Adhesion Of Streptococcus Mutans Research Articles

Inhibitory effect of bovine milk osteopontin on the initial attachment of Streptococcus mutans

We investigated the effect of bovine milk osteopontin (OPN) on the initial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite pellets were immersed in 5.4 µM OPN solution at 37°C for 30 min. As a control, Milli-Q water was used. S. mutans were incubated at 37°C for 2 h on the pellets. Crystal violet staining and the quantitation of DNA were evaluated. Violet staining was observed on the hydroxyapatite pellets in the control group, but faint staining was seen in the OPN group. Amount of DNA attached to the hydroxyapatite pellet was significantly lower in the OPN group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that initial adhesion of S. mutans to the hydroxyapatite is inhibited with OPN.

Antibacterial coating of orthodontic elastomeric ligatures with silver and bismuth nanofilms by magnetron sputtering:Afeasibility study.

Magnetron sputtering was evaluated to equip surfaces of orthodontic elastomeric ligatures with silver and bismuth nanofilms. Antibacterial properties were evaluated by the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans. Polyurethane-based elastomeric ligatures were coated with silver and bismuth nanofilms via direct current magnetron sputtering. Surface roughness (Ra ) and surface-free energy (SFE) were assessed. Coated specimens were incubated with S. mutans for 2 h. Adhering bacteria were visualized by Hoechst staining and quantified by an ATP-based luminescence assay. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc testing and Pearson correlation analysis were performed (p < .05) to relate bacterial adhesion to surface roughness and surface-free energy. Elastomeric ligatures were successfully coated with silver and bismuth nanofilms. Ra was significantly reduced by silver coating. Silver and bismuth coatings showed significantly higher SFE than controls. Adhesion of S. mutans was significantly decreased by silver coating. No correlation between bacterial adhesion and SFE was found. Correlation between bacterial adhesion and Ra was positive but not statistically significant. Magnetron sputtering proved to be a feasible method to equip orthodontic elastomeric ligatures with silver and bismuth nanofilms. Silver coatings of elastomeric ligatures may reduce white spots and carious lesions in orthodontic patients. Future research is required to stabilize coatings.

The Effect of Red Ginger Essential Oil on Adherence of Streptococcus mutans

Streptococcus mutans is a bacterium involved in the formation of caries. Red ginger essential oil is extracted from rhizomes, has a content of natural compounds, and is used in medicine for antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. To prove the effect of red ginger essential oil on Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The agar diffusion method is performed to test antimicrobial activity and determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against Streptococcus mutans. Furthermore, the adherence test of Streptococcus mutans bacteria was carried out using a spectrophotometer l = 570nm. MIC red ginger essential oil against Streptococcus mutans bacteria at concentrations of 0.78% and 1.56%. In the 0.78% concentrate, an adherence value of 2.12 was obtained and in the 1.56% concentrate, an adherence value of 1.93 was obtained and 3.125% concentrate obtained an adherence value of 1.78. Red ginger essential oil has potential as an antimicrobial agent by inhibiting the adherence of Streptococcus mutans bacteria.

Effect of Sucrose Concentration on Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to Dental Material Surfaces

Effect of Sucrose Concentration on Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to Dental Material Surfaces

The influence of surface topography and microstructure of zirconia on initial bacterial adhesion of streptococcus mutans– in vitro study

