Body Adipose Tissue Research Articles

Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and Lesser Mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) Proteins Slowed Weight Gain and Improved Metabolism of Diet-Induced Obesity Mice

BackgroundHigh-protein diets not only meet amino acid needs but also modulate satiety and energy metabolism. Insect-based proteins are sustainable, high-quality proteins. Mealworms have been studied, but limited information is known about their ability to impact metabolism and obesity. ObjectiveWe determined the effects of defatted yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)- and whole lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus)-based proteins on the body weight (BW), serum metabolites, and liver and adipose tissue (AT) histology and gene expression of diet-induced obesity mice. MethodsMale C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 46% kcal) to induce obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obese mice were then assigned to treatments (n = 10/group) and fed for 8 wk: HFD: HFD with casein protein; B50: HFD with 50% protein from whole lesser mealworm; B100: HFD with 100% protein from whole lesser mealworm; Y50: HFD with 50% protein from defatted yellow mealworm; Y100: HFD with 100% protein from defatted yellow mealworm. Lean mice (n = 10) fed a low-fat-diet (LFD; 10% kcal) were included. Longitudinal food intake, BW, body composition, and glucose response were measured. At time of killing, serum metabolites, tissue histopathology and gene expression, and hepatic triglycerides were analyzed. ResultsAfter 8 wk, HFD, B50, and B100 had greater (P < 0.05) weight gain than LFD, whereas Y50 and Y100 did not. Y50, B100, and Y100 had a lower (P < 0.05) BW change rate than HFD. Mealworm-based diets led to increased (P < 0.05) serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and reduced (P < 0.05) serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations and reduced (P<0.05) LDL/HDL ratio. Mealworm-based diets led to increased (P < 0.05) hepatic expression of genes related to energy balance, immune response, and antioxidants and reduced (P < 0.05) AT expression of genes associated with inflammation and apoptosis. Mealworm-based diets altered (P < 0.05) hepatic and AT expression of glucose and lipid metabolism genes. ConclusionsIn addition to serving as an alternative protein source, mealworms may confer health benefits to obese patients.

Effect of bariatric surgery on atherogenicity and insulin resistance in patients with obesity class II: a prospective study

ObjectiveEnormous efforts have been made to evaluate reliable, simple and practical indicators for predicting patients at risk of progression of cardiovascular disease events, whereby bariatric surgery has remained understudied. Thus,...

Plasticity of adipose tissues in response to fasting and refeeding declines with aging in mice.

To explore the plasticity of adipose tissues, C57BL/6J mice at the age of 1 month, 3 months, and 15 months corresponding to adolescence, adulthood, and middle-aged transitional period, respectively, were fasted and refed subsequently at different times. Body adipose tissues ratio (BATR) was calculated, the morphology of adipose tissue and the area of adipocytes were observed by histological analysis, and the mitochondria in adipocytes were observed under the transmission electron microscope. Furthermore, the expression levels of Ucp-1, Cidea, Cox7a1, Cpt-1m, Atgl, and Hsl were detected by qRT-PCR. Our results showed a significant increase in the adipocytes area and body visceral adipose tissue (VAT) ratio in all groups of mice with aging. Moreover, body mesenteric white adipose tissue (mWAT) ratio decreased the most after 72 h fasting. In the middle-aged transitional mice, the white adipocytes did not decrease until 72 h fasting, and most of them still appeared as unaffected unilocular cells. Besides, the number of mitochondria and the expression of Ucp-1, Cidea, Cox7a1, Cpt-1m, Atgl and Hsl were lower in these mice. After 72h refeeding, the body subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) ratio returned to normal, while the VAT kept decreasing. The above results indicated an impairment in adipose tissue plasticity in mice with aging, suggesting that age modulated the metabolic adaptiveness of adipose tissues in mice.

