Adiposity Markers Research Articles

Body adiposity markers and insulin resistance in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Body composition changes are associated with adverse effects such as increased insulin resistance (IR) in individuals with diabetes mellitus. This study aims to evaluate the association between different body adiposity markers and IR in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The cross-sectional study included outpatient adults with T1D from a university public hospital in southern Brazil. The body adiposity markers studied were waist circumference (WC), waist-height ratio (WHtR), body mass index (BMI), conicity index (CI), lipid accumulation product (LAP) and body adiposity index (BAI). IR was calculated using an Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate (EGDR) equation (analyzed in tertiles), considering an inverse relation between EGDR and IR. Poisson regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CIs of association of adiposity markers with IR. A total of 128 patients were enrolled (51% women), with a median EGDR of 7.2 (4.4-8.7) mg.kg-1.min-1. EGDR was negatively correlated with WC (r = -0.36, p < 0.01), WHtR (r = -0.39, p < 0.01), CI (r = -0.44, p < 0.01), LAP (r = -0.41, p < 0.01) and BMI (r = -0.24, p < 0.01). After regression analyses, WC (OR = 2.07; CIs: 1.12-3.337; p = 0.003), WHtR (OR = 2.77; CIs: 1.59-4.79; p < 0.001), CI (OR = 2.59; CIs: 1.43-4.66; p = 0.002), LAP (OR = 2.27; CIs: 1.25-4.11; p = 0.007) and BMI (OR = 1.78; CIs: 1.09-2.91; p = 0.019) remained associated with IR. The authors suggest using the studied adiposity markers as a routine since they were shown to be suitable parameters in association with IR.

Effect of the dietary inflammatory potential on the trajectory of body adiposity in a Brazilian cohort of university students.

University students are vulnerable to unhealthy eating habits that characterize a proinflammatory diet. This study aimed to estimate the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and its association with the trajectory of body adiposity markers in university students. The study analyzed data from 685 students entering a Brazilian public university in 2016 and 2017 and followed until 2018. DII was estimated from 39 dietary parameters obtained by 24-h dietary recall. Body adiposity was assessed by anthropometric markers and the percentage of body fat. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the trajectory of adiposity markers according to DII tertiles. After adjustment for confounding variables, at baseline, DII showed a positive association with increased percentage of body fat among men (β = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.01; 1.03) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR; β = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.12; 0.18) and among women with all body adiposity markers: BMI (β = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.30; 1.05), percentage of body fat (β = 1.43; 95% CI: 0.74; 2.11), WC (β = 1.15; 95% CI: 0.41; 1.89) and WHtR (β = 0.13; 95% CI:0,10; 0.16). The rate of change of the outcome variables over time was not associated with DII at baseline. The diet of university students in this Brazilian cohort study was characterized as proinflammatory and it was associated with body adiposity markers.

Loss of Visceral Fat is Associated with a Reduction in Inflammatory Status in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.

Excessive visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with higher secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules, contributing to systemic inflammation and obesity-related metabolic disturbances. This prospective analysis includes 117 overweight/obese adults (55-75 years) from the PREDIMED-Plus study. Fourteen inflammatory markers and adipokines are measured using a Bio-Plex assay with multiplex technology: insulin, glucagon, IL-6, visfatin, ghrelin, GLP-1, TNF-α, MCP-1, PAI-1, resistin, C-peptide, leptin, adipsin, and adiponectin. Participants are categorized into tertiles according to changes in VAT after 1-year of follow-up, determined by dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry. Participants allocate in tertile 3, which represent an increase of VAT content after 1-year of follow-up compared to tertile 1, show significant differences in insulin (T3 vs T1, fully adjusted model: p = 0.037, p for trend 0.042), PAI-1 (fully adjusted model: p = 0.05, p for trend 0.06), c-peptide (fully adjusted model: p = 0.037, p for trend 0.042), and TNF-α (fully adjusted model p = 0.037, p for trend 0.042). The results evidence that a reduction in VAT is associated with clinical improvements in several inflammatory and adiposity markers, mainly in insulin, c-peptide, and PAI-1 levels, and these improvements may contribute to a reduction in cardiometabolic disturbances observe in obesity.

