Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Profile Research Articles

Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase 1 regulates transcription of elongase 3 in murine tissues

We have previously shown dysregulated lipid metabolism in tissues of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) overexpressing (OE) or deficient (KO) mice. This study explored underlying mechanisms of GPX1 in regulating tissue fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis. GPX1 OE, KO, and wild-type (WT) mice (n = 5, male, 3–6 months old) were fed a Se-adequate diet (0.3 mg/kg) and assayed for liver and adipose tissue FA profiles and mRNA levels of key enzymes of FA biosynthesis and redox-responsive transcriptional factors (TFs). These three genotypes of mice (n = 5) were injected intraperitoneally with diquat, ebselen, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) at 10, 50, and 50 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, and killed at 0 and 12 h after the injections to detect mRNA levels of FA elongases and desaturases and the TFs in the liver and adipose tissue. A luciferase reporter assay with targeted deletions of mouse Elovl3 promoter was performed to determine transcriptional regulations of the gene by GPX1 mimic ebselen in HEK293T cells. Compared with WT, GPX1 OE and KO mice had 9–42% lower (p < 0.05) and 36–161% higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of C20:0, C22:0, and C24:0 in these two tissues, respectively, along with reciprocal increases and decreases (p < 0.05) of Elovl3 transcripts. Ebselen and NAC decreased (p < 0.05), whereas diquat decreased (p < 0.05), Elovl3 transcripts in the two tissues. Overexpression and knockout of GPX1 decreased (p < 0.05) and increased (p < 0.05) ELOVL3 levels in the two tissues, respectively. Three TFs (GABP, SP1, and DBP) were identified to bind the Elovl3 promoter (−1164/+33 base pairs). Deletion of DBP (−98/−86 base pairs) binding domain in the promoter attenuated (13%, p < 0.05) inhibition of ebselen on Elovl3 promoter activation. In summary, GPX1 overexpression down-regulated very long-chain FA biosynthesis via transcriptional inhibition of the Elovl3 promoter activation.

Eccentric and concentric exercises induce different adaptions in adipose tissue biology.

Alterations in adipose tissue (AT) metabolism related to inflammation and adipokine's production lead to perturbations in its capacity to store lipids and release fatty acids (FA) during feeding/fasting transition or during exercise. Exercise has a beneficial effect on AT metabolism, but conventional trainings are not always suitable for patients with functional limitations. Dynamic eccentric (ECC) exercise prevents the accumulation of AT and may then overcome those limitations. Consequently, this study aimed at investigating AT's adaptations after ECC training. Nine-week-old male rats were randomly assigned to a control sedentary or three-trained groups for which treadmill slopes modulated exercise oxygen consumption (VO2) and mechanical work (n = 15 per group): (1) + 15% uphill-concentric group (CONC), (2) - 15% downhill group (ECC15, same mechanical work as CONC) and (3) - 30% downhill group (ECC30, same VO2, or oxygen cost as CONC). Body composition and energy expenditure (EE) were measured before and after 8weeks of training. Subcutaneous AT was collected to study total FA profile and gene expression. Higher total EE was driven by lean mass gain in trained animals. In AT, there was a decrease in arachidonic acid with CONC or ECC15 training. Increased adiponectin, leptin, lipases, Glut4 and Igf1 mRNA levels in ECC15 group suggested major metabolic adaption in AT. In conclusion, ECC could induce beneficial modifications in AT fatty acid profile and the expression of key genes related to metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Ewe early gestation supplementation with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids affects the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue fatty acid profile and liver mRNA expression in the offspring.