GLP-1 analogs and regional adiposity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs regulate body weight and liver steatosis. Different body adipose tissue (AT) depots exhibit biological variability. Accordingly, GLP-1 analog effects on AT distribution are unclear. To investigate GLP1-analog effects on adiposity distribution. PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases were screened for eligible randomized human trials. Pre-defined endpoints included visceral AT (VAT), subcutaneous AT (SAT), total AT (TAT), epicardial AT (EAT), liver AT (LAT), and waist-to-hip ratio (W:H). Search was conducted until May 17, 2022. Data extraction and bias assessment were performed by two independent investigators. Treatment effects were estimated using random effects models. Analyses were performed on Review Manager v5.3. Out of the 367 screened studies, 45 were included in the systematic review and 35 were used in the meta-analysis. GLP-1 analogs reduced VAT, SAT, TAT, LAT, and EAT, with non-significant effects on W:H. Overall bias risk was low. GLP-1 analog treatment reduces TAT, affecting most studied AT depots, including the pathogenic VAT, EAT, and LAT. GLP-1 analogs may have significant roles in combating metabolic, obesity-associated diseases via reductions of key AT depot volumes.

Whey protein hydrolysates improve high-fat-diet-induced obesity by modulating the brain-peripheral axis of GLP-1 through inhibition of DPP-4 function in mice.

Obesity is a growing global health concern. Recent literature indicates a prominent role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in glucose metabolism and food intake. The synergistic action of GLP-1 in the gut and brain is responsible for its satiety-inducing effect, suggesting that upregulation of active GLP-1 levels could be an alternative strategy to combat obesity. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is an exopeptidase known to inactivate GLP-1, suggesting that its inhibition could be a crucial strategy for effectively extending the half-life of endogenous GLP-1. Peptides derived from partial hydrolysis of dietary proteins are gaining traction due to their inhibitory activity on DPP-4. Whey protein hydrolysate from bovine milk (bmWPH) was produced using simulated in situ digestion, purified using RP-HPLC, and characterized for DPP-4 inhibition. The antiadipogenic and antiobesity activity of bmWPH was then studied in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet-induced obesity (HFD) mice model, respectively. The dose-dependent inhibitory effect of bmWPH on the catalytic activity of DPP-4 was observed. Additionally, bmWPH suppressed adipogenic transcription factors and DPP-4 protein levels, leading to a negative effect on preadipocyte differentiation. In an HFD mice model, co-administration of WPH for 20weeks downregulated adipogenic transcription factors, resulting in a concomitant reduction in whole body weight and adipose tissues. Mice fed with bmWPH also showed a marked reduction in DPP-4 levels in WAT, liver, and serum. Furthermore, HFD mice fed with bmWPH exhibited increased serum and brain GLP levels, which led to a significant decrease in food intake. In conclusion, bmWPH reduces body weight in HFD mice by suppressing appetite through GLP-1, a satiety-inducing hormone, in both the brain and peripheral circulation. This effect is achieved through modulation of both the catalytic and non-catalytic activity of DPP-4.

Assessment of the Impact of Increased Physical Activity on Body Mass and Adipose Tissue Reduction in Overweight and Obese Children.

(1) Background: Within the last 30 years, growing rates of child overweight and obesity have been observed as a very concerning phenomenon in most countries worldwide. The research aim was to assess what effect increased physical activity has on reducing body mass and adipose tissue in children between 10 and 11 years of age as well as to answer the question of whether physical activity could be considered as a factor in preventing child overweight and obesity when maintaining their existing diet and lifestyle. (2) Material and methods: There were 419 sports class primary school pupils in the experimental group who, in addition to four obligatory weekly physical education hours, attended six training hours. The control group comprised 485 children from parallel non-sports classes. In all pupils, height and weight measurements as well as physical fitness measurements were taken twice, at the beginning and end of the school year. Cole's method was used to assess the children's normal body weight. With the help of this method, children with excessive body weight were selected from the entire study group (N = 904), who additionally had skinfolds and adipose tissue measured using the BIA electrical bioimpedance method. The obtained results were interpreted using the variance analysis for repeated measurements and LSD test. (3) Results: The number of children with excessive body mass after 10 months of increased physical activity decreased (in the case of overweight: p = 0.0014, obesity: p = 0.0022), as did their skinfolds (p ≤ 0.001) and body fat (p ≤ 0.001), while their physical fitness considerably improved compared to the control group. (4) Conclusions: The introduction of increased physical activity in the experimental group children when maintaining their existing diet and lifestyle contributed to reducing their obesity and overweight and, at the same time, proved to be an effective factor in the process of decreasing their excessive body mass.

