of patients. This is the task and obligation of all those working in the healthcare system. The German Society of Ophthalmology (DOG) has established aleadership academy for ophthalmologists to meet the requirements of the modern healthcare market for leadership qualifications.

Multimodal ultrasound techniques for the differential diagnosis of splenic lesions - Adiagnostic challenge

Splenic tumors are rare and can pose adifferential diagnostic challenge, especially as an incidental imaging finding. Due to alack of large scale biopsy studies the available literature is limited with respect to clear imaging criteria for dignity. The present work is intended to show the chances of atargeted elicitation of the medical history as well as the possibilities and limitations of multimodal sonography in order to achieve the correct diagnosis of asplenic lesion using simple and gentle methods. Selective literature search and clinical case studies. In the differential diagnostics of focal splenic lesions, information about pre-existing hemato-oncological or inflammatory rheumatological diseases is essential in order to correctly classify incidental findings in particular. In addition to B‑mode ultrasound (B-US) and color-coded Doppler ultrasound (CD-US), contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in particular provides crucial differential diagnostic information. While hyperechoic foci in B‑US or arterially hypervascularized splenic foci in CD-US/CEUS are usually benign, hypoechoic and arterially hypoperfused foci in CD-US/CEUS must be further clarified. Although the ultrasound-guided biopsy of the spleen has ahigher risk of bleeding than aliver biopsy, it is still the gentlest and most effective method for achieving the histological clarification of splenic lesions when the indications are correct. Through the combination of the medical history and multimodal ultrasound methods, if necessary supplemented by anultrasound-guided biopsy, focal splenic lesions can be successfully classified in most cases with adirect impact on further clinical procedures.

Bacterial infections of the skin in the context of climate change and migration

In the context of climate change and migration, both common and previously less common pathogens are gaining importance as cutaneous bacterial infections. To inform medical professionals about challenges to dermatology posed by climate change and migration. Review of the current literature on emerging antimicrobial resistance and emerging pathogens in general and on the epidemiological situation in Germany in particular. Climate change has adirect impact on microbiological ecosystems in Germany's warming coastal waters leading to an increase of marine V.vulnificus counts and human infections. Secondary to global warming, transmitting vectors of, for example, Lyme disease, rickettsioses and tularemia are also increasing. In addition, infectious diseases like cutaneous diphtheria and mycobacteriosis have been diagnosed in migrants, mostly likely acquired before migration or on the migration route and first diagnosed in Germany. In this context, antimicrobial resistance (e.g. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria) is gaining importance. Due to progressive changes in global climate and ongoing migration, the aforementioned pathogens of infectious skin diseases and changes in antimicrobial resistance patterns have to be expected. Physicians should be aware of these developments in order to offer appropriate diagnostics and treatment. Epidemiological and biogeographic monitoring will be indispensable for managing emerging changes.

Leadership in ophthalmology by humanity and competence

Leadership in healthcare institutions has adirect impact on the practice of the medical and nursing professions. The respective leadership style that is cultivated in amedical institution therefore has adirect impact on the personnel and thus adirect impact on the treatment of patients, in both senses of the word. Leadership in healthcare should therefore inspire, motivate, and guide healthcare workers to use their individual and collective skills as well as the available resources in the best possible way for the benefit of patients. This is the task and obligation of all those working in the healthcare system. The German Society of Ophthalmology (DOG) has established aleadership academy for ophthalmologists to meet the requirements of the modern healthcare market for leadership qualifications.

Patient-centered, value-based management of incidental findings in radiology

As abyproduct of the increased use of high-resolution radiological imaging, the prevalence of incidental findings (IFs) has been increasing for years. The discovery of an incidental finding can allow early treatment of apotentially health-threatening disease and thus decisively change the course of the disease. However, many incidental findings are of low risk with little or no health impact, and yet their discovery often leads to acascade of additional investigations. It is undisputed that incidental findings can have adirect impact on the life of the person and that not only psychosocial aspects such as worries and anxiety due to false-positive findings play arole, but that insurance, legal or professional problems can also occur under certain circumstances, which is why the correct handling of incidental findings and the accompanying ethical challenges that apply to them regularly give rise to discussions. General principles to consider when managing incidental findings are responsibility for the well-being of the patient/study participant and of society. In order to avoid overdiagnosis and overtreatment and to achieve high patient benefit, radiologists and clinicians must know how to properly deal with IFs. In recent years, various national and international societies have published important guidelines ("white papers") on how to deal with the management of IFs. It is important that radiologists are fully aware of and follow these guidelines and are also available to referring physicians for further discussions and advice. The most important fact is that the well-being of the patient must always be at the center of all decisions.

