Adiponectin Levels In Women Research Articles

Effect of Metformin-sustained Release Therapy on Low-density Lipoprotein Size and Adiponectin in the South Indian Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Objectives:The aim of the study is to compare surrogate markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, such as adiponectin (APN) levels and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) size, before and after sustained release metformin (Met-SR) therapy in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).Methods:Sixty women with PCOS and sixty age-matched controls in the age group 18–45 years were recruited after obtaining informed consent. Women with PCOS were initiated on Met-SR 1 g orally, which was increased to 1.5 g after 2 weeks and continued up to 24 weeks. Demographic data along with family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, PCOS, and CVD were collected. Lipid profile plasma APN levels and LDL size were measured before and after therapy in the PCOS group. Data analysis was performed using the GraphPad Prism-5 software.Results:Women with PCOS had greater dyslipidemia, lower APN level and LDL size, and increased lipid accumulating product index as compared to controls. After 6 months of Met-SR therapy, women with PCOS demonstrated significant increase in plasma APN levels and LDL size and significant decrease in weight, waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure (BP). A significant decrease was observed in body mass index (BMI) in the overweight and obese PCOS subgroups.Conclusion:Met-SR increases LDL size, APN concentration and decreases weight, WC, WHR, and BP in patients with PCOS. Met-SR may have salutary effects on LDL particle size through effects on APN levels in women with PCOS.

Serum adiponectin levels in gestational diabetes mellitus.

Introduction:Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.[1] Pregnancy is a unique situation in which there is a physiological temporary increase in insulin resistance (IR). The mechanisms responsible for the gestational-induced IR are not completely understood. The current study was undertaken to compare adiponectin levels during 24–28 weeks period of gestation in drug-naive newly diagnosed GDM women with a cohort of normoglycemic pregnant women.Subjects and Methods:A total of 47 pregnant women in the age group of 18–40 years were included in this cross-sectional study, of which 13 were GDM cases and 34 were normoglycemic controls. Serum adiponectin level was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:The mean adiponectin level was 16.92 ng/ml (standard deviation [SD] = 2.78) and 19.38 ng/ml (SD = 2.71) in case and control groups, respectively, and the difference was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.008).Conclusion:Our study demonstrated decreased serum adiponectin levels in women with GDM when compared with age- and body mass index-matched euglycemic pregnant women.

Determination of Serum Adiponectin Levels in Normal Weight Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age with primary manifestations of infertility, menstrual dysfunction and clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism (hirsutism, acne and elevated androgen). Adiponectin is the most abundant adipokine. It has insulin-sensitizing, anti-atherogenic, and antiinflammatory actions.Objective: Low adiponectin levels in women with PCOS have been largely attributed to obesity which is common among these patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure adiponectin levels in normal weight women with PCOS and its contribution to development of disease.Subjects and Methods: Fifty two (52) women were included in this study with age range (21-34 years). Subjects were divided into two groups: group A: twenty seven (27) women with PCOS and group B: twenty five (25) women without PCOS (serve as controls). PCOS can be diagnosed when two of the three following criteria are present (oligoovulation and/or anovulation, clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries as defined by ultrasonography).Results: Mean serum adiponectin level was significantly lower in women with PCOS comparing to those BMI-matched controls (P=0.000).Conclusion:Serum adiponectin levels are not independently determined by the degree of obesity in women but underlying disease may also have some role and this may due to insulin resistance in these patients thus determining serum adiponectin may serve as a useful marker in detecting cases of normal weight women with PCOS.

ADIPOQ polymorphisms are associated with insulin resistance in Japanese women.