5-HEPE reduces obesity and insulin resistance by promoting adipose tissue browning through GPR119/AMPK/PGC1α activation

AimsActivating thermogenic program in brown adipocytes serves as a potential therapeutic target for increasing energy expenditure during the treatment of metabolic diseases. 5(S)-hydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acid (5-HEPE), an omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid metabolite, has been shown to enhance insulin secretion in vitro. However, its role in modulating obesity-related diseases remains largely unclear. Main methodsTo investigate this further, mice were fed with a high-fat diet for 12 weeks and then injected intraperitoneally every other day with 5-HEPE for 4 additional weeks. Key findingsIn vivo, our results demonstrated that 5-HEPE alleviated the HFD-induced obesity and insulin resistance, leading to a significant decrease in subcutaneous fat and epididymal fat index and an increase in brown fat index. Compared to the HFD group, the 5-HEPE group mice had lower ITT and GTT AUC and lower HOMA-IR. Moreover, 5HEPE effectively increased energy expenditure of mice. 5-HEPE also significantly promoted brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and browning in white adipose tissue (WAT) by up-regulating genes and proteins expression of UCP1, Prdm16, Cidea, and PGC1α. In vitro, we found 5-HEPE significantly promoted 3T3-L1 browning. Mechanistically, 5-HEPE acts by activating the GPR119/AMPK/PGC1α pathway. In conclusion, this study emphasizes a critical role of 5-HEPE in improving body energy metabolism and adipose tissue browning in HFD-fed mice. SignificanceOur results suggest that 5-HEPE intervention may be an effective target for preventing obesity-related metabolic diseases.

Association between the FTO polymorphic variants and obesity in the Belarusian population

Overweight and obesity refer to the abnormal and excessive deposition of adipose tissue in the human body causing significant harm to health. Unfortunately, there has always been a persisting upward trend in the number of overweight people. The development of obesity may be caused by a combination of excessive food intake, low physical activity, and a hereditary predisposition to it. Studies of the genotypes of obese individuals allowed identifying a number of polymorphic variants of genes that contribute to a genetic predisposition to an excessive weight gain. One of the most significant predictors of obesity is the FTO gene (a fat mass and obesity-associated gene). Genotyping of 655 representatives of the Republic of Belarus was carried out for 13 polymorphic variants of the FTO gene. Genomic DNA extraction was carried out from the peripheral venous blood samples. Real-time PCR was performed for the evaluation of polymorphic variants of the FTO gene. A significant association of the genotype with the body mass index was observed in eight polymorphic variants of the FTO gene: In the carriers of minor homozygotes of polymorphic variants rs11075990, rs1121980, rs1421085, rs17817449, rs3751812, rs9939609, rs9940128, and rs9941349, the body mass index (BMI) was much higher compared with the carriers of corresponding major homozygotes P = 0.0022 – 0.021. An analysis of the linkage disequilibrium of 13 polymorphic variants of the FTO gene was carried out. It was found that eight polymorphic variants of the FTO gene for which a statistically significant association with BMI was shown constitute one block of linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 0.82 – 1.0, P &lt; 0.001) and form two most common haplotypes: A/G/T/T/G/T/G/C (51.9%) and G/A/C/G/T/A/A/T (42.8%). Therefore, to determine the risk for obesity development, it is sufficient to conduct genetic testing for one of these polymorphic variants. This greatly facilitates the process of determining a genetic predisposition to excess weight.

