Adiabatic Research Articles

Efficient spatial separation for chiral molecules via optically induced forces.

We investigate an efficient spatial enantioseparation method of chiral molecules in cyclic three-level systems coupled with three optical fields using optically induced forces. When the overall phase differs by π between two enantiomers, significant variations in the magnitude and direction of the optically induced forces are observed. The manipulation of the center of mass of chiral molecules in optical fields can be achieved through the induced gauge force, primarily generated from the variations in the chirality-dependent scalar potentials created by the three inhomogeneous laser fields. By appropriately configuring the system, we can completely separate the slow spatial and fast inner dynamics, making instantaneous eigenstates of the inner Hamiltonian independent of the transverse profiles of the laser beams. Compared to previous methods, which required adiabatic conditions to be satisfied, the proposed method overcomes the limitations of the adiabatic approximation by utilizing a specific system configuration. This allows for increased flexibility in the transverse profiles of the laser beams and relaxes the constraints on the velocity of chiral molecules, leading to significantly greater spatial separations achievable across a broader range of parameters.

Background gravitational waves as signature of the accelerated cosmic expansion

We propose a toy model of a spherical universe made up of an exotic dark gas with temperature T in thermal equilibrium with a black-body in adiabatic expansion. Each particle of this exotic gas mimics a kind of particle of dark energy. So, each dark particle occupies a very small area of space so-called Planck area [Formula: see text], which represents the minimum area of the whole space-time given by the spherical surface with area [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the Hubble radius. We realize that such spherical surface is the surface of the black-body for representing the dark universe as if it were the surface of an expanding balloon. Thus, we are able to derive the law of universal gravitation, thus leading us to understand the cosmological anti-gravity. We estimate the tiny order of magnitude of the cosmological constant and the acceleration of expansion of the dark sphere. In this toy model, as the dark universe can be thought of as a large black body, when we obtain its power and frequency of emission of radiation, we find very low values. We conclude that such radiation and frequency of the black body made up of dark energy is a background gravitational wave with very low frequency in the order of [Formula: see text] due to the slight stretching of the fabric of space-time.

Spatial correlation between in vivo imaging and immunohistochemical biomarkers: A methodological study

In this study, we present a method that enables voxel-by-voxel comparison of in vivo imaging to immunohistochemistry (IHC) biomarkers. As a proof of concept, we investigated the spatial correlation between dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE-)CT parameters and IHC biomarkers Ki-67 (proliferation), HIF-1α (hypoxia), and CD45 (immune cells). 54 whole-mount tumor slices of 15 laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas were immunohistochemically stained and digitized. Heatmaps of biomarker positivity were created and registered to DCE-CT parameter maps. The adiabatic approximation to the tissue homogeneity model was used to fit the following DCE parameters: Ktrans (transfer constant), Ve (extravascular and extracellular space), and Vi (intravascular space). Both IHC and DCE maps were downsampled to 4 × 4 × 3 mm[3] voxels. The mean values per tumor were used to calculate the between-subject correlations between parameters. For the within-subject (spatial) correlation, values of all voxels within a tumor were compared using the repeated measures correlation (rrm). No between-subject correlations were found between IHC biomarkers and DCE parameters, whereas we found multiple significant within-subject correlations: Ve and Ki-67 (rrm = -0.17, P < .001), Ve and HIF-1α (rrm = -0.12, P < .001), Ktrans and CD45 (rrm = 0.13, P < .001), Vi and CD45 (rrm = 0.16, P < .001), and Vi and Ki-67 (rrm = 0.08, P = .003). The strongest correlation was found between IHC biomarkers Ki-67 and HIF-1α (rrm = 0.35, P < .001). This study shows the technical feasibility of determining the 3 dimensional spatial correlation between histopathological biomarker heatmaps and in vivo imaging. It also shows that between-subject correlations do not reflect within-subject correlations of parameters.