Twenty-Four-Hour Movement Behaviors, Fitness, and Adiposity in Preschoolers: A Network Analysis

The present study aimed to verify the associations between compliance with the 24-h movement behavior recommendations, fitness, and adiposity markers in preschoolers, considering the non-linear nature of these associations. The sample was comprised of 253 preschoolers. Preschoolers were assessed for anthropometric data and wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days. Screen time and sleep duration were parent-reported in a face-to-face interview. The PREFIT test battery was used to assess physical fitness components (lower-body strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and speed/agility). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the variables, and a network analysis was conducted to assess the emerging pattern of associations between the variables. Preschoolers’ greatest compliance with recommendations was observed for physical activity, while the lowest compliance was observed for the screen time recommendation. Among children aged three years, only 2.2% complied with all recommendations; only 1.0% of the four-year-olds and 1.3% of the five-year-olds complied with all recommendations. The results of the network analysis and centrality measures emphasized that cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and compliance with movement behavior recommendations were the most critical variables to address in preschoolers, reinforcing the importance of intervention programs focused on intense activities.

Relationships of adiponectin to regional adiposity, insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and inflammatory markers in sedentary and endurance-trained Japanese young women.

This study aims to compare the differences in circulating adiponectin levels and their relationships to regional adiposity, insulin resistance, serum lipid, and inflammatory factors in young, healthy Japanese women with different physical activity statuses. Adipokines (adiponectin and leptin), full serum lipid, and inflammatory factors [white blood cell counts, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)] were measured in 101 sedentary and 100 endurance-trained healthy Japanese women (aged 18-23 years). Insulin sensitivity was obtained through a quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI). Regional adiposity [trunk fat mass (TFM), lower-body fat mass (LFM), and arm fat mass (AFM)] was evaluated using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method. No significant difference was observed between the sedentary and trained women in terms of adiponectin levels. The LFM-to-TFM ratio and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were the strong positive determinants for adiponectin in both groups. Triglyceride in the sedentary women was closely and negatively associated with adiponectin, as well as PAI-1 in the trained women. The QUICKI level was higher in the trained than sedentary women. However, no significant correlation between adiponectin and insulin sensitivity was detected in both groups. Furthermore, LFM was associated with a favorable lipid profile against cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the whole study cohort, but this association became insignificant when adiponectin was taken into account. These findings suggest that adiponectin is primarily associated with regional adiposity and HDL-C regardless of insulin sensitivity and physical activity status in young, healthy women. The associations among adiponectin, lipid, and inflammatory factors are likely different in women with different physical activity statuses. The correlation of LFM and a favorable lipid profile against CVD and adiponectin is likely involved in this association.

Prenatal dietary patterns in relation to adolescent offspring adiposity and adipokines in a Mexico City cohort.

Maternal diet during pregnancy has been associated with obesity among offspring. The extent to which trimester-specific dietary patterns are associated with markers of adiposity during adolescence remains unclear. We examined associations between prenatal diet patterns with adolescent offspring measures of adiposity and adipokines in 384 mother-adolescent dyads from the Mexico City ELEMENT cohort. Trimester-specific diet patterns were derived from principal component analysis of food frequency questionnaire data. Adolescent anthropometry and serum leptin and adiponectin were measured at 10-17 years. Three maternal diet patterns were identified: Prudent Diet (PD), high in fish and vegetables, the High Meat and Fat Diet (HMFD), high in pork and processed meats, and the Transitioning Mexican Diet (TMD), high in corn tortillas and sugar-sweetened beverages. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate sex-stratified associations among quartiles of diet patterns with adiposity and adipokines, adjusting for maternal marital status, education, and parity. First trimester TMD was associated with greater anthropometric measures and higher leptin in females, while third trimester HMFD was associated higher body fat percentage, triceps thickness, waist circumference, and leptin, but lower adiponectin among males. Contrary to expectation, there were positive associations between the trimester 1 PD pattern and anthropometric measurements in females, and for trimester 2 HMFD and TMD patterns with adipokines among males. Findings suggest maternal diet patterns may influence offspring adiposity markers during adolescence in a sex-specific manner.