Abstract 922: Body composition and metabolic dysfunction really matter for the achievement of better outcomes in high-grade serous ovarian cancer

Abstract Our objective was to evaluate the impact of body composition (BC), beyond body mass index (BMI), and lipid metabolism disorders on therapeutic responses and outcomes in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC).Methods: 123 and 415 patients with advanced HGSOC from two cohorts (PUC and TCGA) were analyzed. Databases containing clinical/genomic variables were built-up. BC was estimated using the measurement of adiposity (e.g., Whole body Adipose Tissue [WBAT]) and muscle mass (Lumbar muscle area to vertebral body at L4-level, [PLVI]) by CT-scan. A list of 425 genes linked to obesity and lipid metabolism was used to identify clusters using non-negative matrix factorization. GSEA, Gene Ontology, KEGG pathways enrichment, and Ecotyper analyzes were also made. Survival curves and Cox-regression models were also built-up. Results: We identified four BC types and two clusters that, unlike BMI, effectively correlate with survival regardless of achieving optimal debulking or complete response. Mention deserves central sarcopenia, which was associated with worse survival in any condition. So also, that recovering a normal BC and adding medications to correct metabolism disorders (e.g., statins) could have a positive impact on outcomes. Along with this, we showed that micro-environments depleted of immune cells predominate in HGSOC, something more evident in the BC type (High WBAT/Low PLVI) and cluster (Obesity/Lipid Metabolism Type I) with worse prognosis. Conclusions: Here, we demonstrate the relevance of BC and lipid metabolism disorders in determining therapeutic responses and long-term outcomes. Also, the importance of incorporating corrective measures addressing these disorders to obtain better results. (Research supported by Fondecyt 1201083) Citation Format: Mauricio A. Cuello-Fredes, Fernan Gomez, Ignacio Wichmann, Felipe Suarez, Sumie Kato, Jorge Brañes, Elisa Orlandini, Carolina Ibañez. Body composition and metabolic dysfunction really matter for the achievement of better outcomes in high-grade serous ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 922.

Abstract 363: Modelling cancer cachexia using a comprehensive panel of heterogeneous esophageal squamous cell carcinoma xenografts for therapeutic application

Abstract Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of deadliest esophageal malignancies in Asia. Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial body wasting syndrome and is one of the major causes of death in late-stage patients (1). It is characterized by skeletal muscle loss and atrophy, adipose and body wasting, and metabolic dysregulations and stress (1). ESCC is one of the cancer types with the highest morbidity and mortality rates due to cancer cachexia (2). However, there are few effective and approved treatments targeting cancer cachexia. Currently, cancer cachexia animal models are highly limited with few cancer types available as a pre-clinical drug testing platform, with none related to esophageal carcinoma (3). Results: Here we have developed a panel of ESCC patient-derived organoid xenograft (PDOX) mouse model based on our latest patient-derived organoid cultures originating from Hong Kong patients. Our immunodeficient mouse-based PDOX model resembles different cachexic phenotypes that cell line-derived xenograft lacks, including body (skeletal muscle and adipose tissue) wasting and functional signs (e.g. lack of body movement, reduced muscle strength, and loss of appetite). The slow-proliferating characteristic of the ESCC PDOX allows development of a cachexic condition before humane endpoint. Furthermore, our full panel of PDOX lines allowed us to identify the full spectrum, differential cachexia severity across mice bearing different PDOXs, indicating a heterogenous nature. We have comprehensively characterized the cachexia phenotypes and performed proof-of-concept preclinical drug tests using established anti-cachexic drugs; treated PDOX-bearing mice have improved body condition and function compared to the control, which were further verified by histological examinations of tissue samples. Molecular analysis showed that several classic cachexia related gene expressions were down-regulated in isolated liver (Il1b) and inguinal adipose tissues (adipose triglyceride lipase). Conclusions: Our ESCC PDOX model potentially serves as a great pre-clinical cachexia-targeted drug testing platform, providing more treatment options for ESCC patients for better disease management. Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the Research Grants Council (TRS T12-701/17-R to MLL) and the Food and Health Bureau (HMRF 06171566 to VZY) of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for funding supports. We acknowledge DSMZ for the KYSE cell lines. We acknowledge the HKUMed-CPOS for providing imaging facilities.