Visceral fat accumulation contributes to the development of insulin resistance, leading to metabolic syndrome. Adiponectin provides a link between visceral fat accumulation and insulin resistance. In addition to environmental factors, genetic factors play important roles in visceral fat accumulation and circulating adiponectin levels. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified genetic variations in the adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing (ADIPOQ) gene that are associated with adiponectin levels. In this study, we investigated whether ADIPOQ single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with visceral fat accumulation and insulin resistance. We measured the visceral fat area (VFA) by computed tomography (CT) and examined the presence of the insulin resistance-related phenotype (fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) in a set of Japanese individuals (731 men and 864 women) who were genotyped for seven ADIPOQ SNPs reported by recent GWASs (namely, rs6810075, rs10937273, rs1648707, rs864265, rs182052, rs17366568, and rs6773957). SNPs associated with the phenotype (P < 0.05) were then evaluated by association analysis using a second set of the study participants (383 men and 510 women). None of the SNPs was associated with body mass index (BMI) or VFA in men or women. However, the adiponectin-decreasing alleles of rs10937273 and rs1648707 were significantly associated with HOMA-IR (P = 0.0030 and P = 0.00074, respectively) in women, independently of BMI. These SNPs were significantly associated with decreased adiponectin levels in women. Our results suggested that rs10937273 and rs1648707 may affect insulin sensitivity by regulating adiponectin production by adipose tissue in women.

Serum adiponectin in gestational diabetes and its relation to pregnancy outcome

We investigated adiponectin levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) at 24–28 gestational weeks. Fasting serum adiponectin, glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were determined in 88 pregnant women, 44 with GDM and 44 with NGT. Pre-pregnancy and current body mass indices (BMI), weight gain and pregnancy outcomes were investigated. Serum adiponectin was significantly reduced in GDM compared with the NGT group (p = 0.000). Adiponectin was negatively correlated with age (r = –0.419, p = 0.000); glucose (r = –0.263, p = 0.013); HbA1c (r = –0.274, p = 0.01); BMI (pre-pregnancy and current) (r = –0.317, p = 0.003 and r = –0.303, p = 0.004) and positively correlated with gestational age at delivery (r = 0.278, p = 0.009). The GDM group delivered significantly earlier than the NGT group (p = 0.001). Adverse pregnancy outcomes and abdominal delivery were higher in the GDM group (p = 0.000, p = 0.033, respectively), and adiponectin was significantly reduced in patients with adverse outcomes (p = 0.003) and abdominal delivery (p = 0.032). Adiponectin is reduced in patients with GDM. Association of adiponectin with adverse pregnancy outcomes remains to be elucidated.

Abstract 73: Resistance to Iv Thrombolysis and Prognostic Impact of Metabolic Syndrome in Middle Cerebral Artery Ischemic Stroke

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) may confer higher resistance to early arterial recanalization after intravenous (IV) thrombolysis and a poor impact in other prognostic variables after stroke. We aimed to test this hypothesis evaluating not only the clinical syndrome but also some relevant biomarkers associated with MetS and insulin resistance. Methods: Prospective, observational study in consecutive stroke patients with MCA occlusion and who received IV tPA in a single tertiary-care center. MetS was diagnosed following the unified criteria of the last Joint Interim Statement 2009. We measured PAI-1, adiponectin and CRP levels at admission (before treatment). Primary outcome variable was resistance to thrombolysis defined as the absence of complete MCA recanalization at 2 hours after tPA infusion assessed by transcranial color-coded duplex or when rescue mechanical thrombectomy after IV tPA was needed. Secondary outcome variables were dramatic neurological improvement (decrease in ≥10 points in the NIHSS score in the first 24 hours), poor outcome (mRS score &gt;2 at 3 months), symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) following ECASS II criteria and infarct volume (AXBXC/2). Results: A total of 234 patients (55.6% men, mean age 69.5±13.3 years, median baseline NIHSS 16 [10-20]) were included and 146 (62.4%) fulfilled MetS criteria. After multivariate analysis MetS was an independent predictor of resistance to thrombolysis (OR 2.2 [1.3-4.2] p=0.01) and absence of early neurological recovery (OR 0.5 [0.28-0.97] p=0.04). In addition, MetS conferred poorer functional outcome at three months, higher SICH rate and increased infarct volume although these associations disappeared after adjustment for covariates. Adiponectin levels in women and CRP and PAI-1 levels in the whole sample were significantly associated with MetS but we found no influence of those biomarkers in resistance to thrombolysis, SICH, infarct volume or early neurological improvement. However, CRP levels were higher in patients with poor functional outcome. Conclusions: MetS is an independent predictor of resistance to clot dissolution after tPA administration in patients with acute MCA occlusions and it is associated with poorer neurologic outcome.