The purpose of this research in this paper is to study the physical and chemical characteristics of the surfaces and the topography of the surfaces of zirconium materials used for the processing of fixed prosthetic works and their influence on the surface adhesion of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The samples used for examination are produced from zircon material, they are divided into two groups, the first group after sintering are polished without glaze, while the second group, after sintering, are covered with a layer of glaze. For the realization of the experimental part of this research, the following methods and analyzes were used: surface roughness measurement (SR), contact angle measurement, surface free energy determination (SFE), biofilm formation and preparation for scanning with a microscope electronic (SEM) Specimens produced from zirconia, polished but unglazed showed higher contact angle values 90.340, while glazed samples showed lower values than unglazed ones 61.640, Surface free energy measurements of zirconia samples polished without glaze showed significantly lower values (24.31mJ/m2 ) compared to the values obtained in the zircon samples covered with glaze (40.66mJ/m2 ), The surface roughness values are higher in unglazed zirconia samples and is 0.65μm, while in the polished and glazed zirconia samples, the roughness of the surfaces is less 0.29μm, SEM analysis results show that the smallest number of attached bacteria is found on the surfaces of samples with unglazed zircon (8 bacteria), while in samples with zircon covered with glaze, a much larger number of bacteria (26 bacteria) were found on their surfaces. The roughness of the surfaces was shown to have no effect on the bacterial surface adhesion of these samples.

Biodegradation of Urethane Dimethacrylate-based materials (CAD/CAM resin-ceramic composites) and its effect on the adhesion and proliferation of Streptococcus mutans

ObjectiveTo investigate whether urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) -based dental restorative materials biodegrade in the presence of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and whether the monomers affect the adhesion and proliferation of S. mutans in turn. MethodsCholesterol esterase and pseudocholinesterase-like activities in S. mutans were detected using p-nitrophenyl substrate. Two UDMA-based CAD/CAM resin-ceramic composites, Lava Ultimate (LU) and Vita Enamic (VE), and a light-cured UDMA resin block were co-cultured with S. mutans for 14 days. Their surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and laser microscopy, and the byproducts of biodegradation were examined by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Then, the antimicrobial components (silver nanoparticles with quaternary ammonium salts) were added to the UDMA resin block to detect whether the biodegradation was restrained. Finally, the effect of UDMA on biofilm formation and virulence expression of S. mutans was assessed. ResultsFollowing a 14-day immersion, the LU and UDMA resin blocks' surface roughness increased. The LU and VE groups had no UDMA or its byproducts discovered, according to the UPLC-MS/MS data, whereas the light-cured UDMA block group had UDMA, urethane methacrylate (UMA), and urethane detected. The addition of antimicrobial agents showed a significant reduction in the release of UDMA. Biofilm staining experiments showed that UDMA promoted the growth of S. mutans biofilm and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results indicated that 50 μg/mL UDMA significantly increase the expression of gtfB, comC, comD, comE, and gbpB genes within the biofilm. ConclusionsUDMA in the light-cured resin can be biodegraded to produce UMA and urethane under the influence of S. mutans. The formation of early biofilm can be promoted and the expression of cariogenic genes can be up-regulated by UDMA. Clinical significanceThis study focuses for the first time on whether UDMA-based materials can undergo biodegradation and verifies from a genetic perspective that UDMA can promote the formation of S. mutans biofilms, providing a reference for the rational use of UDMA-based materials in clinical practice.

Assessment of Polydopamine to Reduce Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to a Dental Polymer.

Bacterial adhesion to the surface of materials is the first step in biofilm formation, which will lead to conditions that may compromise the health status of patients. Recently, polydopamine (PDA) has been proposed as an antibacterial material. Therefore, the objective of the current work was to assess and compare the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to the surface of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) discs that were modified using PDA following a biomimetic approach versus smooth PDA-coated PMMA surfaces. In addition, an assessment of the growth inhibition by PDA was performed. PMMA discs were manufactured and polished; soft lithography, using the topography from the Crocosmia aurea leaf, was used to modify their surface. PDA was used to smooth-coat PMMA discs by dip-coating. The growth inhibition was measured using an inhibition halo. The surfaces were characterized by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), the contact angle (CA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Polydopamine exhibited a significant antibacterial effect when used directly on the S. mutans planktonic cells, but such an effect was not as strong when modifying the PMMA surfaces. These results open the possibility of using polydopamine to reduce the adhesion and growth of S. mutans, which might have important consequences in the dental field.

Effects of silica surface modification with silane and poly(ethylene glycol) on flexural strength, protein-repellent, and antibacterial properties of acrylic dental nanocomposites.