Regulatory Role, Mechanism, and Metabolic Profile of BIOTIN in Gene Expression

Abstract: Biotin, a vitamin that is water-soluble, is part of the vitamin B complex and is required by all living things, including humans. Biotin-dependent carboxylases are a prosthetic group of enzymes, and biotin catalyzes essential processes in the production of fatty acids, the breakdown of amino acids, and gluconeogenesis in eukaryotic cells. The role of biotin as the prosthetic group of the four biotin-dependent carboxylases is well understood in higher animals. Based on the roles of these carboxylases in metabolism, it was discovered that biotin is required for cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Biotin appears to play a role in cell function and has a spermatogenic impact. Biotin has been found to have a direct impact on the transcription of important enzymes in glucose metabolism. Glucokinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase are glycolytic enzymes that biotin controls (PEPCK). Biotin appears to be involved in gene control, which may explain some of its functions regarding fetal development and cellular biology. According to investigations using microarrays as well as other types of gene expression, biotin appears to affect the transcription of genes encoding cytokines and their receptors, glucose metabolism genes, and genes involved in cellular biotin homeostasis. A biotin shortage has a considerable effect on gene expression in numerous tissues and cells, according to a microarray study. Biotin supplementation affects the expression of several genes depending on the tissue, demonstrating that gene expression differences reflect tissue function. Biotin affects energy, lipid, and glucose metabolism, according to metabolite research, which has improved our understanding of the biotin metabolic pathway. Using microarray and transcriptome analysis, this research investigates the effect of biotin on gene expression.

Frequency distribution and coordination of emergency operations in German hospitals (FACE) : Analysis in 26hospitals depending on the level of care

Timely emergency surgery is vital as this often has adirect impact on morbidity and mortality. The joint recommendations of the German Associations of Anesthesiologists (BDA), Surgeons (BDC), and Operating Room Management (VOp.M) for coordinative implementation have been available since 2016: N0 (surgery immediately), N1 (surgery start in the next free operating room), N2 (surgery start ≤ 6 h), N3 (surgery at the end of the elective schedule), N4/Urgent (surgery within 12-24 h). The aim of this study was to describe the situation of care in German hospitals of different sizes for the first time using routine data. The data were collected in 26hospitals with different levels of care over aperiod of 10days. The frequency distribution of the individual emergency categories and the duration from the notification of the operation to the start of anesthesia or surgery were examined for the hospital as awhole and for the four operating departments with atypically high ratio of emergencies: general surgery, trauma surgery, gynecology/obstetrics and urology. Atotal of 1603 emergency surgical interventions were analyzed. The number of N0cases was very low due to the specific entity of these emergencies, N1 made up approximately 13-15% of emergencies and categories N2-N4/Urgent comprised approximately 25-32% of emergencies each. The average duration between the notification of the operation and the start of anesthesia or surgery was (min): N0 20.7 ± 14.3 and 43.6 ± 31.8, N1 61.5 ± 48.7 and 90.1 ± 56.1, N2 187.9 ± 152.0 and 220.5 ± 153.4, N3 394.5 ± 392.3 and 428.3 ± 397.9 and N4/Urgent 494.8 ± 484.4 and 519.6 ± 486.6, respectively. The distribution of the emergency categories did not differ significantly between community hospitals compared to tertiary care hospitals, including university hospitals (p = 0.731) and also the duration between notification and start of anesthesia and operation was similar. Significant differences depending on the service level were only found for N1 until the start of anesthesia and for N3 until the start of anesthesia and of surgery. General surgery classified as N3 has asignificantly shorter implementation time in community hospitals compared to tertiary care hospitals, including university hospitals, both at the start of anesthesia (mean 287.8 min versus 417.1 min; p = 0.045) and at the start of surgery (mean 316.3 min versus 459.0 min; p = 0.032). The implementation of trauma surgery emergencies classified as N1 took place, based on the start of surgery in community hospitals with an average duration of 91.2 min, statistically significantly faster than in hospitals with amaximum care of 133.0 min (p = 0.036). In urology, there were notable variations between smaller and larger hospitals in emergency interventions with the classification N4/Urgent for both periods of time, both up to the start of anesthesia (p = 0.012) and up to the start of surgery (p = 0.007). At an average of 291.8 min (start of anesthesia) or 294.4 min (start of surgery), the implementation time in hospitals with maximum care, including university hospitals, was shorter than in urological clinics of community providers (626.5 min and 645.6 min, respectively). In gynecology/obstetrics, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Cases with high urgency were surgically treated within ashort time period. Overall, differences in time management of emergencies were only small between hospital types. The gradations in the temporal implementation of the individual emergency categories were due particularly to distinctions in the resources available, such as the number of operating theaters, including the run times.