Low circulating adiponectin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an updated meta-analysis

Adiponectin, as an important adipocytokine, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity and metabolism. It has been reported that circulating adiponectin levels were decreased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the results remained inconsistent. In order to derive a more precise estimation of this relationship, a large meta-analysis was performed in this study. A comprehensive systematic electronic search was conducted in electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to November 30, 2013. Pooled weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the strength of the association. A meta-analysis technique was used to study 38 trials involving 1,944 PCOS women and 1,654 healthy controls. Overall pooled adiponectin levels in women with PCOS were significantly reduced compared with healthy controls (WMD -2.67, 95% CI -3.22 to -2.13; P = 0.000), yet with significant heterogeneity across studies (I(2) = 95.9%, P = 0.000). In subgroup analysis by HOMA-IR ratio and total testosterone ratio, inconsistent results were presented. No single study was found to affect the overall results by sensitivity testing. Meta-regression suggested that BMI might contribute little to the heterogeneity between including studies. Cumulative meta-analysis demonstrated the reliability and stability of the meta-analysis results. No evidence of publication bias was observed. Our meta-analysis suggested that circulating adiponectin levels in women with PCOS were significantly lower than those in healthy controls, which indicated that circulating adiponectin might play a role in the development of PCOS.

Plasma adiponectin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Impact of Metformin treatment in a case–control study

ObjectiveAn interaction between adiponectin, steroid synthesis or action and measures of insulin resistance (IR) have been reported in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The present study was done to determine plasma adiponectin concentration (PAC) in women with and without PCOS and to assess its correlation to the hormonal and metabolic parameters including measures of IR. The effect of Metformin for 6 months in PCOS was also evaluated. PatientsIn total, 72 selected women were classified as follows: 17 obese (body mass index (BMI))>25kg/m2 with PCOS; 19 normal weight (BMI) 18–22.9kg/m2 with PCOS; 17 obese (BMI)>25kg/m2 without PCOS and 19 normal weight (BMI) 18–22.9kg/m2 without PCOS. InterventionsBlood samples were collected from all women with PCOS between 0800 and 1100h, after an overnight fast. Main outcome measuresSerum level of LH, FSH, TSH, total T4, testerosterone, 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), DHEAS, insulin, adiponectin and glucose. Measures of IR included fasting serum insulin (FSI), glucose-to-insulin ratio, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Result and conclusionWaist–hip ratio (WHR), insulin, and HOMA index were significantly higher in the lower adiponectin group than in the higher adiponectin group. By using stepwise multiple regression analysis, in model 1 (including BMI, FSI, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) with other variables such serum as testerosterone and DHEAS), the weight and contributions from other variables, namely FSI and FPG were significant independent determinants of fasting PAC (adjusted r2=0.66); and in model 2 (including BMI, HOMA, FPG only as an index of IR with other variables such as serum testerosterone and DHEAS), BMI, and HOMA were significant independent determinants of fasting PAC (adjusted r2=0.59). FPG, HOMA index and FSI were significantly lower after Metformin treatment in both obese and non-obese PCOS while adiponectin levels increased significantly.

Salivary pH as a marker of plasma adiponectin concentrations in Women

BackgroundPlasma adiponectin is a significant correlate of the pro-inflammatory cardiometabolic risk profile associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Salivary pH is influenced by several cardiometabolic risk components such as inflammation, oxidation and numerous oral and systemic health modulators, including the menopausal status. This study aimed to assess the association between plasma adiponectin concentrations and salivary pH in women according to the menopausal status.MethodUnstimulated saliva collection was performed in 151 Caucasian women of French-Canadian origin (53 premenopausal women (PMW) and 98 menopausal women (MW)). Student's t test, ANOVA and linear regression models were used to assess the association between plasma adiponectin concentrations and salivary pH.ResultsPlasma adiponectin levels increased as a function of salivary pH in the whole sample and among MW (r = 0.29 and r = 0.36, p < 0.001). The proportion of the variance of plasma adiponectin levels explained by the salivary pH (R2) was 10.8% (p < 0.001). Plasma adiponectin levels progressively increased across salivary pH quartiles (p = 0.005).ConclusionsThese results suggest that salivary pH is a significant correlate of plasma adiponectin levels in women. With the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes and obesity, new technologies should be developed to more easily monitor health status, disease onset and progression. Salivary pH, a simple, inexpensive and non-invasive measure, could be a very promising avenue.