Modeling and simulation of laser-ignited Al-PTFE reactive material in vacuum

Despite extensive investigations elucidating the initial response behavior of aluminized polytetrafluoroethylene (Al-PTFE) under atmospheric pressure, research on their response in lean-oxygen environments pertinent to propulsion and explosion scenarios is still lacking. This paper theoretically analyzes the multi-physical processes of laser-ignited Al-PTFE, identifying the initial response, main chemical reaction paths, and gas-phase product flow mechanisms. A dynamic reaction model of Al-PTFE considering material moving front, chemical reactions, gas-phase product dynamics, and variations in thermophysical properties, was developed. The robust coupling scheme in the model addresses nonlinear equations and fluid-solid coupling boundary conditions. Validation was achieved by comparing the ablation depth and plume number density field calculated by the model with the experimental results in the literature. The model reveals a positive correlation between laser fluence and both temperature growth rate and ablation depth of Al-PTFE, with the effects mainly observed in the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the pulsed laser due to the thermal decomposition of the PTFE matrix. Simulations of the equilibrium constants and molar fractions of 19 components in the Al-PTFE ablation plume within the temperature range of 2000 K to 30,000 K at 0.001 Pa indicate that the equilibrium constants for dissociative reactions exceed those for ionization reactions, primarily in the early plume formation stages. Analysis of kinetic parameters and ambient pressure effects shows that during laser ablation, the maximum temperature of the plume initially appears near the ablation surface, shifting to the front, where the maximum velocity is always located. An elliptical shock wave forms due to adiabatic expansion of the plume, creating a cavity inside the plume. Lower ambient pressure increases plume expansion velocity, temperature, and size.

Benchmarking Functionals for Strong-Field Light-Matter Interactions in Adiabatic Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory.

In recent years, time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) has been extensively employed for highly nonlinear optics in molecules and solids, including high harmonic generation (HHG), photoemission, and more. TDDFT exhibits a relatively low numerical cost while still describing both light-matter and electron-electron interactions ab initio, making it highly appealing. However, the majority of implementations of the theory utilize the simplest possible approximations for the exchange-correlation (XC) functional-either the local density or generalized gradient approximations, which are traditionally considered to have rather poor chemical accuracy. We present the first systematic study of the XC functional effect on molecular HHG, testing various levels of theory. Our numerical results suggest justification for using simpler approximations for the XC functional, showing that hybrid and meta functionals (as well as Hartree-Fock) can, at times, lead to poor and unphysical results. The specific source of the failure in more elaborate functionals should be topic of future work, but we hypothesize that its origin might be connected to the adiabatic approximation of TDDFT.

A novel model order reduction technique for solving horizontal refraction equations in the modeling of three-dimensional underwater acoustic propagation

Modeling three-dimensional (3D) underwater acoustic propagation is vital for underwater detection, localization, and navigation. This article introduces a novel model order reduction (MOR) technique to solve horizontal refraction equations (HREs) in the modeling of 3D underwater acoustic propagation. This approach relies on an adiabatic approximation of the 3D sound field, representing the field as a combination of local vertical modes with their modal coefficients governed by a system of two-dimensional (2D) HREs. Inspired by normal mode theory, the coefficients in the expansion over vertical modes are determined by projecting them onto a lower-dimensional, orthogonal space defined by their transverse eigenfunctions. By artificially truncating the horizontal domain in the transverse directions using two perfectly matched layers (PMLs), the eigenproblem associated with the transverse eigenfunctions of the modal coefficients is closed and thus can be solved through a modal projection method. The modal projection method enables fast computation of modal coefficients in a longitudinally invariant environment within seconds, offering a naturally wide-angle solution covering ±90°. The MOR method is extended to encompass fully 3D cases by introducing an admittance matrix, a memory-saving strategy that prevents numerical overflow when the longitudinal range is large. Moreover, the fact that the outer boundaries of the PMLs are range-independent allows the proposed MOR technique to perform well on a coarse grid when employing the Magnus scheme, significantly saving the numerical cost for the fully 3D simulation. Numerical simulations are provided for both longitudinally invariant and fully 3D scenarios, demonstrating the high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed MOR technique in solving HREs.