Our objectives were to assess the effects of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) supplementation to pregnant ewes during the first third of gestation on their offspring's liver, adipose, and muscle tissues fatty acid (FA) profile and liver mRNA expression after a finishing period receiving diets with different FA profiles. Twenty-four post-weaning lambs, blocked by sex and body weight, were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The first factor was dam supplementation (DS) in the first third of gestation with 1.61% of Ca salts of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) or Ca salts enriched with EPA-DHA. Ewes were exposed to rams with marking paint harnesses during the breeding. Ewes started DS at the day of mating, considered day 1 of conception. Twenty-eight days after mating, ultrasonography was used to confirm pregnancy, and nonpregnant ewes were removed from the groups. After weaning, the offspring lambs were supplemented (LS, second main factor) with two different FA sources (1.48% of PFAD or 1.48% of EPA-DHA) during the growing and fattening phase. Lambs were fed the LS diet for 56 d and sent to slaughter, where the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue samples were collected for FA analysis. Liver samples were collected for relative mRNA expression for genes associated with FA transport and metabolism. The data were analyzed as a mixed model in SAS (9.4). In the liver, the amount of C20:5 and C22:6 (P < 0.01) increased in lambs with LS-EPA-DHA, while some C18:1 cis FA isomers were greater in the lambs from DS-PFAD. In muscle, amounts of C22:1, C20:5, and C22:5 increased (P < 0.05) in lambs born from DS-EPA-DHA. The adipose tissue amounts of C20:5, C22:5, and C22:6 were greater (P < 0.01) in lambs from LS-EPA-DHA. Interactions (DS × LS; P < 0.05) were observed for DNMT3β, FABP-1, FABP-5, SCD, and SREBP-1; having greater mRNA expression in liver tissue of LS-EPA-DHA, DS-PFAD and LS-PFAD, DS-EPA-DHA lambs compared with the lambs in the other two treatments. Liver ELOVL2 mRNA relative expression (P < 0.03) was greater in the offspring of DS-PFAD. Relative mRNA expression (P < 0.05) of GLUT1, IGF-1, LPL, and PPARγ increased in the liver from LS-EPA-DHA lambs. Dam supplementation during early gestation using with different FA sources changed the lipid FA profile in MT, LT, and SAT during the finishing period depending on the tissue and type of FA source administered during the growing phase.

Replacing cottonseed meal and sorghum with dried distillers' grains with solubles enhances the growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of feedlot lambs.

We evaluated the impacts of substituting cottonseed meal (CSM) and sorghum grain (SG) with dried distillers` grains with solubles (DDGS) in lamb feedlot diets on the dry matter intake (DMI), the growth performance, blood serum analysis, feces phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), wool production and quality, carcass traits, adipose tissue fatty acid (FA) profiles, and sensory panel tests. For 72 d, Rambouillet wether lambs (n = 44, initial body weight, BW = 28.8 ± 3.3 kg) were individually fed ad libitum pelleted diets containing DDGS that replaced 0% (0DDGS), 25% (25DDGS), 50% (50DDGS), or 75% (75DDGS) of the CSM and SG in a completely randomized design trial. Linear and quadratic effects of DDGS levels on the response variables were analyzed. Treatment × day interactions (P < 0.001) were observed for BW and DMI. As the DDGS level was increased, DMI (from days 21 to 70), lamb BW (from days 56 to 70), average daily gain, blood urea nitrogen and P, and fecal P linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05). Fecal N quadratically increased (P = 0.01), but no effects were found for gain:feed, blood insulin-like growth factor-1, or calcium. No differences in wool production or most of the wool quality parameters were detected. Adipose tissue stearic acid linearly increased (P = 0.02), linoleic acid quadratically increased (P = 0.01), and oleic acid tended to quadratically decrease (P = 0.08) as the DDGS increased in the diets. Increasing the DDGS level in the diets quadratically increased the hot carcass weight (P = 0.02), backfat thickness (P = 0.04), and body wall thickness (P < 0.001) while having no impact on the longissimus muscle area. As the DDGS increased in the diet, juiciness, tenderness, and overall acceptability linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05), while having no effect on the cook-loss, flavor intensity, or off-flavor detectability. Replacing 50% of CSM and SG with DDGS improved growth performance and enhanced the carcass and meat quality.

Dietary pistachio (pistacia vera l.) improves fatty acid profile of visceral adipose tissue and balances intestinal microbiota in diabetic rats

Rationale: The study investigates whether a dietary intervention with pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.), a rich source of phytochemicals and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), could beneficially alter plasma biochemical parameters, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) fatty acid (FA) profile and gut microbiota composition in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Exercise Training Alters Red Blood Cell Fatty Acid Desaturase Indices and Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Profile in African Women with Obesity.