Adiponectin, leptin and lipid profiles evaluation in oral contraceptive pill consumers

The aim of this study was to evaluate serum lipid profiles, leptin and adiponectin levels in women with a normal menstrual cycle receiving low-dose (LD) combined oral contraceptive pill (COC) (levonorgestrel 0.15 mg, ethinyl-estradiol 0.03 mg). Serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and spectrophotometric assay was used for serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles assay in 50 healthy women with normal menstrual cycles who served as the control group and 50 women taking COCs. Unpaired t test and Chi-square test were used for comparison of variables between oral contraceptive users and non-oral contraceptive users. Serum adiponectin and leptin levels were changed in COC consumers. The data obtained for adiponectin in COC consumers (6.6 ± 4.06 μg/ml) were significantly lower (-27.4%, P = 0.004) than control group (9.1 ± 5.09 μg/ml). The difference between the serum leptin concentration of the control group (11.5 ± 6.9 ng/ml) and women receiving COCs (14.1 ± 6.7 ng/ml) was not significant (+18.4%, P = 0.083). There was nonsignificant difference between HDL levels of subjects taking COC (44.02 ± 10.7 mg/dl) and control group (49.4 ± 14.3 mg/dl). The LDL levels of COC consumer (131.40 ± 66.40 mg/dl) was significantly higher (P = 0.002) than controls (102.30 ± 44.0 mg/dl). The serum cholesterol concentration of women receiving COC (193.2 ± 70.4 mg/dl) was significantly higher (P = 0.05) than controls (172.8 ± 49.6 mg/dl). The age of COC consumption and the duration of intake of COCs beyond 36 months had no significant effect on the adiponectin and leptin concentrations. LD COC uptake results in a significant decrease in serum adiponectin concentration, nonsignificant increase in leptin levels and a more atherogenic lipid profile by significantly increasing LDL and nonsignificantly decreasing HDL concentrations. These findings suggested that COC may reduce or stimulate the adiponectin and leptin concentrations, respectively. This might be due to an effect of these pills on adipocyte maturation via inhibition or stimulation of the synthesis of new adiponectin and leptin molecules or may be a result of the increased frequency of a particular allele of the adiponectin and leptin. It is suggested that these alterations in adiponectin and leptin concentrations and lipid profiles may be related to their probable effects in response to various pathological and physiological properties of COC or its metabolites. It seems that probably free radicals produced during metabolism of COCs change the amounts of adipokines and atherogenic lipids.

Association between serum adipocyte factor level and insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome

The relationship between serum adipocytokines level and insulin resistance (IR) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unclear. Sixty-one patients with PCOS were divided into an IR group (n = 31) and a non-IR group (n = 30) using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, progesterone, total testosterone, insulin, glucose, and adipocytokines were measured by radioimmunoassay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The serum adiponectin level in women with PCOS and IR was lower than that of non-IR PCOS patients (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to resistin, leptin, and leptin receptor levels (P > 0.05). And the levels of adipocytokines and IR are significantly correlated; consequently, adipocytokines may be involved in the development of IR in PCOS patients.

