Starch Adhesives Research Articles

Interfacial properties of PET and PET/starch polymers developed by air plasma processing

The main goal of this paper was to determine interfacial properties of base untreated PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and starch modified PET as a function of time of air plasma processing. Air plasma was applied to improve the interfacial adhesion of starch to PET as an effect of oxidation and cross-linking changes. In turn, starch was used because the poor oxygen permeability of its layer can have a potential for the preservation of numerous food and pharmaceutical products. Wettability of the surfaces and work of adhesion on the basis of measurements of advancing and receding contact angles for the probe liquids on the PET plates base and covered with a starch film were obtained. The short plasma treatment was immediately followed by a sharp decrease of contact angle. Largely, in the course of longer plasma acting the contact angle of all liquids slightly increases due to the reorientation of polar groups towards the surface layer of polymer. Moreover, thermal and mechanical properties of base PET and those modified with air plasma were determined. Significant differences in elongation at break, but small differences in thermal stability and flexural properties of PET after plasma modification were observed. The starch film surface was characterized by FTIR measurements which confirm the contact angle results. Changes of time of plasma treatment and/or starch modification combination led to improvement of PET interfacial properties and biocompatibility. The obtained results expand the characteristics of PET/starch materials, which is of significant importance, particularly to formulate new starch coatings with controlled release and new biocompatible packaging PET/starch films with special properties.

Studies on Seasonal Variation of Linerboard Strength (II) - Effect of Starch Adhesives on Strength of Linerboard -

Studies on Seasonal Variation of Linerboard Strength (II) - Effect of Starch Adhesives on Strength of Linerboard -

Design of experiments for optimization a biodegrable adhesive based on ramon starch (Brosimum alicastrum Sw.)

In this work, a Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were used to study the effect of starch content, hydrolyzing agent (NaOH) content, temperature and cooking period on peel strength and shear strength of biodegradable adhesives based on Ramon (Brosimum alicastrum Sw.) and Corn (Zea mays L.) starch. Scribe® paper was used as substrate or adherent. The CCD consisted of 36 experiments (including 12 central points). The second-order regression models of the response surface method, used to predict the response variables, exhibited a high correlation between the data obtained and the predicted data, and were thus considered reliable to optimize the mechanical properties for peel strength and shear strength of the Ramon starch adhesives. Starch content, hydrolyzing agent content and the cooking temperature of the adhesives proved to be the most significant factors affecting peel strength and shear strength of the adhesives of both the Ramon and corn starch. Moreover, the interactions of Starch-NaOH and Starch-Temperature were found to be the most significant in the adhesive properties in both adhesives. The mechanical properties (peel strength and shear strength) of both adhesives increased until reaching approximately their temperatures of gelatinization (T RAMON GEL = 83°C, T GEL CORN = 72°C). At higher temperatures, the mechanical properties of the adhesives diminished. The results of this study show that the adhesive prepared with the Ramon starch presents adhesive properties similar to those of an adhesive prepared with corn starch. This would imply that the Ramon starch is a viable alternative to substitute corn starch in industrial applications not relating to food production.

전분 접착제의 접착 효율 및 골판지의 내수성 향상을 위한 첨가제의 적용

In order to improve the bonding efficiency of starch adhesives and water resistance of corrugated board, mixing ratio of additives dosage was changed and its effects were analyzed. When the additives dosage was increased, bonding strength, vertical compression strength, bursting strength and water resistance were increased, because of hydroxyl groups or acetyl groups in starch adhesives and cellulose fibers of corrugated board were cross-linked by additives. When 1.0% glyoxal dosage was added, flat crush strength and vertical compression strength were increased. With 1.5% glyoxal, bonding strength and bursting strength were increased. However, 2.0% glyoxal dosage was added, most of strength except bursting strength were decreased. Thus, when the appropriate amount of additives are added during corrugated board production process, increased bonding efficiency of starch adhesives and higher water resistance of corrugated board can be achieved.

Thermal Characterization of the Gelatinization of Corn Starch Suspensions with Added Sodium Hydroxide or Urea as a Main Component of Corrugating Adhesives.