Influence of Metformin Dose and Treatment Adherence on Glycemic Control, Adiposity, and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Iraqi Patients with T2DM

Background: Numerous factors, including metformin doses and treatment adherence, may contribute to significant variations in glycemic control and adiposity markers of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. Objectives : This study aims to determine the influence of metformin dose and treatment adherence on glycemic control and adiposity markers in Iraqi patients with T2DM. Methods: Between October 2021 and March 2022, a case-series study at the Diabetes and Endocrinology Center – Baghdad included 153 T2DM patients with a disease duration of more than one year. Clinical and physical examinations were conducted before enrolment. We measured anthropometric variables to calculate the body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and other surrogate indicators. We measured glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), leptin, C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol, HDL-c, and triglycerides in the serum. Results: Increasing metformin doses did not improve the studied parameters. Adherence to treatment significantly influences fasting glycemia, HbA1c level, and the markers of adiposity. Meanwhile, increasing metformin doses is not associated with changes in insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk markers. Conclusion: Beyond metformin dose up-titration, treatment adherence affects glycemic control, visceral adiposity, and CVD risk surrogates. Metformin dose up-titration was not linked to insulin resistance and body fat contents.

A Study to Correlate Waist Circumference (WC) and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) in Overweight Women: A Correlational Study

Background and objective:Obesity is a major health issue and there is steady trend of increasing obesity over the pastseveral decades. Obesity can alter the respiratory function and may impair the health of an individual. Althoughseveral factors such as respiratory muscle strength, lung compliance, resistance to airflow and even obesity affectthe lung functions, the nature of relationship with markers of adiposity, the role of body fat distribution hasreceived limited attention. So the objective of this study was to correlate PEFR and WC in overweight women.Methods: 100 overweight women whose BMI was 25-29.9 kg/m2, who fulfill the inclusion and exclusion criteria,aged between 20-50 years were selected for the study. Waist circumference (WC) and Peak expiratory flow rate(PEFR) of all the subjects were measured. Results: Data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient.The result showed non- significant correlation (p=0.057) (r = -0.057) between PEFR and WC in overweight women.Conclusion: The study concluded that obesity, measured as WC did not significantly affect the PEFR in youngoverweight females in the age group of 20 to 50 years. A central pattern of fat distribution, as measured by WCalone was not associated with lower values for PEFR in young female overweight adults.

Comparison between the World Health Organization and Bahraini children growth standards

The aim of this study was to investigate the growth patterns of Bahraini female and male infants/young children aged 0-24 months in the Kingdom of Bahrain. A cross-sectional approach was employed to track the growth parameters among healthy Bahraini female and male infants/children aged 0-24 months. A multistage probability sampling criteria was used to collect information from official records. Anthropometric measurements (weight and length) and demographic characteristics on feeding practices were gathered. Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS)/Lambda-Mu-Sigma methodology was implemented to select distribution type, optimize smoothing parameters, perform regression of growth models, and construct percentiles and Z-score charts and tables for weight for age, length for age, length for weight, and body mass index (BMI) for age. Findings were compared with WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) data. A total of 403 healthy infants/children (210 males and 193 females) were recruited. At birth, the mean weight, length, and BMI were 3.2±0.4 kg, 3.1±0.4 kg, 49.7±2.3 cm, 48.8±2.1 cm, 13.2±1.6 kg/m2, and 12.8±1.5 kg/m2 for males and females, respectively. Anthropometrics of males were all statistically significantly higher than those of females at all age levels. The length and weight of the Bahraini infants/children were slightly higher than those of the WHO-MGRS. The outcomes of this study, presented as charts and tables, showed significant differences in comparison with the WHO-MGRS reference charts. Specifically, Bahraini children aged between 0 and 24 months of both sexes were taller and heavier than their cohorts in the MGRS reference charts. Further longitudinal studies are needed for monitoring the growth pattern of children using body composition methods, adiposity markers, and determinant factors of growth to investigate this deviation from the WHO-MGRS.