Body composition and lung cancer-associated cachexia in TRACERx.

Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in individuals with non-small cell lung cancer. Key features of CAC include alterations in body composition and body weight. Here, we explore the association between body composition and body weight with survival and delineate potential biological processes and mediators that contribute to the development of CAC. Computed tomography-based body composition analysis of 651 individuals in the TRACERx (TRAcking non-small cell lung Cancer Evolution through therapy (Rx)) study suggested that individuals in the bottom 20th percentile of the distribution of skeletal muscle or adipose tissue area at the time of lung cancer diagnosis, had significantly shorter lung cancer-specific survival and overall survival. This finding was validated in 420 individuals in the independent Boston Lung Cancer Study. Individuals classified as having developed CAC according to one or more features at relapse encompassing loss of adipose or muscle tissue, or body mass index-adjusted weight loss were found to have distinct tumor genomic and transcriptomic profiles compared with individuals who did not develop such features. Primary non-small cell lung cancers from individuals who developed CAC were characterized by enrichment of inflammatory signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transitional pathways, and differentially expressed genes upregulated in these tumors included cancer-testis antigen MAGEA6 and matrix metalloproteinases, such as ADAMTS3. In an exploratory proteomic analysis of circulating putative mediators of cachexia performed in a subset of 110 individuals from TRACERx, a significant association between circulating GDF15 and loss of body weight, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue was identified at relapse, supporting the potential therapeutic relevance of targeting GDF15 in the management of CAC.

Ascorbic acid reduces insulin resistance and pancreatic steatosis by regulating adipocyte hypertrophy in obese ovariectomized mice.

Ascorbic acid has been suggested to regulate obesity in obese male rodents.Moreover, increased adipocyte size has been associated with metabolic disease. Thus, we investigated the effects of ascorbic acid on adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6J mice, an animal model of obese postmenopausal women. Administration of ascorbic acid (5%w/w in diet for 18 weeks) reduced the size of visceral adipocytes without changes in body weight and adipose tissue mass in HFD-fed obese OVX mice compared with obese OVX mice that did not receive ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid inhibited adipose tissue inflammation, as shown by the decreased number of crown-like structures and CD68-positive macrophages in visceral adipose tissues. Ascorbic acid-treated mice exhibited improved hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and glucose and insulin tolerance compared with nontreated obese mice. Pancreatic islet size and insulin-positive β-cell area in ascorbic acid-treated obese OVX mice decreased to the levels observed in low-fat diet-fed lean mice. Ascorbic acid also suppressed pancreatic triglyceride accumulation in obese mice. These results suggest that ascorbic acid may reduce insulin resistance and pancreatic steatosis partly by suppressing visceral adipocyte hypertrophy and adipose tissue inflammation in obese OVX mice.

Ginsenoside Rb1 Interfered with Macrophage Activation by Activating PPARγ to Inhibit Insulin Resistance in Obesity.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin resistance (IR), often accompanied by inflammation. Macrophage activation acts as an inflammatory response, which is characterized by macrophage recruitment in the initial stage. Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) is a main active ingredient, which is known for its fat-reducing, anti-inflammatory effects. To clarify that Rb1 regulates macrophage activation in adipose tissue and improves tissue inflammation, network pharmacology and molecular docking were used for target prediction and preliminary validation. By constructing the co-culture model of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) and primary macrophage (PM), the body adipose tissue microenvironment was simulated to observe the adipogenesis degree of adipocytes under the effect of Rb1. The levels of cytokines, macrophage polarization, and protein or RNA expression in the inflammatory signaling pathway were finally detected. The results showed that 89 common targets of T2D-Rb1 were obtained after their intersection. Furthermore, according to the results of the KEGG pathway and PPI analysis, PTGS2 (COX-2) is the downstream protein of PPARγ-NF-κB. The molecular binding energy of PPARγ-Rb1 is -6.8 kcal/mol. Rb1 significantly inhibited the increase in MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β induced by hypertrophic adipocytes supernatant and promoted the expression of IL-10. Rb1 inhibited the activation of inflammatory macrophages and PM migration and upregulated PPARγ expression with the blocking of NF-κB activation. Additionally, Rb1 promoted the expression of IRS1 and PI3K in the insulin signal pathway, which had a similar effect with ROS. Therefore, Rb1 might affect macrophage activation through PPARγ, which might alleviate obese insulin resistance in T2D early stage.