Machian fractons, Hamiltonian attractors, and nonequilibrium steady states

We study the N fracton problem in classical mechanics, with fractons defined as point particles that conserve multipole moments up to a given order. We find that the nonlinear Machian dynamics of the fractons is characterized by late-time attractors in position-velocity space for all N, despite the absence of attractors in phase space dictated by Liouville's theorem. These attractors violate ergodicity and lead to nonequilibrium steady states, which always break translational symmetry, even in spatial dimensions where the Hohenberg-Mermin-Wagner-Coleman theorem for equilibrium systems forbids such breaking. We provide a conceptual understanding of our results using an adiabatic approximation for the late-time trajectories and an analogy with the idea of “order-by-disorder” borrowed from equilibrium statistical mechanics. Altogether, these fracton systems host a paradigm for Hamiltonian dynamics and nonequilibrium many-body physics. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Adiabatic theory of resonant particle dynamics with frequency chirping chorus waves in magnetospheric plasmas

We present the adiabatic regime for the particles interacting with the frequency chirping waves in the inhomogeneous magnetic field. Despite the rapid change of the parameters during the interaction, we can construct an adiabatic invariant with new canonical coordinates, which is shown to be conserved as long as the particles stay trapped in the reference frame moving with the resonance. Assuming the trapped particle distribution as a function of the adiabatic invariant and the water-bag approximation, we derive an analytic form of the nonlinear current as a function of the inhomogeneous parameter that describes the frequency chirping and inhomogeneities in the background magnetic field. The nonlinear current expression is also examined in the Vlasov hybrid simulations, and the simulation results show that the nonlinear current can be well described by the adiabatic water-bag approximation, except for the chirping onset stage and the source region where the adiabatic approximation is invalid.

Temperature-reducing shocks in optically thin radiative MHD—Analytical and numerical results

Shocks are often invoked as heating mechanisms in astrophysical systems, with both adiabatic compression and dissipative heating that leading to the increase in temperature. While shocks are reasonably well understood for ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) systems, in many astrophysical plasmas, radiation is an important phenomena, which can allow energy to leave the system. As such, energy becomes non-conservative, which can fundamentally change the behavior of shocks. The energy emitted through optically thin radiation post-shock can exceed the thermal energy increase, resulting in shocks that reduce the temperature of the medium, i.e., cooling shocks that have a net decrease in temperature across the interface. In this paper, semi-analytical solutions for radiative shocks are derived to demonstrate that both cooling (temperature decreasing) and heating (temperature increasing) shock solutions are possible across the whole temperature range in optically thin radiative MHD. Numerical simulations of magnetic reconnection for solar-like temperatures and plasma-β with optically thin radiative losses also yield both heating and cooling shocks in roughly equal abundances. The detected cooling shocks feature a significantly lower pressure jump across the shock than their heating counterparts. The compression at the shock front leads to locally enhanced radiative losses, resulting in significant cooling within a few grid cells in the upstream and downstream directions. The presence of temperature-reducing (cooling) shocks is critical in determining the thermal evolution, and heating or cooling, across a wealth of radiative astrophysical plasmas including magnetic reconnection in the solar corona.

The Subseasonal Feedback of Extreme Anomalous Tibetan Plateau Snow Cover Events on the Atmosphere

Abstract The Tibetan Plateau snow cover exhibits notable subseasonal variability and plays a crucial role in influencing the atmosphere. This study employs numerical experiments to investigate the atmospheric feedback resulting from extreme anomalous snow cover events on the Tibetan Plateau, with a focus on both local and nonlocal atmospheric temperatures. The findings reveal that diabatic heating, directly induced by these events, leads to a local surface energy cooling response over the Tibetan Plateau, contributing to a reduction in local temperatures. This cooling effect amplifies local atmospheric temperature anomalies associated with extreme anomalous Tibetan Plateau snow cover events, constituting approximately 50% of the total final local surface air temperature anomalies. Furthermore, the Tibetan Plateau snow cover, through adiabatic processes, exerts a nonlocal influence on atmospheric temperature and circulation. The atmospheric temperature responses downstream of the Tibetan Plateau vary at different heights and regions, featuring both cold and warm anomaly responses. These variations depend on the relative contributions of horizontal advection and vertical advection in adiabatic heating. Significance Statement Snow cover is influenced by the atmosphere, and in turn, it affects the atmosphere. This study examines the feedback of extreme anomalous Tibetan Plateau snow cover events on the atmosphere at the subseasonal time scale, with a focus on atmospheric temperature. Our findings indicate that Tibetan Plateau snow cover has both local and nonlocal feedback effects on the atmosphere. In particular, extreme anomalous Tibetan Plateau snow cover amplifies local surface air temperature anomalies. The feedback contributes to approximately 50% of the total final local surface air temperature anomalies.