Adiponectin in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

BackgroundThough adiponectin has been associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors, the relationship between adiponectin and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remains controversial. The aim of this study was to compare adiponectin level in women with PCOS and without PCOS, and to investigate the relationship between adiponectin level and metabolic variables including insulin resistance.Methods60 women with PCOS were enrolled along with a control group of 80 healthy women, matched for age and body mass index (BMI). We measured hormonal and metabolic parameters, as well as the plasma adiponectin concentration of each participant. We estimated the insulin sensitivity according to the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI).ResultsThe PCOS group displayed significantly lower level of adiponectin (P < 0.001) after adjustment for age, BMI, mean blood pressure, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and several metabolic parameters. Adiponectin levels were positively correlated with QUICKI in the PCOS group (P < 0.001) and the control group (P = 0.03). Following step-wise multiple regression analysis, however, adiponectin level was positively correlated with QUICKI in the control group only (P = 0.03). In addition, adiponectin level was found to be independently associated with HDL-cholesterol level (P < 0.001) and BMI (P = 0.02) in the PCOS group and independently associated with HDL-cholesterol (P = 0.02) in the control group.ConclusionWe report decreased adiponectin level in PCOS patients in relation to controls independently of insulin resistance or other metabolic factors. And adiponectin is associated with both lipid metabolism and obesity, which, in turn, is related to insulin resistance in PCOS. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of adiponectin in PCOS.

Impact of treatment with metformin on adipokines in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Adipose tissue synthesizes various adipokines such as resistin, adiponectin and visfatin, which have an effect on insulin resistance. This study was designed to show the effect of metformin, one of the most important drugs used to reduce insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), on these adipokines. The study group consisted of 24 women with PCOS and 25 healthy, age- and weight-matched, normally menstruating women. Hormone and lipid profiles, visfatin, adiponectin and resistin were measured in all cases, before and after metformin treatment. Serum visfatin levels were found to be significantly higher in patients with PCOS, compared to controls. Following metformin treatment, a significant decrease was observed in visfatin levels compared to the baseline. A positive correlation was found between serum visfatin levels and BMI, waist circumference, HOMA, insulin and triglyceride levels. No statistically significant difference was observed in terms of serum adiponectin levels in women with PCOS before and after treatment, or in healthy controls. Serum resistin levels were significantly reduced by metformin treatment. These findings suggest that visfatin may be related to the obesity and insulin resistance that is frequently encountered in patients with PCOS. A reduction in serum visfatin and resistin levels was shown with metformin treatment, in patients with PCOS.

Total and high–molecular weight adiponectin in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome

Adiponectin, an adipokine with antidiabetic properties, forms multimers; and the high–molecular weight (HMW) form most closely correlates with insulin sensitivity ( S i). Therefore, we hypothesize that HMW adiponectin levels are decreased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition characterized by insulin resistance, compared with healthy controls and that HMW adiponectin correlates with testosterone and S i. A cross-sectional study involving 13 women with PCOS and 13 age- and body mass index–matched healthy controls was performed. Waist-to-hip ratios (WHRs), glucose, insulin, sex hormone–binding globulin, total testosterone, and total and HMW adiponectin levels were measured after an overnight fast. Free testosterone was calculated from sex hormone–binding globulin and total testosterone, and S i was determined using a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. The study's primary outcomes were differences in total and HMW adiponectin between women with PCOS and healthy control women. Total adiponectin ( P < .01), HMW adiponectin ( P < .01), and the ratio of HMW to total adiponectin ( P = .03) were lower in women with PCOS compared with healthy women. Total and HMW adiponectin levels correlated inversely with WHR ( P < .01) and free testosterone ( P < .01) and positively with S i ( P < .001). Using forward stepwise multivariate analysis, HMW adiponectin and WHR, but not PCOS status, were independent predictors of S i. Women with PCOS have lower total and HMW adiponectin levels compared with healthy women. High–molecular weight adiponectin also comprises a smaller proportion of total circulating adiponectin in women with PCOS. Alterations in HMW adiponectin levels in women with PCOS may contribute to the insulin resistance intrinsic to the syndrome.

Adiponectin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: impact of metformin treatment in a randomized controlled study

To evaluate the effect of metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). As follow-up on a previous paper describing hormonal and metabolic factors, this paper focuses on correlations between adiponectin and anthropometric, hormonal, and metabolic factors in PCOS and the effect of metformin. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. District and university hospital. Fifty-two women with PCOS. Three groups were defined according to baseline adiponectin. Metformin or placebo for 6 months, followed by 3 months' washout before switching to opposite treatment. Blood tests and measurements were performed before and after treatment periods. Adiponectin, insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, and testosterone. Waist-hip ratio (WHR), insulin, and HOMA index were significantly higher in the lower adiponectin group than in the upper and middle group, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was higher in the upper than in the lower adiponectin group. Multiple regression analysis with adiponectin as the dependent variable andHOMA index, HDL cholesterol, testosterone, and WHR as independent variables showed an R(2) of 0.43 with β-coefficients of -0.12 for the HOMA index, 0.72 for HDL cholesterol, and -1.49 for WHR. Testosterone did not contribute to the prediction of adiponectin levels. Metformin had no effect on adiponectin in spite of significant decreases in weight, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance. In PCOS, adiponectin levels are closely linked to insulin resistance, HDL cholesterol, and abdominal adiposity and unaffected by metformin.

