Adhesional Tension Research Articles

Adsorption, Adhesion, and Wettability of Commercially Available Cleansers at Dental Polymer (PMMA) Surfaces.

This study aims to evaluate the adsorptive, adhesive, and wetting energetic properties of five commercially available cleansers in contact with model dental polymer (PMMA). It was assumed that the selected parameters allow for determining the optimal concentration and place of key component accumulation for antibacterial activity in the bulk liquid phase and prevention of oral plaque formation at the prosthetic material surface. The adsorptive (Gibbs' excesses ΓLV, critical micellar concentration) and thermal (entropy and enthalpy) surface characteristics originated from surface tension γLV(T) and γLV(C) dependences. The surface wetting properties were quantified upon the contact angle hysteresis formalism on the advancing ΘA, receding ΘR contact angles, and γLV as the input data, which yield a set of wettability parameters: 2D adsorptive film pressure, surface free energy with its dispersive and polar components, work of adhesion, and adhesional tension, considered as interfacial interaction indicators. In particular, molecular partitioning Kp and ΓLV are indicators of the efficiency of particular active substance accumulation in the volume phase, while γSV, a = ΓSL/ΓLV, and WA point to the degree of its accumulation at the immersed polymer surface. Finally, the liquid penetration coefficient PC and the Marangoni temperature gradient-driven liquid flow speed were estimated.

Wettability, Adsorption and Adhesion in Polymer (PMMA)-Commercially Available Mouthrinse System.

The study concerns the evaluation of the physicochemical and thermo-adsorptive surface properties of six commercially available mouthrinses, particularly surface tension, surface activity, partitioning coefficient, critical micellar concentration, Gibbs excesses at interfaces, surface entropy, and enthalpy. The aim was to quantify their effect on the adhesion and wettability of a model poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer. The adsorptive and thermal surface characteristics were derived from surface tension (γLV) vs. concentration and temperature dependences. Polymer surface wettability was characterized by the contact angle hysteresis (CAH) formalism, using the measurable advancing ΘA and receding ΘR dynamic contact angles and γLV as the input data. Further, wettability parameters: Young static angle (Θ), film pressure (Π), surface free energy (γSV) with its dispersive and polar components, work of adhesion (WA), and adhesional tension (γLV cosΘA) were considered as interfacial interaction indicators. The mouthrinse effect demonstrated the parameter's evolution in reference to the PMMA/pure water case: Θ, ΘA and ΘR↓, CAH↑, Π↓, WA↓, γSV↓, and γLVcosΘA↑. Furthermore, the variations of the surface excess ratio pointed to the formation of multilayered structures of surfactants composing the mouthrinse mixtures considered. The contact angle data allowed for the penetration coefficient and the Marangoni temperature gradient-driven liquid flow speed to be estimated.

Wettability of a Polymethylmethacrylate Surface by Extended Anionic Surfactants: Effect of Branched Chains.

The adsorption behaviors of extended anionic surfactants linear sodium dodecyl(polyoxyisopropene)4 sulfate (L-C12PO4S), branched sodium dodecyl(polyoxyisopropene)4 sulfate (G-C12PO4S), and branched sodium hexadecyl(polyoxyisopropene)4 sulfate (G-C16PO4S) on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) surface have been studied. The effect of branched alkyl chain on the wettability of the PMMA surface has been explored. To obtain the adsorption parameters such as the adhesional tension and PMMA-solution interfacial tension, the surface tension and contact angles were measured. The experimental results demonstrate that the special properties of polyoxypropene (PO) groups improve the polar interactions and allow the extended surfactant molecules to gradually adsorb on the PMMA surface by polar heads. Therefore, the hydrophobic chains will point to water and the solid surface is modified to be hydrophobic. Besides, the adsorption amounts of the three extended anionic surfactants at the PMMA–liquid interface are all about 1/3 of those at the air–liquid interface before the critical micelle concentration (CMC). However, these extended surfactants will transform their original adsorption behavior after CMC. The surfactant molecules will interact with the PMMA surface with the hydrophilic heads towards water and are prone to form aggregations at the PMMA–liquid interface. Therefore, the PMMA surface will be more hydrophilic after CMC. In the three surfactants, the branched G-C16PO4S with two long alkyl chains exhibits the strongest hydrophobic modification capacity. The linear L-C12PO4S is more likely to densely adsorb at the PMMA–liquid interface than the branched surfactants, thus L-C12PO4S possesses the strongest hydrophilic modification ability and shows smaller contact angles on PMMA surface at high concentrations.