Discrete orbit effect lengthens merger times for inspiraling binary black holes

The inspiral merger time for two black holes captured into a nonrelativistic bound orbit by gravitational radiation emission has been often calculated by a formula of Peters that assumes the adiabatic approximation that the changes per orbit are small. However, initially this is not true for the semimajor axis and period of most of the initially highly eccentric orbits, which change significantly during closest approach and much less elsewhere along the orbit. This effect can make the merger time much longer (using other formulas from Peters that do not assume the adiabatic approximation) than that calculated by the adiabatic formula of Peters.

Large Deviation Full Counting Statistics in Adiabatic Open Quantum Dynamics.

The state of an open quantum system undergoing an adiabatic process evolves by following the instantaneous stationary state of its time-dependent generator. This observation allows one to characterize, for a generic adiabatic evolution, the average dynamics of the open system. However, information about fluctuations of dynamical observables, such as the number of photons emitted or the time-integrated stochastic entropy production in single experimental runs, requires controlling the whole spectrum of the generator and not only the stationary state. Here, we show how such information can be obtained in adiabatic open quantum dynamics by exploiting tools from large deviation theory. We prove an adiabatic theorem for deformed generators, which allows us to encode, in a biased quantum state, the full counting statistics of generic time-integrated dynamical observables. We further compute the probability associated with an arbitrary "rare" time history of the observable and derive a dynamics which realizes it in its typical behavior. Our results provide a way to characterize and engineer adiabatic open quantum dynamics and to control their fluctuations.

A view on the performance comparison between adiabatic and internally-cooled dehumidification processes using liquid desiccant

Humidity control is emphasized in various fields. However, the effectiveness comparison between adiabatic dehumidifier (AD) and internally-cooled dehumidifier (ICD) was only conducted in limited cases, without comprehensive understanding of different cooling mediums and working conditions. In this study, the component effectiveness of these two dehumidifiers is parametrically compared. When chilled water serves as cooling medium, AD has sensible effectiveness of 0.65 and latent effectiveness of 0.84 under baseline case, while those of ICD are 0.52 and 0.85 respectively. AD performs better under higher sensible loads, and ICD is more capable of dealing with more moisture transfer. Low water temperature, low air-desiccant ratio and adequately low water-desiccant ratio also highlight the superiority of AD. When secondary air serves as cooling medium, AD always has higher effectiveness than ICD in the studied range, and the superiority is more significant at lower temperature and humidity of secondary air. Sensible effectiveness of 0.44 and latent effectiveness of 0.78 for AD are obtained under baseline case, while those of ICD are 0.07 and 0.74 respectively. ICD has better adaptivity than AD at a circumstance with great variation of operation parameters. The results contribute to enlightening insights for further design of moisture capture components.

Optimal Zeno Dragging for Quantum Control: A Shortcut to Zeno with Action-Based Scheduling Optimization