This study assessed the changes in red blood cell total phospholipid (RBC-TPL) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) fatty acid (FA) composition in response to 12 weeks of exercise training in South African women with obesity and the associations with changes in cardiometabolic risk factors. Previously sedentary women were randomized into control (n = 15) or exercise (n = 20) groups. RBC-TPL and SAT FA profiles, SAT gene expression, systemic inflammatory markers, liver fat, and insulin sensitivity (SI ) were measured before and after the intervention. Compared with control, exercise training induced decreases in RBC-TPL dihomo-γ-linolenic acid content and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and increased delta-5 desaturase-estimated activity (P < 0.05). In the combined group, these changes correlated with changes in circulating leptin and TNFα (P < 0.05), as well as lower liver fat (P < 0.01). Exercise training decreased saturated FA (lauric and myristic acids) and increased polyunsaturated FA (eicosadienoic and adrenic acids) (P < 0.05) in abdominal SAT, whereas γ-linolenic acid decreased (P < 0.01) in gluteal SAT. These changes in RBC-TPL and SAT FA compositions were not associated with changes in SAT gene expression and SI . Exercise training alters RBC-TPL desaturase activities, which correlate with lower liver fat and systemic inflammation but not with the improvement of SI .

Prepartum fatty acid supplementation in sheep. IV. Effect of calcium salts with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the maternal and finishing diet on lamb liver and adipose tissue during the lamb finishing period1.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation to ewes during late gestation on finishing lamb liver and adipose tissue fatty acid (FA) profile and gene expression. Lambs born from ewes supplemented with Ca salts of EPA + DHA, or palm FA distillate (PFAD) high in palmitic and oleic acid at 0.39% DM during the last 50 d of gestation were used. Lambs were weaned at 61 d of age and adapted to a high concentrate diet for 1.5 mo. After adaptation, 74 lambs (28 pens) were blocked by sex and BW and used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments using the factors of dam supplementation (DS) and lamb supplementation (LS) of Ca salts of EPA + DHA or PFAD at 1.48% DM. Lambs were slaughtered after 42 d and liver and adipose tissue collected for FA and gene expression analysis. Liver concentrations of EPA and DHA were greater (P < 0.01) with LS of EPA + DHA vs. PFAD during the finishing period. In adipose tissue, a lamb × dam interaction was observed for EPA (P = 0.02) and DHA (P = 0.04); LS of EPA + DHA increased EPA and DHA, but the increase was greatest in lambs born from ewes supplemented with PFAD. No lamb × dam treatment interactions were observed for gene expression in liver tissue (P > 0.10). Hepatic mRNA abundance of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL; P = 0.01) was greater in lambs born from EPA + DHA ewes vs. lambs from PFAD ewes. mRNA expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (P < 0.01), fatty acid synthase (P = 0.01), Δ5-desaturase (P < 0.01), and Δ6-desaturase (P < 0.01) were decreased in liver of EPA + DHA lambs. A significant lamb × dam diet interaction was observed for elongation of very long chain fatty acid 2 in adipose tissue (P = 0.01); lambs supplemented with the same FA as their dams had lower expression. Expression of HSL tended (P = 0.08) to be decreased in adipose of EPA + DHA lambs born from EPA + DHA ewes. The changes in mRNA expression suggest that lipogenesis decreased, and lipolysis increased in lamb liver with EPA + DHA vs. PFAD supplementation during the finishing period. In adipose tissue, changes suggest that lipogenesis decreased in lambs born from EPA + DHA supplemented dams and supplemented with EPA + DHA during the finishing period. In addition, these results suggest an interaction between supplementation of FA to dams during late gestation on lamb response of adipose tissue, but not liver, to FA supplementation during the finishing period.