Oil Adjuvants Enhance the Efficacy of Pyraclostrobin in Managing Cucumber Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) by Modifying the Affinity of Fungicide Droplets on Diseased Leaves.

Adding adjuvants improved the affinity of fungicide droplets to cucumber leaves infected with powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) and subsequent efficacy of fungicide treatments in reducing the disease. The affinity of oil adjuvants was quantified by adhesional tension and "work of adhesion". Oil adjuvant-fungicide mixtures were applied to plants in field experiments to evaluate their effectiveness in disease prevention. Both the adhesional tension and work of adhesion of the adjuvants at selected concentrations increased on powdery-mildew-infected cucumber leaves more than on healthy cucumber leaves. The adjuvant GY-Tmax (GYT) displayed the best surface activity or "surfactivity" in enhancing the affinity and adherence of droplets to powdery-mildew-infected cucumber leaves, while epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), methyl oleate, and biodiesel exhibited much lower effects in terms of the surface tension, contact angle, adhesional tension, and work of adhesion. Field experiments determined that the combination of GYT at 1,000 mg liter-1 and pyraclostrobin (150 g a.i. ha-1) was most effective (91.52%) in controlling cucumber powdery mildew. Pyraclostrobin with ESO was also highly effective (ranging from 77.54 to 89.65%). The addition of oil adjuvants, especially GYT and ESO, to fungicide applications can be an effective strategy to enhance the efficacy of pesticides in controlling plant diseases by modifying the affinity of fungicide droplets to symptomatic leaves.

Wetting of polymer surfaces by aqueous solutions of branched cationic Gemini surfactants.

The adsorption of xylyl-substituted biquaternary ammonium salt Gemini surfactants with different spacer (C3 and C6) at polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) surfaces has been investigated and the different adsorption parameters such as surface tension, contact angle, adhesional tension, solid-water interfacial tension and work of adhesion have been estimated. The results show that C3 and C6 have similar adsorption behaviors at PTFE and PMMA surfaces. C3 and C6 adsorb gradually at a PFTE-water interface via hydrophobic interactions and the adsorption amounts at the water-air interface are almost three times higher than those at the PTFE-water interface due to the steric hindrance effect. However, the contact angle keeps constant throughout the experimental concentration range because the decrease in surface tension just counterbalances the decrease in PFTE-water interfacial tension. On the other hand, C3 and C6 adsorb at the PMMA surface via polar interactions between xylyl and functional groups of PMMA before CMC. Similar to PTFE, the increase in PMMA-water interfacial tension compensates the decrease in surface tension and the contact angle also shows a stationary value before the CMC. A bi-layer structure of C3 and C6 will be formed at the PMMA-water interface via hydrophobic interaction and PMMA-water interfacial tension decreases consequently after the CMC, which results in the decrease in contact angle.

Wettability of a polymethylmethacrylate surface in the presence of benzyl-substituted alkyl betaines

The adsorption and wettability of benzyl substituted alkyl carboxylbetaine (BCB) and alkyl sulfobetaine (BSB) at polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) surfaces have been studied by contact angle measurements and the adsorption parameters such as adhesional tension, adsorption amount, work of adhesion and PMMA-liquid interfacial tension (γSL) have been calculated. The results show that the values of contact angle of betaines keep constant before CMC, which can be explained well by the compensation effect of the decrease of surface tension and increase of γSL with an increase of bulk concentration. However, only the contact angle of BCB solution begins to decline when the concentration is far higher than CMC, indicating the re-adsorption. Both the hydrophilic head and benzyl of BCB molecules interact with PMMA surface, which decreases adsorption amount but improves ability of hydrophobic modification for PMMA. On the other hand, the benzyl may trend to stretch towards aqueous for BSB, instead of interacting with PMMA, because of the steric effect of larger hydrophilic head of BSB. The unique arrangement of BSB molecules at PMMA surface makes it difficult to re-adsorb onto monolayer at higher bulk concentration.