The main aim of the current work was to develop dental acrylic-based composites with protein-repellent and antibacterial properties by using surface-modified silica nanoparticles. The effects of surface modification of silica nanoparticles in protein-repellent and antibacterial activity and mechanical properties of dental composites including flexural strength, flexural modulus, and hardness were discussed. The surface of silica nanoparticles was first chemically treated with 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) as a coupling agent and then with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) bonded to MPS. Dental acrylic-based composites were prepared with mass fractions of 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40% of PEG-modified MPS-silica nanoparticles (PMS). The chemical surface modification of silica nanoparticles with MPS and PEG was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The dental composite containing 20wt% PMS nanoparticles could reduce the protein adsorption by 28% as compared with a composite containing 20wt% MPS-modified silica. The antibacterial test indicated that the PMS nanoparticles can significantly reduce the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and the biofilm formation on the surface of dental composites. It was found that the flexural strength increased by increasing the PMS nanoparticles from 0 to 20wt% and then decreased by the incorporation of higher percentages of these nanoparticles. Also, with increasing the weight percentage of PMS nanoparticles, the elastic and the flexural modulus and the hardness of resin nanocomposites were increased. In the current work, for the first time, dental resin composites containing PEG were prepared with excellent protein-repellent and antibacterial properties.

Konvansiyonel, CAD/CAM frezeleme ve 3D baskı yöntemleriyle üretilmiş geçici materyallerin yüzey özelliklerinin Streptococcus mutans ve Candida albicans tutunumuna etkileri

Objectives: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare conventionally manufactured, CAD/CAM milled, and 3D-printed interim materials based on their susceptibility to adherence of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, and examine the influence of surface roughness and hydrophobicity. Materials and Methods: Eighty disc-shaped specimens fabricated from autopolymerized polymethyl methacrylate (A-PMMA), bis-acryl composite (Bis-acrylate), CAD/CAM PMMA-based polymer (Milled-PMMA), and 3D-printed resin (Printed) were subjected to 10,000 thermal cycles (5-55 °C) and divided into two groups (n=10) according to microbial suspension used: Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Surface roughness (Ra) and hydrophobicity (WCA) of specimens were measured. An adhesion test was performed by incubating the specimens in Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans suspensions at 37 °C for 24 hours, and the adherent cells were evaluated by counting colony-forming units (CFU/ml). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to analyze the surfaces (n=2). Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to determine correlation among the measurements (α=.05). Results: Type of restorative material significantly influenced Ra and WCA. The highest adhesion of Streptococcus mutans was observed in Printed, followed by Bis-acrylate, A-PMMA, and Milled-PMMA (p=.001). The highest adhesion of Candida albicans was noted on A-PMMA, followed by Printed, Bis-acrylate, and Milled-PMMA (r=.001). The adhesion of Streptococcus mutans (r=.660) and Candida albicans (r=.413) showed a positive correlation with Ra. A negative correlation was found between WCA of the materials and Streptococcus mutans adhesion (r=-.373). Conclusions: Surface roughness plays an important role in the adherence of microorganisms. CAD/CAM PMMA-based polymers may be a better choice to reduce microbial adhesion in long-term use.

The importance of Veillonella in the oral microbiome and its impact on dental and periodontal pathology: a literature review

Relevance. Veillonella is associated with diseases of the oral cavity. Representatives of this genus occupy a significant share in the composition of the plaque microbiota and are involved in the formation of food chains and regulating the pH of the oral microbiome.The aim of this article is to provide an overview of scientific studies on the Veillonella taxonomic group's position in the oral microbiome and their possible impact on the development of infectious diseases of the oral cavity.Materials and methods. A scientific search was conducted in the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, NCBI, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and eLibrary.RU for the last 40 years. 88 sources in English and 1 in Russian were analyzed and included in this review.Results. Various species of Veillonella promote the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and metabolize the lactate produced by streptococci. They also play an essential role in forming the periodontium microbial biofilm, entering into co-aggregation with primary, intermediate and late colonizers, including such periodontal pathogens as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Veilonella is involved in the formation of lipopolysaccharides and hydrogen sulfide in pulpitis, periapical periodontitis and halitosis.Conclusion. Veillonella spp. is a significant component of the oral microbiome and can be viewed as a stabilizing component and as an indicator of a violation of the ecosystem's metabolic situation.