Low eicosapentaenoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid levels in breast adipose tissue are associated with inflammatory breast cancer

ObjectiveSince it is thought that breast adipose tissue could influence breast cancer clinical presentation, we wanted to characterize specifically the relationship between breast adipose tissue fatty acid profile and Inflammatory Breast cancer (IBC). MethodsTwo hundred thirty-four women presenting with breast cancer were managed in our centre between January 2009 and December 2011. Breast adipose tissue specimens were collected during breast surgery. We established the biochemical profile of adipose tissue fatty acids (FA) by gas chromatography and assessed whether there were differences in function of the presence of breast inflammation or not. ResultsWe found that IBC was associated with decreased levels in breast adipose tissue of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), one of the two main polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) of marine origin, but also with decreased levels of Gamma Linolenic acid (GLA). Inversely, an increase in palmitic acid levels was associated with IBC. ConclusionThese differences in lipid content may contribute to the occurrence of breast cancer inflammation.

Impacts of a Balanced Omega 6:3 Diet on Fatty Acid Deposition in White and Brown Adipose Tissue and Circulating Plasma in the Hibernating Arctic Ground Squirrel

Hibernators, such as arctic ground squirrels (AGS), fuel the majority of all their metabolic needs from fat deposits through the hibernation season (Dark 2005). Natural fatty acid profiles of free‐ranging AGS have omega 6:3 ratios close to 1:1, showing a far higher consumption of omega 3 fatty acids than captive animals, fed a standard Mazuri rodent chow (which have omega 6:3 ratios close to 8:1). Specific concentrations of omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) enhance hibernation (Frank 2008) and absence of essential fatty acids reduce time in torpor (Florant 1993). To our knowledge, only three studies have investigated the impact of omega 3s on hibernation physiology (Giroud 2018, Frank 2004, and Hill and Florant 2000). In other species, high consumption of omega 3 fatty acids show dose‐dependent lowering of serum triglycerides with other health benefits (Balk 2006). How increased consumption of omega 3 fatty acids impact brown adipose tissue deposition and fatty acid profiles in tissue and serum related to storage and utilization in hibernating AGS is unknown.A group of wild juvenile AGS (female=12, male=12) were fed either a test diet, with an omega 6:3 ratio of 1.3:1, or a standard chow control diet, with an omega 6:3 ratio of 8:1, from mid‐July (after trapping and quarantine) till animals entered hibernation (August–September). Tissues were collected mid‐December at three specific physiological states of hibernation: early torpor, late torpor and arousal. Total lipid fatty acid profiles of plasma, brown adipose and white adipose tissue were quantified by GC analysis. Axillar brown adipose tissue was dissected and weighed.Preliminary results show a significant increase in axillar brown adipose tissue mass in the omega 6:3 balanced diet animals (p&lt;0.038). Preliminary data also indicates increased percentages of circulating levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma of hibernating AGS compared to summer or fall animals (p&lt;0.01). Full fatty acid analysis is pending.In conclusion, our preliminary results indicate a balanced diet of omega 6:3 (1:3:1) in hibernating Arctic Ground Squirrels may enhance brown adipose tissue deposition.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by NIH 20GM103395, UL1GM118991, TL4GM118992, or RL5GM118990. This work was performed in conformance with the FASEB Statement of Principles for animals used in research.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Low Oleic/Stearic Desaturation Index in Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) with Steatitis in Southern California, USA

We explored differences between the adipose tissue fatty acid profiles of Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) with and without steatitis. Adipose tissue from birds with steatitis exhibited inflammatory cell infiltration, low abundance of oleic acid, and a lower oleic/stearic desaturation index compared with tissue from birds without steatitis.

FADS1 genotype is distinguished by human subcutaneous adipose tissue fatty acids, but not inflammatory gene expression