Interleukin-33 inhibits glucose uptake in human adipocytes and its expression in adipose tissue is elevated in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is associated with obesity-related inflammation. We aim to investigate IL-33 expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) subjects and its effects on human adipocyte glucose uptake. Expression of IL-33 was analysed in SAT from cohort studies including subjects with and without obesity and T2D and correlated with insulin resistance and obesity markers. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tissue fat volumes was performed. We investigated the effects of IL-33 treatment on ex vivo adipocyte glucose uptake. T2D subjects had higher IL-33 gene and protein expression in SAT than the control subjects. IL-33 mRNA expression was positively correlated with markers of dysglycemia (e.g. HbA1c), insulin resistance (e.g. HOMA-IR) and adiposity (BMI, visceral adipose tissue volume, liver and pancreas fat %). In multiple linear regression analyses, insulin resistance and T2D status were the strongest predictors of IL-33, independent of BMI. IL-33 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with expression of genes regulating adipocyte glucose uptake, lipid storage, and adipogenesis (e.g.glucose transporter 1 and 4 (GLUT1/4), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), and PPARG). Additionally, incubation of SAT with IL-33 reduced adipocyte glucose uptake and GLUT4 gene and protein expression. Our findings suggest that T2D subjects have higher IL-33 gene and protein expressionin SATthan control subjects, which is associated with insulin resistance and reduced gene expression of lipid storage and adipogenesis markers. IL-33 may reduce adipocyte glucose uptake. This opens up a potential pharmacological route for reversing insulin resistance in T2D and prediabetes.

Visceral adiposity index and lipid accumulation product index: The promising role in assessing cardiometabolic risk in non-obese patients of PCOS.

The combination of metabolic disorders like obesity, insulin resistance, reduced glucose tolerance, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia poses an increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients with PCOS which is closely related to increased visceral fat accumulation. This study explored the noninvasive adiposity markers like Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) and Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP) levels in non-obese PCOS patients and their associations with clinico-metabolic parameters. The case-control study was conducted with a total of 66 PCOS cases and 40 healthy controls (aged 18-35). Their lipid profile, fasting insulin levels and homeostatic model of insulin resistance index, VAI, and LAP scores were estimated. The cases were divided into three groups depending on the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. The predictive power of LAP and VAI with respect to cardiovascular outcomes was assessed by ROC curves. The VAI and LAP scores have shown a significant positive correlation with markers of metabolic syndrome. When multiple risk factors are considered simultaneously, the cutoff value of VAI is 2.59 with 91% sensitivity and 80% specificity, and that of the LAP score is 40.2 with 91% sensitivity and 83% specificity. The area under curves for VAI was 0.935 and for LAP was 0.945 considering the presence of at least three risk factors. The study concluded that with a definitive cutoff value, VAI and LAP were inexpensive, simple, and effective screening tools for cardiometabolic risk assessment in non-obese women with PCOS and can be an effective way to determine long-term cardiovascular outcomes and prevent them.