Sensory detection of female olfactory cues as a central regulator of energy metabolism and body weight in male mice

Olfactory stimuli from food influence energy balance, preparing the body for digestion when food is consumed. Social chemosensory cues predict subsequent energetic changes required for social interactions and could be an additional sensory input influencing energy balance. We show that exposure to female chemostimuli increases metabolic rate in male mice and reduces body weight and adipose tissue expansion when mice are fed a high-fat diet. These responses are linked to detection of female chemostimuli via G-protein Gαo-expressing vomeronasal sensory neurons. Males with Gαo deleted in the olfactory system are fertile but do not show changes in body weight when paired with females and show severely blunted changes in energy expenditure when exposed to female bedding. These results establish that metabolic and reproductive responses to females can be partly uncoupled in male mice and that detection of female chemostimuli is a central regulator of energy metabolism and lipid storage.

The Influence of Caffeine and Guarana on Dehydration of Young Soccer Players and Physiological Aspects of Dehydration of the Athlete's Body

Abstract Introduction The aim of the study was to assess the effect of caffeine and caffeine with guarana on the dehydration of young soccer players and the effect of dehydration on their reaction time. Material and Methods The study involved 57 players aged 16.8 ± 0.5 years, with an average body weight of 66.5 ± 9.3 kg, and height 178 ± 6.7 cm. An analysis of the body composition was performed. Thus, the results regarding body weight, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, BMI and body hydration were obtained. Next, the competitors performed successively a test for reaction time and speed over a distance of 5 and 15 meters with the use of photocells. After the tests, the players were randomized into 3 groups, where they received 200 mg caffeine, caffeine + guarana (200 mg + 40 mg), and placebo. Then, the players participated in a soccer training of medium intensity on the pitch, which lasted about 60 minutes. Immediately after completing the training, the procedure for testing reaction time and speed as well as body composition analysis were repeated. Results Water loss occurred in each of the study groups and was the highest in players consuming caffeine with guarana and caffeine, but these were not statistically significant differences compared to placebo. Lower BMI correlated with water loss; however, statistically significant differences were noticed only in the placebo group (p ---lt--- 0.001). Water loss also correlated with a smaller decrease in speed over a distance of the 5-meter sprint (p ---lt--- 0.039) and the 15-meter sprint (p ---lt--- 0.035), but only in the caffeine-guarana group. Conclusions Caffeine consumption in the amount of about 3 mg/kg of body weight and also caffeine with guarana did not result in significantly greater loss of water in young soccer players. The loss of water during training in players was almost 0.7 l and did not affect the reaction time. The obtained results are important in the context of consuming supplements based on caffeine and guarana for young footballers in order to improve parameters such as speed or reaction time. However, it is also worth conducting research on a group of adult players.

Dietary Intake of the Short-Chain Triglyceride Triacetin vs. Long-Chain Triglycerides Decreases Adipocyte Diameter and Fat Deposition in Rats