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FADS1/FADS2 genes are associated with changes in serum and tissue polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. PUFA regulate inflammatory signaling pathways in adipose tissue; however, the effect of SNPs in FADS1/FADS2 on adipose tissue inflammation is equivocal. The present study examined if SNPs in FADS1/FADS2 modify human subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) fatty acid profiles and the expression of genes associated with inflammation/immune function, lipid metabolism, and cellular differentiation. SAT fatty acids and the expression of 117 genes were measured in 174 men and women from the DiOGenes Study using gas chromatography and qRT-PCR, respectively. Associations between fatty acids, gene expression, and SNPs in FADS1/FADS2 were investigated by linear regression and multivariate analysis. Four SNPs (rs174537, rs174546, rs174556, rs174601) in FADS1/FADS2 were significantly associated with SAT fatty acids. All SNPs were in high linkage disequilibrium with the commonly reported rs174537 SNP in FADS1. Minor allele carriers for rs174537 (GT+TT) had reduced 20:4n-6 (p = 1.74E-5), lower delta-5 desaturase enzyme activity (p = 2.09E-9), and lower FADS1 gene expression (p = 0.03) compared to major GG carriers. Multivariate analysis revealed that 20:4n-6 and 20:3n-6 explained ~19% of the variance between rs174537 genotypes, while gene expression explained <7%. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicated that rs174537 genotype can be distinguished with SAT fatty acids (AUC = 0.842), but not gene expression (AUC = 0.627). No differences in SAT inflammatory gene expression were observed between rs174537 genotypes. SAT 20:3n-6 levels were positively correlated with the expression of several inflammatory genes, and inversely correlated with FADS1 expression. This study showed that FADS1 genotype is distinguished by SAT fatty acid profiles, but not inflammatory gene expression.

460 Effect of Different Fatty Acid Profiles in the Maternal and Finishing Diet on Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Profile and Gene Expression.

460 Effect of Different Fatty Acid Profiles in the Maternal and Finishing Diet on Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Profile and Gene Expression.

Serum adiponectin and TNFα concentrations are closely associated with epicardial adipose tissue fatty acid profiles in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery

BackgroundEpicardial adipose tissue (EAT) releases both adiponectin and TNFα, and these two adipokines play important roles in heart diseases such as coronary arterial disease. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether fatty acid (FA) profiles in EAT are linked to the serum concentration of these adipokines. The relationships between serum adipokine levels and FA profiles in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery were analyzed. MethodsPatients (n=21) undergoing cardiovascular surgery (11 males, 70.4±9.0years, BMI 26.0±5.1kg/m2) were included. EAT samples were taken. We measured clinical biochemical data and FA profiles in venous blood and EAT samples using gas chromatography. Serum adiponectin and TNFα concentrations were also measured. ResultsThe adiponectin and TNFα levels were not correlated with any fatty acid concentration in serum lipids. In contrast, there was a positive correlation between the serum adiponectin level and epicardial level of nervonic acid (C24:1ω9, r=0.525, P=0.025). In multiple regression analysis, adiponectin showed a positive association with the epicardial C24:1ω9 concentration after controlling for age and BMI, or TG, non-HDL-C, and BNP. The serum TNFα concentration was negatively correlated with the epicardial C18:3ω3, C12:0 and C18:0 content. In multiple regression analysis, the serum TNFα concentration showed a positive association with the epicardial C18:3ω3 level (β=−0.575, P=0.015). ConclusionsThese results suggest that there is a close relationship between epicardial FA profiles and serum levels of adiponectin and TNFα. Dietary therapy to target FA profiles may be helpful to modulate inflammation.

Alterations in fatty acid metabolism in response to obesity surgery combined with dietary counseling

Background:The effects of obesity surgery on serum and adipose tissue fatty acid (FA) profile and FA metabolism may modify the risk of obesity-related diseases.Methods:We measured serum (n=122) and adipose tissue (n=24) FA composition and adipose tissue mRNA expression of genes regulating FA metabolism (n=100) in participants of the Kuopio Obesity Surgery Study (KOBS, age 47.2±8.7 years, BMI 44.6±6.0, 40 men, 82 women) before and one year after obesity surgery. As part of the surgery protocol, all the subjects were instructed to add sources of unsaturated fatty acids, such as rapeseed oil and fatty fish, into their diet. The results were compared with changes in serum FA composition in 122 subjects from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention study (DPS) (age 54.3±7.1 years, BMI 32.2±4.6, 28 men, 94 women).Results:The proportion of saturated FAs decreased and the proportion of n-3 and n-6 FAs increased in serum triglycerides after obesity surgery (all P<0.002). Weight loss predicted changes in quantitative amounts of saturated FAs, monounsaturated FAs, n-3 and n-6 FAs in triglycerides (P<0.002 for all). Moreover, the changes in adipose tissue FAs reflected the changes in serum FAs, and some of the changes were associated with mRNA expression of elongases and desaturases in adipose tissue (all P<0.05). In line with this the estimated activity of elongase (18:1 n-7/16:1 n-7) increased significantly after obesity surgery in all lipid fractions (all P<4 × 10−7) and the increase in the estimated activity of D5D in triglycerides was associated with higher weight loss (r=0.415, P<2 × 10−6). Changes in serum FA profile were similar after obesity surgery and lifestyle intervention, except for the change in the absolute amounts of n-3 FAs between the two studies (P=0.044).Conclusions:Beneficial changes in serum and adipose tissue FAs after obesity surgery could be associated with changes in endogenous metabolism and diet.