Synthesis of Alloyed Au-Ag Nanospheres with Tunable Compositions and SERS Enhancement Effects

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has unique properties including highsensitivity, simple operation and non-destructiveness in trace detection; and the substrate will cast adirect impact upon the SERS signal. An everlasting topic has been focused on the preparation ofSERS substrates with controllable morphologies and hotspots. Herein, we reported a SERS substratewith alloyed Au-Ag nanospheres prepared via a reduction method of two-step seed growth method inliquid phase. TEM, SEM, Raman and UV-vis characterization have been employed to investigatemicro-morphology, composition, and SERS effects. Moreover, a quantitative detection model isestablished, and the R2 of fitting reaches as high as 0.982. Finally, the effect of different nAu/nAg molarratios on the SERS effect is investigated, with results showing that Raman enhancement has a goodrise at the very first beginning, but a drop later appears along with the decreasing nAu/nAg. The limit ofdetection (LOD) of R6G on Au-Ag nanosphere substrates has an initial increase, and a decreasefollows with the decreasing nAu/nAg ratios; the mechanism is also fully investigated. The preparationof particle-sized controllable Au-Ag nanomaterials helps provide a new highly enhanced SERSsubstrate.

Determination of Air Pollutant Concentrations in Plant Species in Relation to Pollution Sources

Air quality has been a major health issue in urban areas in recent decades. Human activities release a large number of pollutants into the atmosphere which has a direct impact on plant health and leads to ecosystem degradation. The objective of this study is to contribute to a better evaluation of the impact of the air quality of the city of Togo on biological resources. The determination of pollutants was done on samples of plant species with a strong link with the source of pollution. The determination of Sulfur dioxide (SO2) was done by the ripper method. The determination of carbon and estimation of CO2 and CO by the colorimetric method. The determination of nitrogen was done by the Kjeldhal method. The results showed that at the industrial level the amount of CO2 in Alternanthera repens is high with a value of 53.3911 mg/ml. On the other hand, the quantity of CO in Senna occidentalis is 44.3619 mg/ml. In Pithecellobium dulce, the quantity of SO2 and NO2 are evaluated respectively to 0.1588 mg/ml and 0.3696 mg/ml. Regarding to the dumps, the quantity of CO2 in Newbouldia laevis is very high with a value of 65.8508 mg/ml. On the other hand the amount of CO in Senna occidentalis is 51.6106 mg/ml. The quantity of SO2 in Newbouldia laevis is 0.2101 mg/ml and NO2 in Ocimum canum is 0.2744 mg/ml. At the level of roads, the quantities of CO2 and CO in Eragrostis tenella are very high with values respectively equal to 74.4092 mg/ml and 62.2654 mg/ml. On the other hand, the amount of NO2 in Amaranthus sp is 0.2304 mg/ml and that of SO2 in Eragrostis Tenella is 0.1691 mg/ml. The use of a plant bioindicator sensitive to pollutants, allowed concluding that the air of the city of Lome is polluted. The concentration of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide is much more evident in return when the health of plant species is threatened.