The Effects of Oral Probiotic Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Gut microbiota has been identified as a unique endocrine organ linked to the development of cardiovascular disease and other illnesses, especially deteriorated in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. The object of this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of oral supplementation with probiotics for overweight and obese postmenopausal women. We performed a systematic search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to April 2022 in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We also performed a hand search by reviewing reference lists to identify trials. The risk of bias in individual studies was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB). Two reviewers independently selected studies and collected data. There were 6 studies from 5 RCTs with 281 participants in this systematic review. Compared with the placebo, the probiotics supplementation group had reductions in insulin (MD - 4.20IU/L (95% CI - 8.11 to - 0.30IU/L), I2 = 54%), HOMA-IR (MD - 1.25 (95% CI - 2.49 to - 0.01), I2 = 50%), and TNF-α (MD - 0.12pg/mL (95% CI - 0.22 to - 0.01pg/mL), I2 = 44%). Improvements were also shown in body adiposity and lipid profile, but these effects were nonsignificant. In addition to body adiposity and cardiovascular risk markers, one trial showed the administration of probiotics also had an effect on iron metabolism. In conclusion, probiotics have a potential benefit on glucose metabolism and inflammatory process in overweight and obese postmenopausal women, but this effect is mild. It demonstrates that oral probiotics supplementation can be a complementary treatment for improving the fitness of postmenopausal women with overweight and obesity.

Timing of introduction of complementary foods, breastfeeding, and child cardiometabolic risk: a prospective multiethnic Asian cohort study

BackgroundThe timing of introduction of complementary foods and the duration of breastfeeding (BF) have been independently associated with child overweight and obesity; however, their combined influence on body fat partitioning and cardiometabolic risk is unclear. ObjectiveWe investigated the associations of the timing of introduction of complementary foods, the duration of BF, and their interaction with child adiposity and cardiometabolic risk markers. MethodsWe analyzed data from 839 children in the prospective Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort. Mothers reported the age at which infants were first fed complementary foods and BF duration, classified as early (≤4 mo) versus typical (>4 mo) complementary feeding (CF) and short (≤4 mo) versus long (>4 mo) duration of any BF, respectively. We measured adiposity and cardiometabolic risk markers at the age of 6 y and examined their associations with infant feeding patterns using multiple regression, adjusting for sociodemographics, parents’ body mass index (BMI), maternal factors, birth weight for gestational age, and infant weight gain. ResultsOf 839 children, 18% experienced early CF, whereas 54% experienced short BF. Short (vs. long) BF and early (vs. typical) CF were independently associated with higher z-scores of BMI [β (95% confidence interval), short BF, 0.18 standard deviation score (SDS) (−0.01, 0.38); early CF, 0.34 SDS (0.11, 0.57)] and sum of skinfolds [short BF, 1.83 mm (0.05, 3.61); early CF, 2.73 mm (0.55, 4.91)]. Children who experienced both early CF and short BF (vs. typical CF–long BF) had synergistically higher diastolic blood pressure [1.41 mmHg (−0.15, 2.97), P-interaction = 0.023] and metabolic syndrome score [0.81 (0.16, 1.47), P-interaction = 0.081]. Early CF–long BF (vs. early CF–short BF) was associated with a lower systolic blood pressure [−3.74 mmHg (−7.01, −0.48)], diastolic blood pressure [−2.29 mmHg (−4.47, −0.11)], and metabolic syndrome score [−0.90 (−1.80, 0.00)]. ConclusionsA combination of early CF and short BF was associated with elevated child adiposity and cardiometabolic markers. Longer BF duration may protect against cardiometabolic risk associated with early CF.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.

Lipid accumulation product, visceral adiposity index and risk of chronic kidney disease

BackgroundLipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) are novel, non-imaging markers of visceral adiposity that are calculated by using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and serum lipid concentrations. We hypothesized that LAP and VAI are more strongly associated with adverse kidney outcomes than BMI and WC.MethodsUsing data from the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, we used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate associations of LAP, VAI, BMI and WC with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD), (incident eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 and > 25% decline).ResultsAmong the overall cohort of 27,550 participants, the mean baseline age was 65 years; 54% were women; and 41% were African American. After a median of 9.4 years (IQR 8.6, 9.9) of follow-up, a total of 1127 cases of incident CKD were observed. Each two-fold higher value of VAI (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.04, 1.20), LAP (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.13, 1.29), WC (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.60, 2.76) and BMI (OR: 2.66, 95% CI 1.88, 3.77), was associated with greater odds of incident CKD.ConclusionsLAP and VAI as measures of visceral adiposity are associated with higher odds of incident CKD but may not provide information beyond WC and BMI.