The effects of sodium hydroxide and urea on the gelatinization of corn starch suspensions, a main component of corrugating starch adhesives, were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Sodium hydroxide and urea decreased the gelatinization starting temperature (Ts1), peak temperature, conclusion temperature, enthalpy of gelatinization (DSCΔH), apparent activation energy (ApEa), and van’t Hoff enthalpy change (ΔHvHº). DSC analysis showed the gelatinization endotherm, the melting endotherm of starch−lipid complexes, and an exotherm attributable to the alkali-decomposition of starch. This exotherm was only observed in the first scan for sodium hydroxide additions of more than 3.8 mol%. The existence of the starch−lipid complexes was also suggested by the reappearance of the corresponding endotherm in the second DSC scan. The increases in the gelatinization rate constants caused by the two additives were deduced from the Arrhenius equation using ApEa. The relationship between the temperature corresponding to the half gelatinization transition (Tm) and DSCΔH, and that between Tmand ApEa quantitatively agreed for the two additives, suggesting that gelatinization might be stimulated by a similar mechanism involving breaking intermolecular hydrogen bonds in starch. Only sodium hydroxide caused a significant decrease of Ts1 and broadening of the gelatinization peak. Therefore, ΔHvHºand the size of the gelatinizing cooperative unit estimated from the ΔHvHº/DSCΔH ratio were decreased more by sodium hydroxide than by urea, indicating that sodium hydroxide facilitated the mobility of starch molecules more effectively during gelatinization.

Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Spray Properties of Tapioca Starch Adhesives

The use of starches as a material in urea granules coating industry is a recent development. The pure starches do not meet the standards set by many industrial processes due to slow tacking and to low viscosities, and require necessary modifications in their physical properties. The objective of the work was to synthesize and characterize the tapioca base biopolymers for future urea granules coating applications. For this purpose, three compositions of starch-urea-borate complex were prepared and their sprays were characterized using a bottom to top spraying system. The characterization of physical properties of the synthesized starch adhesives was carried out by determining the effect of temperature, shear rate and mass concentration of thickener/stabilizer on solution viscosity. A shear-thinning behavior followed by shear-thickening was observed for all solution compositions. This shear thinning to shear thickening transition becomes less prominent above 80°C of solution heating temperature. Using a high speed camera (Phantom v9.1), the jet breakup dynamics were also visualized as a function of the solution temperature and pumping pressure. . An increasing trend was noticed in spray cone angle with temperature upto 80°C and thereafter it became almost constant. Similarly, a linear increase in spray tip penetration was noticed with time from start of the injection which became steady after 70 ms of injection time.

Octenylsuccinylation of cornstarch to improve its sizing properties for polyester/cotton blend spun yarns

Octenylsuccinylation of cornstarch had been performed to improve the properties of cornstarch for sizing polyester/cotton blend spun yarns. The starch was octenylsuccinylated with octenylsuccinic anhydride to different levels of substitution in order to find the effect of octenylsuccinylation extent on the properties. The influences of starch octenylsuccinylation upon paste viscosity, viscosity stability, surface tension, and adhesion to cotton or polyester fibers, performance of starch film, alone with the mechanical properties and hairiness of sized yarns were studied. It was found that the octenylsuccinylation was able to stabilize paste viscosity of starch, reduce surface tension of cooked starch paste, increase adhesion of starch to polyester fibers, ameliorate performances of starch film, improve mechanical properties of sized polyester/cotton yarns, and decrease hairiness on surface of sized yarns. Initial increase in the level of octenylsuccinylation enhanced these positive effects, while excessive level resulted in marked reduction in tensile strength of starch film and significant decrease in reaction efficiency. In addition, the modification does not raise the degree of desizing difficulty under the modification extent considered. When degree of substitution was 0.025, the octenylsuccinylation could be applied to improve the performances of cornstarch for sizing polyester/cotton yarns.