The quantum Zeno effect asserts that quantum measurements inhibit simultaneous unitary dynamics when the “collapse” events are sufficiently strong and frequent. This applies in the limit of strong continuous measurement or dissipation. It is possible to implement a dissipative control that is known as “Zeno dragging” by dynamically varying the monitored observable, and hence also the eigenstates, which are attractors under Zeno dynamics. This is similar to adiabatic processes, in that the Zeno-dragging fidelity is highest when the rate of eigenstate change is slow compared to the measurement rate. We demonstrate here two theoretical methods for using such dynamics to achieve control of quantum systems. The first, which we shall refer to as “shortcut to Zeno,” is analogous to the shortcuts to adiabaticity (counterdiabatic driving) that are frequently used to accelerate unitary adiabatic evolution. In the second approach, we apply the Chantasri-Dressel-Jordan stochastic action [PRA 88, 042110 (2013)], and demonstrate that the extremal-probability readout paths derived from this are well suited to setting up a Pontryagin-style optimization of the Zeno-dragging schedule. A fundamental contribution of the latter approach is to show that an action suitable for measurement-driven control optimization can be derived quite generally from statistical arguments. Implementing these methods on the Zeno dragging of a qubit, we find that both approaches yield the same solution, namely, that the optimal control is a unitary that matches the motion of the Zeno-monitored eigenstate. We then show that such a solution can be more robust than a unitary-only operation and we comment on solvable generalizations of our qubit example embedded in larger systems. These methods open up new pathways toward systematically developing dynamic control of Zeno subspaces to realize dissipatively stabilized quantum operations. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Background gravitational waves as signature of the adiabatic expansion of a black body that represents the dark universe

We propose a toy model of a spherical universe made up of an exotic dark gas with temperature T in thermal equilibrium with a black body in adiabatic expansion. Each particle of this exotic gas mimics a kind of particle of dark energy represented by the vacuum energy, being quantized into virtual particles with extremely small masses that form such gas representing the own tissue of the expanding space–time governed by a negative pressure whose origin is the equation of state of vacuum, i.e., p = −ρ, where ρ is the vacuum energy density. So, each vacuum particle occupies a tiny area of space so-called Planck area [Formula: see text], which represents the minimum area of the whole space–time given by the spherical surface with area [Formula: see text], where RH is the Hubble radius. We realize that such spherical surface is the surface of the black body for representing the dark universe as if it were the surface of an expanding balloon. Thus, we are able to derive the law of universal gravitation, thus leading us to understand the cosmological anti-gravity. We estimate the very small order of magnitude of the cosmological constant and the acceleration of expansion of the dark sphere. In this toy model, as the dark universe can be thought of as a large black body, when we obtain its power and frequency of emission of radiation, we find very low values. We conclude that such radiation and frequency of the black body made up of dark energy is a background gravitational wave with very low frequency in the order of 10−17Hz due to the slight stretching of the fabric of space–time.

On the Topological Phase around Conical Intersections with Tamm-Dancoff Linear-Response Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory.

Regions of nuclear-configuration space away from the Franck-Condon geometry can prove problematic for some electronic structure methods, given the propensity of such regions to possess conical intersections, i.e., (highly connected) points of degeneracy between potential energy surfaces. With the likelihood (perhaps even inevitability) for nonadiabatic dynamics simulations to explore molecular geometries in close proximity to conical intersections, it is vital that the performance of electronic structure methods is routinely examined in this context. In a recent paper [Taylor, J. T. J. Chem. Phys. 2023, 159, 214115.], the ability of linear-response time-dependent density functional theory within the adiabatic approximation (AA LR-TDDFT) to provide a proper description of conical intersections, in terms of their topology and topography, was investigated, with particular attention paid to conical intersections between two excited electronic states. For the same prototypical molecules, protonated formaldimine and pyrazine, we herein consider whether AA LR-TDDFT can correctly reproduce the topological phase accumulated by the adiabatic electronic wave function upon traversing a closed path around an excited-to-excited state conical intersection despite not using the appropriate quadratic-response nonadiabatic coupling vectors. Equally, we probe the ability of the ground-to-excited state intersection ring exhibited by AA LR-TDDFT in protonated formaldimine to give rise to a similar topological phase in spite of its incorrect dimensionality.

Bubble thermodynamics in cryogenic fluids under ultrasonic field excitation: Theoretical analysis and numerical calculation

In the study of cavitation in room-temperature fluids, the heat transfer between gas and liquid in bubble oscillation is usually assumed to be an adiabatic process for simplification. However, this heat transfer and thermodynamic mechanism is not yet understood in cryogenic fluids, especially under small amplitude oscillation conditions excited by ultrasonic field. This article studies bubble thermodynamic model under an external ultrasonic field based on the heat transfer equation for cryogenic fluids. The temperature changes inside bubbles are calculated, and the heat transfer mechanism is briefly analyzed. The results indicate that the heat transfer mechanism of bubbles depends on the relationship between ultrasonic frequency and bubble resonance frequency. By analyzing two special cases of dual-bubble and high-pressure environment, it is believed that heat transfer can be approximated as an adiabatic process under high-pressure conditions with ultrasonic frequency far from the resonance frequency. This conclusion can provide a theoretical basis for subsequent accurate calculation of heat-transfer polytropic coefficient, or void faction measurement in cryogenic two-phase flow.