Diets containing either triacetin (the water-soluble triglyceride of acetate) or long-chain triglycerides (LCT) were fed to rats for 30 d to determine the effect on body weight gain and adipose tissue cellularity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were allowed free access to one of three diets: a control diet containing 5% of energy as fat or one of two experimental diets that contained 30% triglyceride (by energy). The source of the triglyceride in the two experimental groups was either 100% LCT or 95% triacetin + 5% LCT. Within the experimental groups receiving 30% fat, the source of dietary triglyceride (LCT vs. triacetin) did not affect total energy consumption. There were no significant differences in body weight at the onset of the study; however, animals fed 100% LCT weighed significantly more than the other two groups at the end of the study. In all three fat pads studied, animals fed triacetin had significantly lower pad mass than did animals fed LCT. Mean fat cell size was smaller in fat depots of animals fed short-chain triglyceride. Provision of dietary energy as the short-chain triglyceride triacetin in lieu of LCT resulted in lower weight gain and fat deposition. These data demonstrate the impact of dietary triglyceride composition on body weight regulation.

A transdermal treatment with MC903 ameliorates diet-induced obesity by reducing visceral fat and increasing myofiber thickness and energy consumption in mice

AimMC903 is a synthetic derivative of vitamin D3 that has been designed to diminish its impact on calcium metabolism and is clinically used as a transdermal reagent for psoriasis. Animal studies showed that an oral or intraperitoneal vitamin D3 treatment prevented the development of obesity. In contrast, the bioavailability of orally administered vitamin D3 is reported to be low in obese patients. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the impact of a transdermal treatment with MC903 in established obese mice. We further studied the underlying mechanisms of MC903-mediated metabolic improvement.Materials and methodsMale C57BL/6 J mice were fed standard chow or a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 7 weeks, and a transdermal treatment with MC903 on the ear auricle was initiated thereafter. The metabolic profiles of mice were analyzed during 4 weeks of treatment, and mice were dissected for histological and gene expression analyses. The direct impacts of MC903 and vitamin D3 were investigated using 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes in vitro.ResultsHFD-fed mice showed significant increases in body and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) weights with enlarged adipocytes. They exhibited glucose intolerance, decreased oxygen consumption, and chronic inflammation in eWAT. The transdermal treatment with MC903 significantly ameliorated these metabolic abnormalities in HFD-fed mice without affecting food consumption. In accordance with enhanced energy metabolism, myofiber diameters and the expression of uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle were significantly increased in MC903-treated HFD mice. In addition, vitamin D3 and MC903 both suppressed adipogenic differentiation and enhanced lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and increased UCP3 expression in cultured C2C12 myotubes. Furthermore, MC903 increased oxygen consumption and UCP3 knockdown significantly decreased them in C2C12 myotubes.ConclusionsA transdermal treatment with MC903 increased myofiber diameter and energy metabolism and decreased visceral fat accumulation, thereby improving obesity and glucose intolerance in mice.

Increased adiposity is associated with altered skeletal muscle energetics.

The objective of this pilot study was to characterize relationships between skeletal muscle energy metabolism and body composition in healthy adults with varied amounts and distribution of adipose tissue. In vivo muscle energetics were quantified using dynamic 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy with knee extension exercise standardized to subject lean body mass. Spearman's correlation analysis examined relationships between muscle metabolism indices and measures of adiposity including body mass index (BMI), total body fat, and quadriceps intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT). Post hoc partial correlations were examined controlling for additional body composition measures. Kruskal-Wallis tests with Dunn-Sidak post hoc comparisons evaluated group differences in energy metabolism based on body composition profiles (i.e., lean, normal-weight obese, and overweight-obese) and IMAT tertiles. BMI negatively correlated with end-exercise muscle pH after correcting for IMAT and total body fat (r = -0.46, P = 0.034). Total adiposity negatively correlated with maximum oxidative capacity after correcting for IMAT (r = -0.54, P = 0.013). IMAT positively correlated with muscle proton buffering capacity after correcting for total body fat (r = 0.53, P = 0.023). Body composition groups showed differences in end-exercise fall in [PCr] with normalized workload (P = 0.036; post hoc: overweight-obese < lean, P = 0.029) and maximum oxidative capacity (P = 0.021; post hoc: normal-weight obese < lean, P = 0.016). IMAT tertiles showed differences in end-exercise fall in [PCr] with normalized workload (P = 0.035; post hoc: 3rd < 1st, P = 0.047). Taken together, these results support increased adiposity is associated with reduced muscle energetic efficiency with more reliance on glycolysis, and when accompanied with reduced lean mass, is associated with reduced maximum oxidative capacity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Skeletal muscle energy production is influenced by both lean body mass and adipose tissue but the effect of their distribution on energy metabolism is unclear. This study examined variations in quadriceps muscle energy metabolism in healthy adults with varied relative amounts of lean and adipose tissue. Results suggest increased adiposity is associated with reduced muscle energetic efficiency with more reliance on glycolysis, and when accompanied with reduced lean mass, is associated with reduced maximum oxidative capacity.