Wettability of ionic surfactants SDS and DTAB on wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaf surfaces

Due to the important use of pesticide formulation, it is necessary to make it clear how ionic surfactant effect the wettability at leaf surface. In this work, we used the sessile drop method to study the wettability of SDS and DTAB on wheat leaf surfaces at different leaf stages, and reveal the relationship between surfactants structures and leaf stages of wheat leaf surfaces on wettability behavior. Results showed that few surfactant molecules adsorbed at the interface at low concentrations. With the concentration increased, the surfactant replaced the air layer partially within the nano/micro structure of leaf surfaces. When the concentration exceeded to CMC, the adsorption of surfactant molecules was saturated at both air-liquid interface and solid-liquid interface, the wetting state was still the transitional state between Cassie-Baxter’s and Wenzel’s state. In all concentrations, the adhesional tension and surface tension showed the linear relationship and the slope values were all below −1, suggesting there were more surfactant molecules adsorbed at the solid-liquid interface than the liquid-air interface. As SDS is a common wetting agent and DTAB is a common fungicide in agrochemical, this study will provide potential guidance in practical application of pesticide solutions in leaf surface wetting.

Adsorption behavior and wettability by Gemini surfactants with ester bond at polymer-solution-air systems

Abstract The wettability of Gemini surfactants with ester bond at Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Paraffin surfaces have been investigated and the different physicochemical parameters such as surface tension (γLV), contact angle (θ), spreading coefficient (S), adhesional tension (γLVcosθ) and work of adhesion (WA) have been estimated. The obtained results indicate that the surface tension and contact angle decrease with the increase of surfactant concentration, and they tend to be stable when the concentration is more than CMC. The wettability of m-6-m on PTFE and Paraffin surfaces is better than that of m-2-m. A linear relationship exists between the adhesional and surface tension during a range of certain concentrations, the absorption amount of the surfactant at the liquid-air interface is larger than that at the PTFE-liquid interface. Meanwhile, this linear relationship is only applicable for 12-2-12 and 14-2-14 in the case of Paraffin. The adhesional tension increases with the increase of concentration, and it keeps constant when the saturated adsorption film has been formed at both liquid-air and solid-liquid interfaces. The better wettability of Gemini surfactants with ester bond on PTFE and Paraffin has the better adhesion.

Effect of adsorption of catanionic surfactant mixtures on wettability of quartz surface

The adsorption behaviors of dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (C12TAB) and the catanionic mixtures of C12TAB with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDDS) and sodium dodecanoate (DAS) on quartz surface have been investigated. Physicochemical parameters such as the critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension, contact angle, adhesional tension and work of adhesion have been estimated. At the interface of quartz and aqueous solution of catanionic mixture, there is a competition between anionic surfactants and quartz surface in attracting cationic surfactants. SDDS and DAS fail to inhibit the adsorption of C12TAB because of the smaller size and less negative charge of the head-groups, even the amount of anionic surfactants well surpasses that of C12TAB. Instead the anionic surfactants are dragged by cationic surfactants to quartz surface and form a mixed monolayer on the quartz surface. The insert of anionic surfactants reduces the repulsion between the cationic molecules and results in closer packing of molecules in adsorption layers. Thus, SDDS-C12TAB and DAS-C12TAB have displayed stronger hydrophobic modification at quartz surface than pure C12TAB. However, the electrostatic attraction between excessive SDS and C12TAB is strong enough to constrain C12TAB and decreases the adsorption on quartz surface. Only a small amount of catanionic complexes with the structure like zwitterionic surfactant adsorb on quartz through the interaction between the positive sites of surfactant complexes and negative sites of quartz. Over CMC, bilayers are formed on quartz surface in the systems of SDDS-C12TAB and DAS-C12TAB, while micelle structures are adsorbed on quartz surface for SDS-C12TAB.