Research and Application of Two-Dimensional Time-Delayed Tri-Stable Stochastic Resonance System for Bearing Fault Detection

The time-delayed feedback term can improve the output of a system, while the two-dimensional stochastic resonance (SR) system has a stronger signal amplification capability. To improve the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the system, this paper proposes a two-dimensional time-delayed tri-stable stochastic resonance system (TDTDTSR) based on the advantages of the above two systems. First, the steady-state probability density function (SPD), the mean first-pass time (MFPT), and the output SNR are derived under adiabatic approximation theory, and the effects of different system parameters on them are investigated. Next, TDTDTSR and the classical two-dimensional tri-stable stochastic resonance system (CTDTSR) system are simulated numerically. The results show that the mean signal-to-noise gain (MSNRG) of TDTDTSR system is higher than that of the CTDTSR system. Finally, the system parameters are optimized using a genetic algorithm, and the application of TDTDTSR to bearing fault detection is compared with CTDTSR and the novel piecewise symmetric two-dimensional tri-stable stochastic resonance (NPSTDTSR) systems. The experimental results demonstrate that TDTDTSR system has better performance, providing valuable theoretical support and practical engineering applications for the system in subsequent analyses.

A thermodynamic computational model analysis of a newly designed Tri-Rotor (T-R) volume air compressor

A thermodynamic computational modelling (TCM) approach is developed to model and simulate thermodynamic processes of a newly designed rotary type air compressor named ‘tri-rotor (T-R) compressor’ using a Lattice-Boltzmann Method (LBM) based fluid flow solution, which is applied for the first time to a rotary compressor flow. With this method, which is combined with a Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-viscosity sub-grid scale stress (SGS) model (WALE), time-consuming classic fluid-domain meshing/re-meshing process is not required and a mesh deformation problem leading to numerical instability is overcome by generating a fixed Cartesian lattice. The proposed TCM approach here is expected to serve as a basis for transient simulations of rotating turbulent and highly compressible flow for accurate and more complete computational representation of an ideal, adiabatic compression process through pressure − rotational angle (P-Theta degree) and volume − rotational angle (V-Theta degree) diagrams. The designed compressor is comprised of three specifically shaped, simultaneously rotating rotors, which are well-positioned in a cylinder to draw and discharge air uninterruptedly through two-suction and two-discharge ports, respectively and achieves higher mass-flow rates with increasing rotational speed. A comparative study with different rotational speeds predicts that high isentropic efficiency ranging from 0.850 to 0.941 can be attained for the investigated rotational speed range without any compromise on mass flow rates and pressure ratios. A proof-of-concept experiment of a full-scale T-R compressor model is conducted to assess its operational feasibility and performance. It is found that the TCM approach reproduces comparable results to those obtained from the preliminary experimental studies.

Variational Adiabatic Transport of Tensor Networks

We discuss a tensor network method for constructing the adiabatic gauge potential—the generator of adiabatic transformations—as a matrix product operator, which allows us to adiabatically transport matrix product states. Adiabatic evolution of tensor networks offers a wide range of applications, of which two are explored in this paper: improving tensor network optimization and scanning phase diagrams. By efficiently transporting eigenstates to quantum criticality and performing intermediary density-matrix renormalization group (DMRG) optimizations along the way, we demonstrate that we can compute ground and low-lying excited states faster and more reliably than a standard DMRG method at or near quantum criticality. We demonstrate a simple automated step size adjustment and detection of the critical point based on the norm of the adiabatic gauge potential. Remarkably, we are able to reliably transport states through the critical point of the models we study. Published by the American Physical Society 2024