Impact of physical exercise on visceral adipose tissue fatty acid profile and inflammation in response to a high-fat diet regimen

PurposeStudies associate specific fatty-acids (FA) with the pathophysiology of inflammation. We aimed to analyze the impact of exercise on adipose tissue FA profile in response to a high-fat diet (HFD) and to ascertain whether these exercise-induced changes in specific FA have repercussions on obesity-related inflammation. MethodsSprague-Dawley rats were assigned into sedentary, voluntary physical-activity (VPA) and endurance training (ET) groups fed a standard (S, 35kcal% fat) or high-fat (71kcal% fat) diets. VPA-animals had unrestricted access to wheel-running. After 9-wks, ET-animals engaged a running protocol for 8-wks, while maintained dietary treatments. The FA content in epididymal white-adipose tissue (eWAT) triglycerides was analyzed by gas-chromatography and the expression of inflammatory markers was determined using RT-qPCR, Western and slot blotting. ResultsEight-wks of ET reversed obesity-related anatomical features. HFD increased plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α content and eWAT monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 protein expression. HFD decreased eWAT content of saturated FA and monounsaturated FA, while increased linoleic acid and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in eWAT. VPA decreased visceral adiposity, adipocyte size and MCP-1 in HFD-fed animals. The VPA and ET interventions diminished palmitoleic acid and increased linoleic acid in HFD-fed groups. Moreover, both interventions increased PGE2 levels in standard diet-fed groups and decreased in HFD. ET increased eWAT fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and elongase 5 (ELOVL5) protein content in both diet types. ET reduced eWAT inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6), macrophage recruitment (MCP-1 and F4/80) and increased IL-10/TNF-α ratio in plasma and in eWAT in both diet types. ConclusionsExercise induced FA-specific changes independently of dietary FA composition, but only ET attenuated the inflammatory response in VAT of HFD-fed rats. Moreover, the exercise-induced FA changes did not correlate with the inflammatory response in VAT of rats submitted to HFD.

Interorgan cross talk between fatty acid metabolism, tissue inflammation, and FADS2 genotype in humans with obesity

Fatty acid (FA) composition affects obesity-associated low-grade inflammation. It has been shown that the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 2 gene polymorphism associates with FA metabolism and adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between FA metabolism and inflammation in different tissues and the possible interorgan cross talk. Cross-sectional baseline data from 155 individuals with obesity (both male and female) participating in the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass operation in the ongoing Kuopio Obesity Surgery Study were used. Gas chromatograph for FA composition, liver histology, and targeted RNA expression for gene expression profile were performed. It was demonstrated that the saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportion in AT correlated positively with inflammation in subcutaneous AT (SAT) and visceral AT (VAT) but not in the liver, while the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) proportion in SAT and VAT correlated negatively with AT inflammation. Notably, there was a positive correlation between AT n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), but not AT SFAs or MUFAs, and liver inflammation. This correlation was modified by the FADS2 genotype. The AT FA profile relates with AT inflammation. Additionally, there seems to be a complex interaction, partly regulated by the FADS2 genotype, regulating the interaction between FAs in AT and liver inflammation.