Sucrose-mediated formation and adhesion strength of Streptococcus mutans biofilms on titanium

Biofilms consist of bacterial cells surrounded by a matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), which protects the colony from many countermeasures, including antibiotic treatments. Growth and formation of bacterial biofilms are affected by nutrients available in the environment. In the oral cavity, the presence of sucrose affects the growth of Streptococcus mutans that produce acids that erode enamel and form dental caries. Biofilm formation on dental implants commonly leads to severe infections and can restrict osseointegration necessary for the implant to be successful. This work determines the effect of sucrose concentration on biofilm EPS formation and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans, a common oral colonizer, to titanium substrates simulating common dental implants. Biofilm formation and profiles are visualized at high magnification with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Large mounds and complex structures consisting of bacterial cells and EPS can be seen in biofilms at sucrose concentrations that are favorable for biofilm growth. The laser spallation technique is used to apply stress wave loading to the biofilm, causing the biofilm to delaminate at a critical tensile stress threshold. The critical tensile stress threshold is the adhesion strength. Because laser spallation applies the stress loading to the rear of the substrate, bulk adhesion properties of the biofilm can be determined despite the heterogenous composition and low cohesion strength of the biofilm. Statistical analysis reveals that adhesion strength of biofilms initially increase with increasing sucrose concentration and then decrease as sucrose concentration continues to increase. The adhesion strength of bacterial biofilms to the substrate in this study is compared to the adhesion of osteoblast-like cells to the same substrates published previously. When sucrose is present in the biofilm growth environment, S. mutans adhesion is higher than that of the osteoblast-like cells. Results of this study suggest sucrose-mediated S. mutans biofilms may outcompete osteoblasts in terms of adhesion during osseointegration, which could explain higher rates of peri-implant disease associated with high sugar diets. Further studies demonstrating adhesion differentials between biofilms and cells including co-cultures are needed and motivated by the present work.

Antibacterial Evaluation of Zirconia Coated with Plasma-Based Graphene Oxide with Photothermal Properties.

The alternative antibacterial treatment photothermal therapy (PTT) significantly affects oral microbiota inactivation. In this work, graphene with photothermal properties was coated on a zirconia surface using atmospheric pressure plasma, and then the antibacterial properties against oral bacteria were evaluated. For the graphene oxide coating on the zirconia specimens, an atmospheric pressure plasma generator (PGS-300, Expantech, Suwon, Republic of Korea) was used, and an Ar/CH4 gas mixture was coated on a zirconia specimen at a power of 240 W and a rate of 10 L/min. In the physiological property test, the surface properties were evaluated by measuring the surface shape of the zirconia specimen coated with graphene oxide, as well as the chemical composition and contact angle of the surface. In the biological experiment, the degree of adhesion of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) was determined by crystal violet assay and live/dead staining. All statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The group in which the zirconia specimen coated with graphene oxide was irradiated with near-infrared rays demonstrated a significant reduction in the adhesion of S. mutans and P. gingivalis compared with the group not irradiated. The oral microbiota inactivation was reduced by the photothermal effect on the zirconia coated with graphene oxide, exhibiting photothermal properties.