Cardiac valve calcification in patients on maintenance dialysis. The role of malnutrition-inflammation syndrome, adiposity andcomponents of sarcopenia. A cross-sectional study

Cardiac valve calcification (CVC) is a predictor of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in end stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients. Several risk factors are related to CVC in patients with ESKD including traditional ones as well as inflammation, bone mineral disease and malnutrition. Adiposity is associated with dyslipidemia and proinflammatory activity which could predispose for CVC. Sarcopenia or dynapenia is a state common in patients with ESKD. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of adiposity, sarcopenia and malnutrition-inflammation markers with CVC in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. CVC in aortic (AVC), mitral valves (MVC) and systolic and diastolic dysfunction (DD) were assessed by using two-dimensional echocardiography. Nutritional, adiposity and anthropometric assessments were made using several indices respectively. Creatinine index and muscle strength measurements were also performed. Biochemical parameters such as total proteins, albumin, calcium, phosphate, plasma lipoproteins, C-Reactive Protein and parathyroid hormone were also measured. Adiposity, nutritional, and sarcopenia parameters did not show any difference between patients with or without CVC. Age ≥ 65 years [PR: 1.47 p=0.012], DD [PR: 2.31, p=0.005], high CRP/albumin ratio [PR: 1.46, p=0.01], mid arm circumference (MAC)<26cm [PR: 1.37, p=0.03] were associated with increased prevalence of AVC, while DD [PR: 1.97 p=0.02], high CRP/albumin ratio [PR: 1.56, p=0.02], and MAC < 26cm [PR: 1.52, p=0.01], showed positive correlation with MVC. Age ≥ 65 years [PR: 1.33, p=0.028], DD [PR: 1.72, p=0.01], high CRP/albumin ratio [PR: 1.53, p=0.003], and MAC < 26cm [PR: 1.4, p=0.006], related to greater prevalence of calcification at any valve. Ageing, diastolic dysfunction, MAC and increased CRP/albumin ratio were powerful predictors of CVC in patients on hemodialysis.

Mid- and long-term changes in satiety-related hormones, lipid and glucose metabolism, and inflammation after a Mediterranean diet intervention with the goal of losing weight: A randomized, clinical trial.

Obesity is produced by the enlargement of the adipose tissue. Functioning as an endocrine organ, it releases and receives information through a complex network of cytokines, hormones, and substrates contributing to a low-chronic inflammation environment. Diet and healthy habits play key roles in the prevention of obesity and its related pathologies. In this regard, there is a need to switch to healthier and more appetizing diets, such as the Mediterranean one. To compare the mid-and long-term effects of two Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) interventions, one energy-reduced plus physical activity promotion versus a non-restrictive diet, on peripheral satiety-related hormones, weight loss, glucose/lipid metabolism, and pro-inflammatory markers in subjects with obesity/overweight and metabolic syndrome. A randomized, lifestyle intervention was conducted in 23 Spanish centers, with a large cohort of patients presenting metabolic syndrome. Our study is a subproject set in IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute). Participants were men and women, aged 55-75 and 60-75, respectively, who at baseline met at least three metabolic syndrome components. Subjects were assigned to two intervention groups: (1) an intensive lifestyle intervention with an energy-reduced MedDiet and physical activity promotion (intervention group) with the aim of weight loss; and (2) a normocaloric MedDiet (control). We quantified in a subsample of 300 volunteers from Hospital del Mar Research Institute (Barcelona), following analytes at baseline, 6 months, and 1 year: glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, C-peptide, ghrelin, GLP-1, glucagon, insulin, leptin, PAI-1, resistin, and visfatin. Anthropometric and classical cardiovascular risk factors were also determined. A multivariate statistical model was employed to compare the two groups. Linear mixed-effect models were performed to compare changes in risk factors and biomarkers between intervention groups and over time. Compared to participants in the control group, those in intervention one showed greater improvements in weight, waist circumference, insulin (P < 0.001), glucose metabolism-related compounds (P < 0.05), triglyceride-related lipid profile (P < 0.05), leptin, blood pressure, and pro-inflammatory markers such as PAI-1 (P < 0.001) at mid-and/or long-term. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, resistin, and vifastin also decreased in both groups. A weight loss intervention employing a hypocaloric MedDiet and physical activity promotion has beneficial effects on adiposity, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, leptin, and pro-inflammatory markers, such as PAI-1 in both mid-and long-term.