Relation of serum leptin and adiponectin to cardiovascular risk factors in older adults: a Guangzhou biobank cohort study-CVD

To study the serum leptin and adiponectin levels among relatively healthy older people and their association with traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Personal medical history and blood sample were collected from 1515 older people of Guangzhou. Fasting serum glucose, lipids, leptin and adiponectin were measured. (1) In relatively healthy older adults aged 50 or above, from Guangzhou, the following data were seen: serum leptin levels (x(-) ± s) in men and women were (3.90 ± 2.36) ng/ml and (12.17 ± 2.01) ng/ml respectively; serum adiponectin levels in men and women were (5.33 ± 2.78) mg/L and (7.18 ± 2.58) mg/L respectively. (2) Serum leptin and adiponectin level increased with age. After adjusting for body mass index, the trend for serum leptin level in men (P < 0.001) and adiponectin level in women (P < 0.05) were significantly associated with age. (3) No association was found between cigarette smoking and levels of leptin or adiponectin in both men and women after adjusting for age (P from 0.09 to 0.76). (4) In both men and women, serum leptin and adiponectin levels were positively associated with waist circumference/body mass index, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride (P from 0.04 to < 0.001). In men, leptin was also significantly associated with the increase of diastolic blood pressure and glucose but decreased with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P from 0.03 to 0.02). (5) Decreased adiponectin level was associated with increased waist circumference and triglyceride in both men and women (P from 0.003 to < 0.001) and with the increased body mass index, fasting plasma glucose as well as with decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men (P from 0.05 to < 0.001) but with increased systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol in women (P from 0.05 to 0.006). In Guangzhou city, among relatively healthy older adults aged 50 or above, their serum leptin and adiponectin levels were lower in men than in women. Serum leptin level in men and adiponectin level in women were significantly associated with the increase of age. Increased leptin and decreased adiponectin levels were associated with increased traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

Distribution of plasma levels of adiponectin and leptin in an adult Caucasian population

Little is known regarding the distribution and the determinants of leptin and adiponectin levels in the general population. Cross-sectional study. Women (3004) and men (2552) aged 35-74 living in Lausanne, Switzerland. Plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin (ELISA measurement). Women had higher leptin and adiponectin levels than men. In both genders, leptin and adiponectin levels increased with age. After adjusting for fat mass, leptin levels were significantly and negatively associated with age in women: 18.1 +/- 0.3, 17.1 +/- 0.3, 16.7 +/- 0.3 and 15.5 +/- 0.4 ng/ml (adjusted mean +/- SE) for age groups [35-44], [45-54], [55-64] and [65-75], respectively, P < 0.001. A similar but nonsignificant trend was also found in men. Conversely, the age-related increase of adiponectin was unrelated to body fat in both genders. Post-menopausal women had higher leptin and adiponectin levels than premenopausal women, independently of hormone replacement therapy. Although body fat mass was associated with leptin and adiponectin, the associations were stronger with body mass index (BMI), waist and hip in both genders. Finally, after adjusting for age and anthropometry, no relationships were found between leptin or adiponectin levels with alcohol, caffeine consumption and physical activity, whereas smoking and diabetes decreased leptin and adiponectin levels in women only. The age-related increase in leptin levels is attributable to changes in fat mass in women and probably also in men. Leptin and adiponectin levels are more related to BMI than to body fat mass. The effects of smoking and diabetes appear to be gender-specific.