Surface properties and Streptococcus mutans biofilm adhesion of ion-releasing resin-based composite materials

ObjectiveTo evaluate the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and related surface properties of ion-releasing resin-based composite (RBC) restorative materials. MethodsTwo ion-releasing RBCs, Activa (ACT) and Cention-N (CN), were compared to a conventional RBC (Z350) and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji-II-LC). Ten disk-shaped specimens were fabricated for each material (n = 40). After standardized surface polishing procedure, the surface properties of the specimens were evaluated using surface roughness measurements by a profilometer and hydrophobicity using water contact angle measurements. To assess bacterial adhesion, the number of S. mutans bacteria was calculated from colony-forming units (CFU). Confocal laser scanning microscope analysis was done for qualitative & quantitative assessment. The data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test to compare the mean values of surface roughness, water contact angle and CFU values. To compare the mean dead cell percentage Kruskal-Wallis rank test and Conover test were used. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was used to report the statistical significance. ResultsZ350 and ACT had the smoothest surfaces, followed by CN, and the roughest surface was seen in FUJI-II-LC. The lowest water contact angles were seen in CN, and Z350, and the highest were in ACT. S. mutans counts were the highest in ACT and the lowest in Z350 and CN. CN and Fuji-II-LC registered the highest percentage of dead bacterial cells, while the lowest were in ACT. SignificanceSurface properties did not significantly influence bacterial adhesion. More S. mutans bacteria accumulated on ACT than on the nanofilled composite and on CN. CN had antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans biofilms.

Adjunctive role of Q10 with Ligilactobacillus salivarius, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum probiotic Bacteria on the HEp-2 cells viability and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans.

Various studies have indicated the application of Coenzyme Q10 and probiotic bacteria such as Ligilactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) in combating periodontal disease. Considering the positive effect of these two on oral health, and the destructive effect of S. mutans, in this study, we investigate the outcomes of the administration of probiotics and Q10 on infected HEp-2 cell viability and S. mutans adhesion in different settings. A 3-week-old human epidermoid laryngeal (HEp-2) cell line was cultured and exposed to two different probiotics and 3 different doses of Q10 doses. Samples were contaminated by S. mutans immediately (therapeutic setting) and after 3 hours (preventive setting). Eventually, the viability of HEp-2 cells was investigated by MTT. Also, the number of adhered S. mutans was explored by direct and indirect adhesion assays. L. plantarum and L. salivarius protect epithelial cells against S. mutans in both therapeutic and preventive settings, albeit not fully. In contrast, Q10 completely preserves the viability of infected Her HEp-2 cells at all concentrations. The effects of the coexistence of Q10 and probiotics were not quite equal, among which L. salivarius and 5 μg of Q10 form the best results. The microscopic adherence assay of S. mutans revealed that samples containing Q10 had significantly lower adhesion of probiotics and S. mutans to HEp-2 cells. Similarly, plates containing L. salivarius with 5μg or L. plantarum with 1μg Q10 or sole presence of L. salivarius had the lowest S. mutans adherence among others. Also, L. salivarius with 5μg Q10 had one of the highest probiotic adherences. In conclusion, co-administration of Q10 and probiotics especially in presence of L. salivarius with 5μg Q10 could have remarkable effects on HEp-2 cell viability, S. mutans, and probiotic adherence. Nevertheless, our study, for the first time, showed that Q10 might have an anti-bacterial activity by suppressing the adhesion of tested bacteria to HEp-2 cells. This hypothesis, if correct, suggests that due to their different mechanisms, co-prescription of Q10 and probiotics may lead to better clinical responses, especially in the mentiond dose.

Effect of different finishing and polishing procedures on surface roughness and microbial adhesion on highly-filled composites for injectable mold technique.