Semi-refined carrageenan promotes generation of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes of rats upon oral exposure but not in vitro.

To assess the ability of the common food additive E407a (semi-refined carrageenan) to enter leukocytes in vitro and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leukocytes as awhole and granulocytes in particular, both during incubation and in experimental animals. ROS production was assessed in leukocytes incubated with E407afor 2 h at the final concentrations of 5 and 10 g/L using the dye 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA), as well as in cells isolated from rats orally exposed to E407a (140 mg/kg of weight) during 2weeks (n = 8) and control rats (n = 8), by flow cytometry. Carrageenan uptake by leukocytes was estimated by confocal microscopy using incubation of rhodamineB isothiocyanate-labelled carrageenan with leukocyte suspensions. Uptake of carrageenan by viable neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes was confirmed. Oral administration of the food additive E407awas associated with excessive ROS formation by viable leukocytes (CD45+, 7‑aminoactinomycin D- cells) and especially in granulocytes. Unexpectedly, adirect impact of semi-refined carrageenan during incubation for 2 h did not affect ROS production in leukocytes, evidenced by statistically insignificant differences in mean fluorescence intensity values of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, which is aROS-sensitive product of intracellular H2DCFDA conversion. Oral intake of E407a and direct exposure of leukocyte suspensions to it decreased the viability of leukocytes. Food-grade carrageenan can enter leukocytes without affecting ROS generation as aresult of incubation for 2 h with leukocyte suspensions. On the contrary, oral exposure to E407a is accompanied by ROS overproduction by white blood cells, suggesting an indirect mechanism for the stimulation of ROS synthesis in vivo. E407a promotes cell death of leukocytes both in vivo and in vitro.

Deciphering the Omics of Plant-Microbe Interaction: Perspectives and New Insights.

Introduction Plants do not grow in isolation, rather they are hosts to a variety of microbes in their natural environments. While, few thrive in the plants for their own benefit, others may have a direct impact on plants in a symbiotic manner. Unraveling plant-microbe interactions is a critical component in recognizing the positive and negative impacts of microbes on plants. Also, by affecting the environment around plants, microbes may indirectly influence plants. The progress in sequencing technologies in the genomics era and several omics tools has accelerated in biological science. Studying the complex nature of plant-microbe interactions can offer several strategies to increase the productivity of plants in an environmentally friendly manner by providing better insights. This review brings forward the recent works performed in building omics strategies that decipher the interactions between plant-microbiome. At the same time, it further explores other associated mutually beneficial aspects of plant-microbe interactions such as plant growth promotion, nitrogen fixation, stress suppressions in crops and bioremediation; as well as provides better insights on metabolic interactions between microbes and plants through omics approaches. It also aims to explore advances in the study of Arabidopsis as an important avenue to serve as a baseline tool to create models that help in scrutinizing various factors that contribute to the elaborate relationship between plants and microbes. Causal relationships between plants and microbes can be established through systematic gnotobiotic experimental studies to test hypotheses on biologically derived interactions.Conclusion This review will cover recent advances in the study of plant-microbe interactions keeping in view the advantages of these interactions in improving nutrient uptake and plant health.

A regional atmosphere–ocean climate system model (CCLMv5.0clm7-NEMOv3.3-NEMOv3.6) over Europe including three marginal seas: on its stability and performance

Abstract. The frequency of extreme events has changed, having a direct impact on human lives. Regional climate models help us to predict these regional climate changes. This work presents an atmosphere–ocean coupled regional climate system model (RCSM; with the atmospheric component COSMO-CLM and the ocean component NEMO) over the European domain, including three marginal seas: the Mediterranean, North, and Baltic Sea. To test the model, we evaluate a simulation of more than 100 years (1900–2009) with a spatial grid resolution of about 25 km. The simulation was nested into a coupled global simulation with the model MPI-ESM in a low-resolution configuration, whose ocean temperature and salinity were nudged to the ocean–ice component of the MPI-ESM forced with the NOAA 20th Century Reanalysis (20CR). The evaluation shows the robustness of the RCSM and discusses the added value by the coupled marginal seas over an atmosphere-only simulation. The coupled system is stable for the complete 20th century and provides a better representation of extreme temperatures compared to the atmosphere-only model. The produced long-term dataset will help us to better understand the processes leading to meteorological and climate extremes.