Adiposity and NMR-measured lipid and metabolic biomarkers among 30,000 Mexican adults

BackgroundAdiposity is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in part due to effects on blood lipids. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides direct information on >130 biomarkers mostly related to blood lipid particles.MethodsAmong 28,934 Mexican adults without chronic disease and not taking lipid-lowering therapy, we examine the cross-sectional relevance of body-mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and hip circumference (HC) to NMR-measured metabolic biomarkers. Confounder-adjusted associations between each adiposity measure and NMR biomarkers are estimated before and after mutual adjustment for other adiposity measures.ResultsMarkers of general (ie, BMI), abdominal (ie, WC and WHR) and gluteo-femoral (ie, HC) adiposity all display similar and strong associations across the NMR-platform of biomarkers, particularly for biomarkers that increase cardiometabolic risk. Higher adiposity associates with higher levels of Apolipoprotein-B (about 0.35, 0.30, 0.35, and 0.25 SD higher Apolipoprotein-B per 2-SD higher BMI, WHR, WC, and HC, respectively), higher levels of very low-density lipoprotein particles (and the cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids within these lipoproteins), higher levels of all fatty acids (particularly mono-unsaturated fatty acids) and multiple changes in other metabolic biomarkers including higher levels of branched-chain amino acids and the inflammation biomarker glycoprotein acetyls. Associations for general and abdominal adiposity are fairly independent of each other but, given general and abdominal adiposity, higher gluteo-femoral adiposity is associated with a strongly favourable cardiometabolic lipid profile.ConclusionsOur results provide insight to the lipidic and metabolomic signatures of different adiposity markers in a previously understudied population where adiposity is common but lipid-lowering therapy is not.

Association between PTPN1 polymorphisms and obesity-related phenotypes in European adolescents: influence of physical activity.

To study the associations of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-N1 (PTPN1) polymorphisms with obesity-related phenotypes in European adolescents, and the influence of physical activity on these relationships. Five polymorphisms of PTPN1 were genotyped in 1057 European adolescents (12-18 years old). We measured several phenotypes related to obesity, such as adiposity markers, and biochemical and clinical parameters. Physical activity was objectively measured by accelerometry. The T, A, T, T and G alleles of the rs6067472, rs10485614, rs2143511, rs6020608 and rs968701 polymorphisms, respectively, were associated with lower levels of obesity-related phenotypes (i.e., body mass index, body fat percentage, hip circumference, fat mass index, systolic blood pressure and leptin) in European adolescents. In addition, the TATTG haplotype was associated with lower body fat percentage and fat mass index compared to the AACCA haplotype. Finally, when physical activity levels were considered, alleles of the rs6067472, rs2143511, rs6020608 and rs968701 polymorphisms were only associated with lower adiposity in active adolescents. PTPN1 polymorphisms were associated with adiposity in European adolescents. Specifically, alleles of these polymorphisms were associated with lower adiposity only in physically active adolescents. Therefore, meeting the recommendations of daily physical activity may reduce obesity risk by modulating the genetic predisposition to obesity. Using gene-phenotype and gene*environment analyses, we detected associations between polymorphisms of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-N1 (PTPN1) gene and obesity-related phenotypes, suggesting a mechanism that can be modulated by physical activity. This study shows that genetic variability of PTPN1 is associated with adiposity, while physical activity seems to modulate the genetic predisposition. This brings insights about the mechanisms by which physical activity positively influences obesity.