To evaluate the effect of different finishing and polishing procedures on surface roughness and microbial adhesion and viability of Streptococcus mutans on novel highly-filled composites for injectable mold technique. One hundred sixty specimens were divided into four material groups: FSF (Filtek Supreme Flowable Restorative), TE (Tetric EvoFlow), GUI (G-aenial Universal Injectable) and GUF (G-aenial Universal Flo). Within each group, specimens were split regarding finishing and polishing (F/P) procedures into: SLD (Sof-Lex Discs), SLS (Sof-Lex Spirals), OG (OneGloss) and PG (PoGo). Surface roughness was analyzed using profilometer (Ra and Rz) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Strep. mutans biofilm formation was analyzed using colony forming unit (CFU) and cell viability assay. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test were used for comparison among groups, Pearson's coefficient was applied for the correlation between Ra and CFU/ml and all data were presented as mean ± SD. Both materials and F/P procedures affect Ra, Rz and Strep. mutans CFU/ml values (p ≤ 0.05). Considering the Ra and Rz, GUI and GUF revealed lower values, compared to FSF and TE and SLD and SLS revealed lower values, compared to OG and PG. Considering the Strep. mutans CFU/ml and viability, GUI and TE presented lower values, compared to GUF and FSF and SLD and SLS presented lower values, compared to OG and PG. Moderate positive correlation was found between Ra and CFU/ml (r = 0.552). The smoothest surfaces possess GUI and GUF, among materials and SLD and SLS, among F/P procedures. GUI adhered the lowest amount of Strep. mutans, due to the smoothest surfaces. FSF and GUF revealed the highest amount of Strep. mutans, due to bis-GMA, bis-MEPP and TEGDMA in their composition. The findings of the present study may be beneficial for the proper selection of highly-filled composites and an adequate finishing and polishing procedure when performing the injectable mold composite resin veneer technique.

Mussel-Inspired Caries Management Strategy: Constructing a Tribioactive Tooth Surface with Remineralization, Antibiofilm, and Anti-inflammation Activity.

Dental caries is a common chronic oral disease in humans resulting from tooth demineralization caused by acid production of bacterial plaque, which leads to the destruction of enamel and dentin and oral inflammation. However, it is still a challenge that the function of natural active ingredients in currently available oral care products is not comprehensive, especially the lack of remineralization. Here, inspired by the strong biological adhesion ability of mussels and ancient oral disease plant therapy, a multifunctional strategy is proposed to construct a bioactive tooth surface to treat dental caries. It has been demonstrated that the Turkish gall extract (TGE) can inhibit adhesion of cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus and destroy biofilms on the tooth surface. Meanwhile, TGE can reduce the expression of inflammatory factors. Notably, the TGE coating can induce the growth of hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals in vivo and in vitro, recovering the enamel mechanical properties under normal oral conditions. MD simulations interpreted the adsorption mechanism by which the hydroxyl groups in TGE bind to phosphate group (PO43-) on the tooth surface, attracting calcium ions (Ca2+) as nucleation sites for remineralization. This work underlines the importance of TGE coating in remineralization, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammation activity as a promising strategy for dental caries.

Assessment of Inhibition of Biofilm Formation on Non-Thermal Plasma-Treated TiO2 Nanotubes.

Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease similar to periodontitis, caused by biofilms formed on the surface of dental implants. This inflammation can spread to bone tissues and result in bone loss. Therefore, it is essential to inhibit the formation of biofilms on the surface of dental implants. Thus, this study examined the inhibition of biofilm formation by treating TiO2 nanotubes with heat and plasma. Commercially pure titanium specimens were anodized to form TiO2 nanotubes. Heat treatment was performed at 400 and 600 °C, and atmospheric pressure plasma was applied using a plasma generator (PGS-200, Expantech, Suwon, Republic of Korea). Contact angles, surface roughness, surface structure, crystal structure, and chemical compositions were measured to analyze the surface properties of the specimens. The inhibition of biofilm formation was assessed using two methods. The results of this study showed that the heat treatment of TiO2 nanotubes at 400 °C inhibited the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), associated with initial biofilm formation, and that heat treatment of TiO2 nanotubes at 600 °C inhibited the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), which causes peri-implantitis. Applying plasma to the TiO2 nanotubes heat-treated at 600 °C inhibited the adhesion of S. mutans and P. gingivalis.

Enhancing cell adhesive and antibacterial activities of glass-fibre-reinforced polyetherketoneketone through Mg and Ag PIII.