Wettability and adsorption of PTFE and paraffin surfaces by aqueous solutions of biquaternary ammonium salt Gemini surfactants with hydroxyl

The surface tension of five biquaternary ammonium salt Gemini surfactants with hydroxyl and the corresponding contact angles (θ) on Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Paraffin are measured. The interfacial properties of surfactant solution in liquid-air-solid are investigated and changes in spreading coefficient (S), adhesive tension (γLVcosθ) and the work of adhesion (WA) are discussed. The obtained results indicate that the surface tension decreases with the increase of surfactant concentration, and it tends to be stable when the concentration is more than CMC. The contact angle has the similar trend with surface tension. A linear relationship exists between the adhesional and surface tension in a range of certain concentrations, the slope is less than 1. It means that the adsorption amount of the surfactant solution at the liquid-air interface is larger than that at the PTFE-water interfaces. However, there is no linear relationship between the adhesional and surface tension for Paraffin-surfactant solution systems. The adhesional tension increases with the increase of concentration, and it keeps constant when the saturated adsorption film has been formed at both liquid-air and solid-liquid interfaces. The wettability of biquaternary ammonium salt Gemini surfactants with hydroxyl solutions on PTFE is poorer than that of Paraffin. The wettability of C10-OH solution on PTFE surface is best, and C14-OH solution has the best wetting effect on Paraffin.

Wettability of a PTFE surface by aqueous solutions of zwitterionic surfactants: Effect of molecular structure

Abstract Advancing contact angle (θ) for aqueous solutions of the zwitterionic surfactants, hexadecanol glycidyl ether glycine Betaine (C16PB), guerbet alcohol hexadecyl glycidyl ether glycine Betaine (C16GPB), hexadecanol polyoxyethylene (3), glycidyl ether glycine Betaine (C16(EO)3PB) and guerbet alcohol hexadecyl polyoxyethylene (3), glycidyl ether glycine Betaine (C16G(EO)3PB), were measured on the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface by the sessile drop analysis. The obtained results indicate that a sharp decrease of θ appears only when the bulk concentration is higher than critical micelle concentration (CMC). Both branched chains and the introduction of polyoxyethylene (EO) units decrease the contact angle significantly. Similar, both branched chains and the EO units appear to cause a significant increase in adhesional tension on PTFE-water interface. Moreover, there are two adsorption equilibrium stages on PTFE surface. At the first equilibrium stage, the surfactant molecules mostly form a monolayer on PTFE surfaces for four zwitterionic surfactants. For C16PB and C16GPB, the adsorptions at PTFE-water interface are much smaller than at water–air interface. However, it is more easier to absorb onto solid interface for C16(EO)3PB and C16G(EO)3PB surfactants because of intermolecular hydrogen bonding by EO units. In the second saturated stage, the adsorbed molecules may become oriented more and more perpendicular to the PTFE interface with hydrophilic heads oriented toward the water for C16PB and C16GPB. In the case of C16(EO)3PB and C16G(EO)3PB, the hemimicelle formed on the PTFE surface will enhance ionic head density and result in lower PTFE-water interfacial tension.

Wettability alteration by novel betaines at polymer–aqueous solution interfaces

The wettability of alkyl carboxylbetaine (18C) and alkyl sulfobetaine (18S) at polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) surfaces have been investigated and the different physicochemical parameters such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension, contact angle, surface excess, adhesional tension and work of adhesion have been estimated. The results show that the contact angle of 18C and 18S for both solids keep almost a constant value in a wide range of surfactant concentration, but the sharp decrease of contact angle appears after CMC of individual surfactant solution because of the continued increase in surfactant molecules adsorption at solid–liquid interface above CMC, which is quite different from traditional surfactants reported in the literature. In addition, 18C has significantly lower contact angle values on PTFE at high concentrations. For PTFE and PMMA there is a linear relationship existing between the adhesional and surface tension in a range of certain concentrations for all investigated surfactants. The values of slope suggest that adsorption of 18C and 18S at PTFE/PMMA–liquid interfaces are less than that at air–liquid, and the orientation of the surfactant molecules at PTFE–liquid and PMMA–liquid interfaces should not be the same. Moreover, the decrease of PTFE–liquid interfacial tension has been observed while the PMMA–liquid interfacial tension increases at first and decreases afterwards for 18C and 18S. Especially for PTFE, the decrease of γSL for 18C is larger than that for 18S, which indicates that 18S molecules may be vertical orientation due to steric effect while the hemimicelle has been formed for 18C at the PTFE interface. On the other hand, the addition of surfactant molecules will adsorb onto monolayer at PMMA surface again through hydrophobic interaction with hydrophilic group toward the bulk phase of solution above CMC.