Comparative evaluation of the results of anthropometric indicators and measurements of body composition by bioimpedancemetry

Background. Various anthropometric and instrumental methods are used to assess the correspondence between height and body weight of a person.&#x0D; Aim. Carrying out a comparative assessment of the results of anthropometric indicators and bioimpedance analysis among men and women fitness center visitors.&#x0D; Material and methods. A cross-sectional study of 58 men and 62 women was carried out. Participants underwent standard anthropometry (measurement of height with a stadiometer; body weight with an electronic scale; measurement of waist circumference and hip circumference with a centimeter tape) and bioimpedancemetry. Statistical processing was carried out by non-parametric methods: to study the relationship between the phenomena, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used, the differences in the average indicators were calculated by the Student's t-test, relative indicators by the Pearson 2 test, the differences were considered statistically significant at p 0.05.&#x0D; Results. Correlation analysis of the main calculated anthropometric and bioimpedance parameters established a strong relationship between body mass index and adipose tissue content (r=0.87). According to the data of bioimpedance analysis in the group of men, there was a significant predominance of muscle mass over fat, both in normal and overweight (p 0.0001). In the course of a comparative assessment of body mass index and bioimpedance analysis indicators, it was found that the use of body mass index is more often associated with overdiagnosis of overweight (p=0.0067). In the group of women, bioimpedancemetry analysis showed the predominance of muscle tissue over adipose tissue only with a normal body mass index, with overweight, the predominance of adipose tissue was found (p 0.0001). According to the results of bioimpedancemetry, the frequency of the norm decreased by 1.5 times compared with the body mass index (p=0.0017), the proportion of obesity increased by 4 times (p=0.0017) and the proportion of overweight almost 1.4 times.&#x0D; Conclusion. A comprehensive assessment of the body composition by bioimpedancemetry in men established the predominance of muscle mass over fat, which made it possible to reduce the frequency of overdiagnosis of excess body weight by 2 times; in women, body mass index was associated with underdiagnosis of overweight.

Micro-Current Stimulation Can Modulate the Adipogenesis Process by Regulating the Insulin Signaling Pathway in 3T3-L1 Cells and ob/ob Mice.

Obesity is a disease in which fat is abnormally or excessively accumulated in the body, and many studies have been conducted to overcome it with various techniques. In this study, we evaluated whether micro-current stimulation (MCS) can be applied to prevent obesity by regulating the adipogenesis through 3T3-L1 cells and ob/ob mice. To specify the intensity of MCS, Oil Red O staining was conducted with various intensities of MCS. Based on these, subsequent experiments used 200 and 400 μA for the intensity of MCS. The expressions of insulin signaling pathway-related proteins, including phosphorylation of IGF-1 and IR, were decreased in all MCS groups, and in turn, downstream signals such as Akt and ERK were decreased. In addition, MCS reduced the nucleus translocation of PPAR-γ and decreased the protein expression of C/EBP-α. In the ob/ob mouse model, MCS reduced body weight gain and abdominal adipose tissue volume. In particular, the concentration of triglycerides in serum was also decreased. Taken together, our findings showed that MCS inhibited lipid accumulation by regulating insulin signaling in 3T3-L1, and it was effective at reducing body weight and adipose tissue volume in ob/ob mice. These suggest that MCS may be a useful treatment approach for obesity.