Degree of implementation of structured answering of emergency calls in German emergency dispatch centers and effects of the introduction in daily practice

The emergency call-taking process is crucial for the adequate disposition of emergency vehicles and the provision of first aid instructions. Moreover, it has adirect impact on the quality of out-of-hospital emergency care. Organizations such as the European Resuscitation Council, the German Federal Association of Emergency Medical Directors and the German Association of Emergency Dispatch Centers call for the nationwide implementation of aformal call-taking process in emergency dispatching. This is required for the provision of telephone-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (T-CPR). This article presents the results of an online survey among members of the German Association of Emergency Dispatch Centers on the implementation of structured call-taking programs. The survey comprised data on the implementation of astructured call-taking process, its effects on important quality indicators such as the frequency of T‑CPR and employee satisfaction. Of the 100 participants who completed the survey, 49 already used formal call-taking systems and 24 (47%) of the remaining 51emergency dispatch centers intended to implement such asystem. Formal call-taking systems were mainly used in the dispatch of emergency medical services (98% of emergency dispatch centers using aformal call-taking system) and fire brigades (83.7% of emergency dispatch centers using aformal call-taking system). In 42 (85.7%) of the 49emergency dispatch centers using aformal call-taking process, this process is mandatory; however, only 27 (64.3%) reported compliance rates of more than 95% in medical emergencies. Comparing the pre-post results after the introduction of astructured approach, the quality of the inquiries improved for almost all emergency dispatch centers. On the other hand, important quality indicators, e.g. mean dispatch initiation time or the necessity of subsequently alerting an advanced life support unit to the scene, were not recorded in 42.9% and 49.0% of the dispatch centers, respectively. Of the emergency dispatch centers that analyzed the frequency of T‑CPR, 94.3% could show an increase in T‑CPR. Moreover, 79.5% of the respondents reported improved employee satisfaction. Whereas the demand for dispatchers remained nearly static, 24 out of the 49dispatch centers that used aformal call-taking system set up new posts for quality management (maximum: 3posts in dispatch centers handling more than 250,000 missions annually). Structured emergency call-taking has not yet been comprehensively implemented in German emergency dispatch centers. Wherever it is used consistently, important quality parameters are improved. Further investigations should aim to identify crucial factors for its implementation and to analyze additional quality parameters.

Peripheral arterial occlusive disease as predictor of high atherosclerotic burden

Atherosclerosis is a disease which affects the whole arterial vascular tree. In particular patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) often suffer from additional atherosclerotic manifestations in other vascular territories. This has adirect impact on cardiovascular prognosis. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. A high inflammatory burden is associated with polyvascular atherosclerosis and also with the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Control of cardiovascular risk factors is crucial for the treatment of patients with polyvascular atherosclerosis. In addition, anticoagulation treatment is very important in patients with atherosclerosis. Moreover, exercise training is an important treatment option in PAOD patients not only to improve walking distance but also for multiple additional positive effects. So far the role of anti-inflammatory treatment is not clear and must be further elaborated by future clinical research.

Critical care management of the potential organ donor : Current recommendation for adults

The shortage of donor organs has not improved in recent years. To increase the number and success of transplantation it is crucial to optimize the processes of early identification of potential organ donors and structured critical care management. The therapy starts long before brain death is diagnosed. Structured in-house organ donor management protocols ensure ahighly qualified critical care that has adirect impact on the transplantation outcome. The therapy is based on the established standards. The main focus is on differentiated catecholamine and volume therapy. Vasopressin, in combination with norepinephrine, is effective for both treating vasoplegia and electrolyte disturbances. Despite poor evidence, steroids are useful for stabilizing hemodynamics and treating the consequences of neuroendocrine dysfunction. Overall, prospective studies are required to give general recommendations for critical care.