Wettability of a Quartz Surface in the Presence of Four Cationic Surfactants

Advancing contact angle (θ) measurements were carried out for aqueous solutions of four cationic surfactants, hexadecanol glycidyl ether ammonium chloride (C(16)PC), guerbet alcohol hexadecyl glycidyl ether ammonium chloride (C(16)GPC), hexadecanol polyoxyethylene(3) glycidyl ether ammonium chloride (C(16)(EO)(3)PC), and guerbet alcohol hexadecyl polyoxyethylene(3) glycidyl ether ammonium chloride (C(16)G(EO)(3)PC), on the quartz surface using the sessile drop analysis. The influences of surfactant type and bulk concentration on contact angle were expounded, and the changes in adhesional tension and adhesion work were discussed. The contact angle increases up to a maximum with the increasing concentration for all cationic surfactants. Surfactants with branched chain have more hydrophobic group density on the quartz surface, which results in higher values of maxima in contact angle curves. When ethylene oxide groups CH(2)CH(2)O were incorporated in the hydrophobic group, the decrease in contact angle maximum was observed for C(16)(EO)(3)PC and C(16)G(EO)(3)PC. Moreover, an increase in quartz-water interfacial free energy (γ(SL)) has been observed due to the adsorption of four cationic surfactants. The four cationic surfactants can form a monolayer with alignment structure on the quartz surface through electrostatic interaction and then form the bilayer with increasing bulk concentration. In contrast with literature, the maximal contact angles may not necessarily correspond to the beginning of the formation of bilayer for cationic surfactants at the quartz-water interface. Moreover, the concentrations corresponding to maximal contact angles for C(16)PC and C(16)(EO)(3)PC were much lower than their CMC. The contact angle passes through a maximum at a concentration obviously higher than CMC for C(16)G(EO)(3)PC.

Wettability of quartz in presence of nonionic surfactants and short chain alcohols mixtures

Measurements of advancing contact angles for aqueous solution of Triton X-100 (TX-100) with methanol, ethanol and propanol mixtures and Triton X-165 (TX-165) with the same alcohols on quartz surface were carried out. From the obtained results it appeared that the wettability of quartz depends on Triton’s and alcohol concentrations and that there is a linear dependence between the adhesional and surface tension of aqueous solution of Triton’s and alcohols mixtures. This dependence can be described by linear equations which constants depend somewhat on the Triton’s and alchohols concentration. The slope of all linear dependencies between the adhesional and surface tension is positive. The critical surface tension of quartz wetting determined from these dependencies by extrapolating the adhesional tension to a value equal to the surface tension (for contact angle equal zero) depends on the assumption whether the concentration of Triton or alcohols was constant. The average value at constant Triton’s concentration was equal to 27.1 mN/m and was lower than that evaluated at constant alcohol concentration (29.5 mN/m). The critical surface tension of quartz wetting at constant alcohol concentration was nearly the same as the apolar component of the surface tension of quartz covered with water monolayer film. The positive slope of the adhesional-surface tension curves and the work of water adhesion, Triton’s and alcohols to quartz surface indicates that the interaction between water molecules and quartz surface might be stronger than that between quartz and surface active agents molecules. So, the concentration excess of surfactants at quartz–water interface is probably negative, and the possibility of the surface active agents to adsorb at quartz/water film–water interface is higher than that at the quartz–water. However, at alcohol concentration above that of its aggregation the molecules of the surface active agents probably destroy the strongly ordered film of water.

Dynamic contact angles on PTFE surface by aqueous surfactant solution in the absence and presence of electrolytes

This study presents the experimental results on dynamic contact angles of pure surfactants and surfactants with electrolyte solutions on PTFE (Teflon) surface. Dynamic advancing ( θ A) and receding ( θ R) contact angles measurements by the Wilhelmy plate technique were carried out for aqueous solution of three different surfactants Triton X-100 (TX-100), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The same measurements in the presence of different electrolytes NaCl, Na 2SO 4, and CaCl 2 for ionic surfactants (SDBS and CTAB) were also carried out to see the change in contact angle and wetting behavior. The presence of electrolytes changes the advancing contact angle as well as wetting properties of hydrophobic solid surface significantly even at very low surfactant concentration. Counter ion valency of the electrolyte is more important in reducing advancing contact angle on hydrophobic PTFE surface at very low concentration of ionic surfactants from CMC. Pure surfactants and ionic surfactants in the presence of electrolytes show a linear relationship between the adhesional tension and surface tension at air–water interface with different slope and intercept.