Glass-fibre-reinforced polyetherketoneketone (PEKK-GF) shows great potential for application as a dental implant restoration material; however, its surface bioinertness and poor antibacterial properties limit its integration with peri-implant soft tissue, which is critical in the long-term success of implant restoration. Herein, functional magnesium (Mg) and silver (Ag) ions were introduced into PEKK-GF by plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII). Surface characterization confirmed that the surface morphology of PEKK-GF was not visibly affected by PIII treatment. Further tests revealed that PIII changed the wettability and electrochemical environment of the PEKK-GF surface and enabled the release of Mg2+ and Ag+ modulated by Giavanni effect. In vitro experiments showed that Mg/Ag PIII-treated PEKK-GF promoted the proliferation and adhesion of human gingival fibroblasts and upregulated the expression of adhesion-related genes and proteins. In addition, the treated samples inhibited the metabolic viability and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis on their surfaces, distorting bacterial morphology. Mg/Ag PIII surface treatment improved the soft tissue integration and antibacterial activities of PEKK-GF, which will further support and broaden its adoption in dentistry.

Efficacy of Denture Cleansers on Microbial Adherence and Surface Topography of Conventional and CAD/CAM-Processed Denture Base Resins.

This study assessed the efficacy of five denture cleansers on the microbial adherence and surface topography of conventional and CAD/CAM denture base resins. Acrylic resin discs were fabricated using conventional, milling, and 3D printing methods (N = 180). The discs were contaminated with dual species of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans biofilm for 72 h and then disinfected with either of the denture cleansers (Fittydent cleansing tablets, 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 1% sodium hypochlorite (n = 10). Distilled water served as the control group. The colony-forming units of the microorganisms were calculated, followed by post-treatment surface roughness. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, paired t-test, and post hoc Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05). Among the denture cleansers, 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 1% sodium hypochlorite had the best cleansing effect on the resin discs and demonstrated zero growth of colonies for both the species. Comparing the material groups, the 3D-processed discs showed higher colony-forming units followed by the conventional and CAD/CAM milled group. The highest surface roughness was demonstrated by the 3D-printed discs (0.690 ± 0.08 μm), followed by the conventional (0.493 ± 0.11 μm) and the milled groups (0.301 ± 0.08 μm). The tested chemical denture cleansers affected the Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans adhesion compared to control discs immersed in distilled water. The clinician may recommend to their patient to use 2% chlorhexidine gluconate for the disinfection of CAD/CAM PMMA denture base materials.

Biofilm formation and Streptococcus mutans adhesion on different coated and noncoated nickel-titanium archwires: An in vitro study

Abstract Aim: The orthodontic archwires used in routine practice are coated with esthetic coatings to keep up with the aesthetic demand among patients seeking orthodontic treatment, which have been reported to increase the surface roughness (SR) of archwires and lead to an increase in bacterial and plaque accumulation. This in vitro study aims to compare the biofilm formation and bacterial adherence between esthetic coated and noncoated archwires. Material and Methods: This experimental in vitro study was conducted using three aesthetic coated and two noncoated nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires (n = 5/group). The archwires were subjected to artificially cultured Streptococcus mutans broth followed by colony count assessment (CFU) and crystal violet staining assay to determine S. mutans adhesion and biofilm formation. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software for inter-group and intra-group comparisons of CFU and biofilm formation (optical density) with one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test and Mann–Whitney’s U test. Results: A significant difference in CFU/biofilm was observed at 3% sucrose concentration between the tested archwires (P = 0.029) and epoxy coated (Libral) archwire had higher S. mutans adhesion when compared to its noncoated counterpart (P = 0.035). The biofilm formation however showed no statistical difference between the tested archwires. Conclusion: A significant difference was noted in S. mutans adherence (CFU/biofilm) under 3% sucrose condition, with greater S. mutans adherence in epoxy coated archwire. In vivo use of aesthetic coated archwires is at a similar risk of biofilm accumulation as their noncoated counterparts.