Noise-induced neurodegeneration in the central auditory pathway : An overview of experimental studies in amouse model

Anoise trauma induces central nervous system pathologies, which generate deficits in hearing and perception of sound. Are degenerative mechanisms in the central auditory system adirect impact of overstimulation or an effect of acoustic deprivation? Detection of cell death in amouse model of noise-induced hearing loss at different times after single or repeated noise exposure. Asingle noise exposure (3 h, 115 dB SPL, 5-20 kHz) induces acute (≤1day) and long-term (observation period 14days) degeneration, particularly in subcortical structures. Repeated noise trauma is followed by pathologies in the auditory thalamus and cortex. Noise has adirect impact on basal structures of the central auditory system; aprotection of cortical areas is possibly due to inhibitory neuronal projections. Degenerative mechanisms in higher structures of the pre-damaged system point to an increased impairment of complex processing of acoustic information.

Integration of business intelligence with corporate strategic management

Integration of business intelligence and corporate strategic management has adirect impact on modern and flexible organizations. This integration helps decision makers toimplement their corporate strategies, adapt easily to changes in the environment, and gaincompetitive advantages. This paper extends the studies in this domain, and clarifies therelationships between business intelligence and strategic management. It highlights also therole of business intelligence in corporate performance management and strategic intelligence.This paper proposes a BSC-BI framework that facilitates the integration of business intelligencewith a balanced scorecard methodology. The BSC-BI framework implementation isdemonstrated using a case study on the telecom field.

Cambios fisiológicos de la aptitud física en el envejecimiento

Introducción. El envejecimiento humano constituye un proceso multidimensional en los seres humanos que se caracteriza por ser heterogéneo, intrínseco e irreversible; se inicia en la concepción, se desarrolla durante el curso de vida y termina con la muerte.
 
 El objetivo de este artículo fue identificar los cambios fisiológicos de la aptitud física con el envejecimiento, a partir de una revisión de reportes y hallazgos de otras investigaciones.
 
 Materiales y métodos. Para el presente artículo de revisión de la literatura científica, en el proceso de búsqueda y análisis de la información se seleccionaron los temas de mayor relevancia, los cuales incluyen envejecimiento, calidad de vida, fuerza muscular, composición corporal, flexibilidad y capacidad aeróbica. Como criterios de inclusión se estableció que los artículos fueran estudios experimentales, cuasiexperimentales, ensayos clínicos o estudios de caso, y que hubieran sido publicados entre 2007 y 2015. Se recurrió a las bases de datos Proquest, Ovid, Cochrane, Pubmed, LILACS, PEDro, y Science Direct.
 
 Conclusiones. Los componentes de la aptitud física se comportan como eslabones que de acuerdo con su integridad, repercuten directamente sobre la salud y la calidad de vida de este grupo poblacional, motivando a profesionales de la salud a innovar en estrategias de intervención.
 
 Palabras clave: envejecimiento, calidad de vida, fuerza muscular, aptitud física, composición corporal.

Clusters and High Technology Industries in Mexico: A Theoretical Review

This work is part of a research into the design of a Knowledge Management Model (KMM) to develop investigationskills in high-tech companies in Mexico. The importance of these companies is that the type of goods produced areof high value as they focus on knowledge as a hub for scientific and technological progress, so that companies have adirect impact on economic and social development of a country that is measured by growth of different indicatorsinternationally standardized as the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the share of world trade, the productivity andcompetitiveness; and per capita income and the inhabitants welfare. However, given the dynamic economic andcompetitive context in which these companies globally work, in this document document are conceptualized andclassified High Technology (HT) companies from the point of view of the type of production they generate related tointernational nomenclature for economic activities, the general characteristics that place them globally within thatcategory, as well as their clustering that is geographically distributed in Mexico with the aim of defining strategies toimprove the economic and productive potential to contribute to reduce regional inequalities.