The wettability of polytetrafluoroethylene and polymethylmethacrylate by aqueous solutions of Triton X-100 and propanol mixtures

Measurements of advancing contact angles (θ) were carried out for aqueous solutions of Triton X-100 (TX-100) and propanol mixtures at constant TX-100 concentration equal to 1×10−7, 1×10−6, 1×10−5, 1×10−4, 6×10−4 and 1×10−3M, respectively, on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polymethyhmethacrylate (PMMA). Using obtained results the changes of cosθ and adhesional tension against surface tension of all series of aqueous solutions of TX-100 and propanol mixtures (γLV) for PTFE and PMMA surfaces were shown. On the basis of these changes it was deduced that adsorption of TX-100 and propanol mixtures at PTFE-solution and solution-air interfaces is the same but the adsorption of TX-100 and propanol mixtures at solution-air interface is considerably higher than at PMMA-solution one. In the case of PTFE this conclusion was confirmed by relationship between cosθ and the reciprocal of the surface tension of solution. Extrapolation of the relationships between cosθ and/or adhesional tension and the surface tension of solutions to the points corresponding to the cosθ=1 and adhsional tension equal to the surface tension of solution, the critical surface tension of PTFE and PMMA wetting was determined. The average values of critical surface tension of wetting determined from these relationships for PTFE are lying in the range of its surface tension values determined from contact angles of different kinds of liquids, which can be find in the literature, but for PMMA are considerably lower than the surface tension. The double value of the critical surface tension of PTFE wetting is equal to adhesion work of the solution to its surface and for PMMA there is not any correlation between these magnitudes.Using the measured values of the contact angles and Young equation the PTFE(PMMA)-aqueous solution interfacial tension was determined. The interfacial tension values of PTFE-aqueous solution were also calculated from the Fainerman and Miller equation in which the correcting parameter of nonideality of the surface monolayer was introduced and compared to those obtained from Young equation. From this comparison it results that the changes of PTFE-solution interface tension as a function of propanol concentration can be described by the Fainerman and Miller equation.

Wettability of a Glass Surface in the Presence of Two Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures

Measurements of the advancing contact angle (theta) were carried out for aqueous solution of p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxypoly(ethylene glycol), Triton X-100 (TX100), and Triton X-165 (TX165) mixtures on glass. The obtained results indicate that the wettability of glass depends on the concentration and composition of the surfactant mixture. The relationship between the contact angle and concentration suggests that the lowest wettability corresponds to the concentration of TX100 and TX165 and their mixture near the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The minimum of the dependence between the contact angle and composition of the mixtures for each concentration at a monomer mole fraction of TX100, alpha, equals 0.2 and 0.4 points to synergism in the wettability of the glass surface. In contrast to the results of Zisman ( Zisman, W. A. In Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion; Gould, R. F., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 43; American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1964; p 1 ) there was no linear dependence between cos theta and the surface tension of aqueous solutions of TX100 and TX165 mixtures for all studied systems, but a linear dependence exists between the adhesional tension and surface tension for glass, practically, in the whole concentration range of surfactants studied, the slopes of which are positive in the range of 0.43-0.67. These positive slopes indicate that the interactions between the water molecules and glass surface might be stronger than those between the surface and surfactant molecules. So, the surface excess of surfactant concentration at the glass-water interface is probably negative, and the possibility for surfactant to adsorb at the glass/water film-water interface is higher than that at the glass-water interface. This conclusion is confirmed by the values of the work of adhesion of "pure" surfactants, aqueous solutions of surfactants, and aqueous solutions of their mixtures to the glass surface and by the negative values of glass-water interfacial tension determined from the Young equation in the range of surfactant concentrations corresponding to their unsaturated monolayer at the water-air interface.