Nutritional value and sensory characteristics ofmeat eating quality of Australian prime lambs supplemented with pelletedcanola and flaxseed oils: Fatty acid profiles of muscle and adipose tissues

The effects of canola or flaxseed oil dietary supplementation on Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle and visceral adipose tissue fatty acid (FA) profiles and meat sensory traits in Australian prime lambs from different breeds were investigated. Sixty lambs were fed one of the following pellet treatments: no oil (Control), 2.5% canola, 5% canola, 2.5% flaxseed and 5% flaxseed, balanced by breed (purebred Merino, and first-cross lambs from Corriedale rams mated to Merino ewes and White Suffolk rams mated to Corriedale ewes). Lambs were individually supplemented daily with 1 kg of oil-enriched wheat-based pellets throughout the 7-week feeding trial, after a 3-week adjustment period and had unlimited access to water and lucerne hay. At the end of the feeding trial, all animals were slaughtered. From each carcass, an LTL muscle sampled at the 12/13th rib interface and a visceral adipose tissue sample from the liver area were taken and subjected to fatty acid analysis. Another LTL muscle sample was removed and utilised for sensory evaluation of meat eating quality. The inclusion of 5% flaxseed oil significantly decreased n-6/n-3 ratio in both tissues. The muscle from lambs fed 5% oil supplements had higher omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated FA (n-3 LC-PUFA) contents and reached the claimable health-benefitting value without deleterious sensory effects. The n-3 LC-PUFA component in visceral adipose tissue was negligible. Tissue FA profiles and sensory quality were influenced by breed. There were significant interactions between oil supplementation and lamb breed on some visceral adipose FA and meat juiciness. These findings indicate that a combination of dietary manipulation and lamb genetics can be used as an effective management tool to deliver a nutritionally improved n-3 LC-PUFA lamb to consumers.

Comparison of Epicardial Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Profile in Cardiovascular Disease Patients Diabetic and Non-Diabetic

Comparison of Epicardial Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Profile in Cardiovascular Disease Patients Diabetic and Non-Diabetic

Foraging at wastewater treatment works affects brown adipose tissue fatty acid profiles in banana bats.

ABSTRACTIn this study we tested the hypothesis that the decrease in habitat quality at wastewater treatment works (WWTW), such as limited prey diversity and exposure to the toxic cocktail of pollutants, affect fatty acid profiles of interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBrAT) in bats. Further, the antioxidant capacity of oxidative tissues such as pectoral and cardiac muscle may not be adequate to protect those tissues against reactive molecules resulting from polyunsaturated fatty acid auto-oxidation in the WWTW bats. Bats were sampled at two urban WWTW, and two unpolluted reference sites in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Brown adipose tissue (BrAT) mass was lower in WWTW bats than in reference site bats. We found lower levels of saturated phospholipid fatty acids and higher levels of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in WWTW bats than in reference site bats, while C18 desaturation and n-6 to n-3 ratios were higher in the WWTW bats. This was not associated with high lipid peroxidation levels in pectoral and cardiac muscle. Combined, these results indicate that WWTW bats rely on iBrAT as an energy source, and opportunistic foraging on abundant, pollutant-tolerant prey may change fatty acid profiles in their tissue, with possible effects on mitochondrial functioning, torpor and energy usage.

Fatty acid profile of plasma NEFA does not reflect adipose tissue fatty acid profile.

Adipose tissue (AT) fatty acid (FA) composition partly reflects habitual dietary intake. Circulating NEFA are mobilised from AT and might act as a minimally invasive surrogate marker of AT FA profile. Agreement between twenty-eight FA in AT and plasma NEFA was assessed using concordance coefficients in 204 male and female participants in a 12-month intervention using supplements to increase the intake of EPA and DHA. Concordance coefficients generally showed very poor agreement between AT FA and plasma NEFA at baseline SFA: 0·07; MUFA: 0·03; n-6 PUFA: 0·28; n-3 PUFA: 0·01). Participants were randomly divided into training (70 %) and validation (30 %) data sets, and models to predict AT and dietary FA were fitted using data from the training set, and their predictive ability was assessed using data from the validation set. AT n-6 PUFA and SFA were predicted from plasma NEFA with moderate accuracy (mean absolute percentage error n-6 PUFA: 11 % and SFA: 8 %), but predicted values were unable to distinguish between low, medium and high FA values, with only 25 % of n-6 PUFA and 33 % of SFA predicted values correctly assigned to the appropriate tertile group. Despite an association between AT and plasma NEFA EPA (P=0·001) and DHA (P=0·01) at baseline, there was no association after the intervention. To conclude, plasma NEFA are not a suitable surrogate for AT FA.