The Relationship between Visceral Adiposity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Diagnosed by Controlled Attenuation Parameter in People with HIV: A Pilot Study.

Fat alterations are frequent in people with HIV (PWH) and predict worse cardiometabolic outcomes. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with ectopic fat accumulation in the liver. We aimed to investigate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) diagnosed by controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) as a potential marker of visceral adiposity in PWH. We conducted a prospective pilot study of HIV mono-infected patients undergoing metabolic characterization and paired CAP measured by transient elastography with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. NAFLD was defined as CAP ≥ 285 dB/m, in absence of alcohol abuse. Excess visceral adiposity was defined as VAT &gt; 1.32 Kg. Pairwise correlation, area under the curve (AUC) and logistic regression analysis were employed to study the association between VAT and CAP. Thirty patients were included, of whom 50% had NAFLD. CAP was correlated with VAT (r = 0.650, p &lt; 0.001) measured by DEXA scan. After adjusting for duration of HIV infection, body mass index and waist circumference, CAP remained the only independent predictor of excess VAT (adjusted odds ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.10). The AUC analysis determined CAP had excellent performance to diagnose excess VAT (AUC 0.92, 95% CI 0.81-1.00), higher than BMI and waist circumference. The optimized CAP cut-off to diagnose excess VAT was 266 dB/m, with a sensitivity of 88.3% and a specificity of 84.6%. NAFLD diagnosed by CAP is associated with VAT in PWH independently of anthropometric measures of obesity. CAP may be a potential diagnostic marker of visceral adiposity in the practice of HIV medicine.

126 CENTRAL ADIPOSITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED PREVALENCE OF VERTEBRAL FRACTURES

Abstract Background Increased body weight and obesity are associated with greater bone mineral density (BMD) though effects on fracture risk appear to be site specific. In particular, the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI), abdominal weight and Vertebral Fractures (VF) is complex. Some studies have found greater incidence of VF's with obesity though results are inconsistent. Recent evidence supports a stronger association between measures of abdominal fat and VF's. We aimed to examine the association between central adiposity and VF's in older Irish adults. Methods Participants were from a large cross-sectional study of older Irish adults (aged &amp;gt;60) attending GP or hospital outpatient services. VF diagnosis was based on self-report (ie. clinical vertebral fracture) so we excluded those with a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) &amp;lt; 25. BMD was measured with DXA and patients taking antiresorptive or anabolic therapies were excluded. The relationship of waist hip ratio (a surrogate marker of central adiposity) with VF's was explored in regression models. Results 2055 identified, mean age 69.8 ± 6.3 years (range 60-99), 58.6% female. Vertebral fracture prevalence was 6.3% (n=130). Waist hip ratio was positively associated with presence of a vertebral fracture after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, timed up and go, smoking, serum vitamin D, lumbar spine BMD and steroid use &amp;gt; 3 months (beta: 0.04, P&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion We identified that central adiposity (as measured by waist/hip ratio) was associated with VF presence independent of several factors including BMI and spine BMD. This suggests that body fat distribution and/or altered bone quality may play a role. Visceral body fat (which is correlated with waist hip ratio) is associated with increased production of adipocytokines, altered vertebral geometry and micro-architecture, increased vertebral bone marrow fat and greater loading forces on the spine, all of which may mediate increased VF risk.