Wetting Behavior of Aqueous Solutions of Binary Surfactant Mixtures to Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)

Measurements of the surface tension (γ LV) and advancing contact angle () on poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) were carried out for aqueous solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), cetylpyridynium bromide (CPyB), sodium decylsulfate (SDS), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDDS), p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenoxypoly(ethylene glycol)s, Triton X-100 (TX100) and Triton X-165 (TX165) and their mixtures. The results obtained indicate that the values of the surface tension and wettability of PTFE depend on the concentration and composition of the surfactants mixture. In contrast to Zisman finding, there was no linear dependence between cos and the surface tension of aqueous solutions of surfactants and their mixtures for all studied systems, but a linear dependence existed between the adhesional tension and solution surface tension for PTFE in the whole concentration range, the slope of which was –1, indicating that the surface excess concentration of surfactant at the PTFE–solution interface was the same as that at the solution–air interface for a given bulk concentration. It was also found that the work of adhesion of aqueous solutions of surfactants and their mixtures to PTFE surface did not depend on the type of surfactant, its concentration and composition of the mixture. This means that for the studied systems the interaction across PTFE–solution interface was constant, and it was largely of Lifshitz–van der Waals type. On the basis of the surface tension of PTFE and the Young equation and thermodynamic analysis of the work of adhesion of aqueous solutions of surfactants to the polymer surface it was found that in the case of PTFE the changes of the contact angle as a function of the total mixture concentration in the bulk phase resulted only from changes of the polar component of the solution surface tension.

Wettability of a Polytetrafluoroethylene Surface by an Aqueous Solution of Two Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures

Measurements of the advancing contact angle (theta) were carried out for an aqueous solution of p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxypoly(ethylene glycol)s (Triton X-100 (TX100) and Triton X-165 (TX165) mixtures) on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The obtained results indicate that the wettability of PTFE depends on the concentration and composition of the surfactant mixture. The minimum of the dependence between the contact angle and composition of the mixtures for PTFE for each concentration at a monomer mole fraction of TX100, alpha = 0.8, points to synergism in the wettability of PTFE. This effect was confirmed by the negative values of interaction parameters calculated on the basis of the contact angle and by the Rosen approach. In contrast to Zisman, there was no linear dependence between cos theta and the surface tension of an aqueous solution of TX100 and TX165 mixtures for all studied systems, but a linear dependence existed between the adhesional tension and surface tension for PTFE over the whole concentration range, the slope of which was -1, indicating that the surface excess of the surfactant concentration at the PTFE-solution interface was the same as that at the solution-air interface for a given bulk concentration. Similar values of monomer mole fractions of the surfactants at water-air and PTFE-water interfaces calculated on the basis of the surface tension and contact angles showed that adsorption at these two interfaces was the same. It was also found that the work of adhesion of an aqueous solution of surfactants to the PTFE surface did not depend on the type of surfactant and its concentration. This means that for the studied systems the interaction across the PTFE-solution interface was constant and was largely of Lifshitz-van der Waals type. On the basis of the surface tension of PTFE, the Young equation, and the thermodynamic analysis of the adhesion work of an aqueous solution of surfactant to the polymer surface, it was found that in the case of PTFE the changes in the contact angle as a function of the mixture concentration of two nonionic surfactants resulted only from changes in the polar component of the solution surface tension.

The wettability of polytetrafluoroethylene by aqueous solution of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and Triton X-100 mixtures

Measurements of the advancing contact angle (θ) were carried out for aqueous solution of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenoxypoly(ethylene glycol), Triton X-100 (TX100) mixtures on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The obtained results indicate that the wettability of PTFE depends on the concentration and composition of the surfactants mixture. There is a minimum of the dependence between contact angle and composition of the mixtures for PTFE for each concentration at a monomer mole fraction of CTAB, α, equal 0.2, which points to the synergism in the wettability of PTFE. In contrast to Zisman, there is no linear dependence between cosθ and the surface tension of aqueous solution of CTAB and TX100 mixtures for all studied systems, but a linear dependence exists between the adhesional tension and surface tension for PTFE in the whole concentration range, the slope of which is −1, that suggests that the surface excess of the surfactant concentration at the PTFE–solution interface is the same as that at the solution–air interface for a given bulk concentration. It was also found that the work of adhesion of aqueous solution of surfactants to PTFE surface did not depend on the type of surfactant and its concentration. It means that the interactions across PTFE–solution interface were constant for the systems studied, and they were largely Lifshitz–van de Waals type. On the basis of the surface tension of PTFE and the Young equation and thermodynamic analysis of the adhesion work of aqueous solution of surfactant to the polymer surface it was found that in the case of PTFE the changes of the contact angle as a function of the mixture of nonionic and cationic surfactants concentration resulted only from changes of the polar component of solution surface tension.