Waist circumference and serum adiponectin levels in obese and non-obese postmenopausal women

Objectives A proposed missing link between obesity and metabolic disturbances is adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived peptide. Adiponectin is a potent antidiabetic hormone and seems to have a beneficial influence on lipid profile as well. The need to explain the complex physiological roles of this hormone prompted the authors to study the relationship between adiponectin level and obesity – related abnormalities in a homogenous population of postmenopausal women. Study design The study involved 272 postmenopausal women aged 50–60 years. Invitations to participate in the study were sent to 4000 randomly chosen women from the Wroclaw city population fulfilling the age criterion. A telephone questionnaire was administered to the group of 1731 women who responded to the invitation and then subjects for the study were selected. Main outcome measures anthropometrical measurements of body fat tissue content and fat tissue distribution assessment were carried out in all the women. Moreover, serum concentrations of adiponectin, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin were measured. Results The most frequent (76%) phenotype among the investigated women was obesity (BMI >25) with abnormal (= 80 cm) waist circumference (OAW), Obesity with normal (<80 cm) waist (ONW) and normal weight with abnormal waist (NOAW) were observed in only 5% and 14% of the women, respectively. Non-obese women with normal waist (NONW) were noted in only 5% of the subjects. Serum adiponectin levels in both groups of non-obese women (NOAW and NONW) were significantly higher ( p < 0.05) than in the women with obesity or overweight and abnormal waist circumference (OAW group). Adiponectin levels in the women with obesity or overweight and normal waist (ONW) were also higher than in the OAW group; however, this difference was not statistically significant ( p = 0.05). In all the women, serum adiponectin level correlated negatively with BMI ( r = −0.34, p = 0.0001), total fat ( r = −0.28, p = 0.0001), android fat deposit ( r = −0.23, p = 0.0001), waist circumference ( r = −0.33, p = 0.0001), glucose ( r = −0.27, p = 0.0001), triglycerides ( r = −0.34, p = 0.0001), and FIRI ( r = −0.34, p = 0.0001) and positively with the gynoid/android fat deposit ratio ( r = 0.28, p = 0.0001) and HDL cholesterol ( r = 0.36, p = 0.0001). Conclusions These results confirm that adiponectin could be a marker of the development of menopausal insulin resistance syndrome.

Not all women diagnosed with PCOS share the same cardiovascular risk profiles

Although definitive and confirmatory data are lacking, women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are considered to be at increased risk for cardiovascular and metabolic disease. In recent years, the diagnosis of PCOS has broadened considerably to result in several phenotypes. Here we review the evidence for cardiovascular and metabolic risks in PCOS in the classic disorder and the various phenotypes. We conclude that not all women with PCOS should be considered as being similar in terms of cardiovascular risk profiles.

Adiponectin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and a meta-analysis

Conflicting results regarding adiponectin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have been reported. To evaluate adiponectin levels in PCOS, a systematic review of all studies comparing adiponectin levels in women with PCOS with healthy controls and a meta-analysis of those involving women with similar body mass index (BMI) were performed. The influence of possible effect modifiers, such as insulin resistance (IR) and testosterone, was investigated. The influence of obesity was investigated through a 'nested' meta-analysis after within-study BMI stratification and appropriate pooling. Literature search was conducted through MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL (through June 2008), references from relevant studies and personal contact with the authors. Thirty-one studies, reporting data on 3469 subjects, were reviewed and 16 included in the main meta-analysis. Women with PCOS demonstrated significantly lower adiponectin values [weighted mean difference (95% confidence interval) -1.71 (-2.82 to -0.6), P < 10(-4)], yet with significant between-study heterogeneity. Lower adiponectin levels are associated with the IR observed in women with PCOS, compared with controls. IR, but not total testosterone, was found significant among biological parameters explored in the meta-regression model. Hypoadiponectinaemia was present in both lean and obese women with PCOS when compared with non-PCOS counterparts. Data on high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin are limited (three studies). After controlling for BMI-related effects, adiponectin levels seem to be lower in women with PCOS compared with non-PCOS controls. Low levels of adiponectin in PCOS are probably related to IR but not to testosterone. Total adiponectin should not be used as a biomarker of PCOS severity. Further investigation is needed for HMW adiponectin levels in PCOS.