Effect of amphoteric grafting branch on the adhesion of starch to textile fibers

Starch-g-poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) (starch-g-P(DMC/AA)) with different zeta potentials was prepared via the graft copolymerization of acid-thinned cornstarch (ATS) with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) and acrylic acid (AA) in aqueous medium using Fe2+–H2O2 initiator. The investigation was carried out to reveal the influence of amphoteric branches grafted onto starch chains upon the adhesion of starch to textile fibers. Zeta potential of starch-g-P(DMC/AA) was adjusted by altering the mole ratio of DMC to AA charged into the copolymerization system. The adhesion was evaluated in terms of bonding strength and specific bonding strength of slightly sized roving based on a legal method (FZ/T 15001-2008) through the comparison of the amphoteric branch-grafted starch with ATS, starch-g-PAA, and starch-g-PDMC for warp sizing. It was found that the charged branches grafted onto starch chains were able to significantly enhance the adhesion. Zeta potential, depending on the mole ratio of DMC to AA units in the grafting branches, showed evident effect on the adhesion and desizability of the grafted starch. Increase in the potential favored to improve the adhesion, but disfavored the removal of the starch from sized warps. Alkali-oxidant agent desizing test confirmed that the starch-g-P(DMC/AA) with neutral potential was desizable. The amphoteric branch-grafted starch exhibited potential application as size base materials in warp sizing operation if its zeta potential was neutral.

Study on the Rheological Property of Cassava Starch Adhesives

The main goal of this study was to use cassava starch in the production of environmentally sound adhesives. 'Three-formaldehyde glue' pollutes the environment and harms to human health strongly, which widely used for wood-based panels preparation. Environment-friendly cassava starch adhesives were prepared using method of oxidation-gelatinization, insteading of the three formaldehyde glue. The effects of the quality ratio of starch and water, temperature and shear rate on the apparent viscosity of the adhesive were studied. The rheological eigenvalue of apparent viscosity was studied through nonlinear regression. The results showed that the apparent viscosity of cassava starch adhesives decreased with the increasing of temperature; the apparent viscosity decreased slowly with the increasing of rotor speed; the phenomenon of shear thinning appeared within cassava starch adhesives which was pseudo-plastic fluids. Cassava starch adhesives with characteristics of non-toxic, no smell and pollution could be applied in interior and upscale packaging.

The Rheological Property of Potato Starch Adhesives

The main goal of this study was to use potato starch in the production of environmentally sound adhesives. 'Three-formaldehyde glue' pollutes the environment and harms to human health strongly, which widely used for wood-based panels preparation. Environment-friendly potato starch adhesives were prepared using method of oxidation-gelatinization, insteading of the three formaldehyde glue. The effects of the quality ratio of starch and water, temperature and shear rate on the apparent viscosity of the adhesive were studied. The rheological eigenvalue of apparent viscosity was studied through nonlinear regression. The results showed that the apparent viscosity of potato starch adhesives decreased with the increasing of temperature; the apparent viscosity decreased slowly with the increasing of rotor speed; the phenomenon of shear thinning appeared within potato starch adhesives which was pseudo-plastic fluids. Potato starch adhesives with characteristics of non-toxic, no smell and pollution could be applied in interior and upscale packaging.

Effects of starch maleation and sulfosuccination on the adhesion of starch to cotton and polyester fibers

Acid-treated cornstarch was maleinated with maleic anhydride or then further sulfonated with sodium bisulfite to prepare maleinated and sulfosuccinylated starches, respectively. Effects of the sulfosuccination and maleation on the adhesion of starch to cotton and polyester fibers were investigated for warp sizing. The adhesion was evaluated in terms of specific adhesion strength measured with a standard method (FZ/T 15001-2008). Experimental results showed that both sulfosuccination and maleation of cornstarch were able to improve the adhesion of starch to cotton and polyester fibers. In addition, the sulfosuccination and maleation was capable of reducing static contact angles of cooked starch pastes onto the surfaces of cotton and polyester fabrics. Starch sulfosuccination was superior to the maleation in raising the adhesion. The measurements of the biological oxygen demand within 5 days and chemical oxygen demand indicated that both sulfosuccination and maleation did not adversely affect aerobic biodegradation of starch in the ranges of modification level considered. Low level of sulfosuccination could be adopted to improve the adhesion of starch to fibers for warp sizing.

Adhesion of starch‐g‐poly(2‐acryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) to cotton and polyester fibers

A series of starch‐g‐poly(2‐acryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) (starch‐g‐PATAC) samples with different grafting ratios was prepared via the graft copolymerization of acid‐thinned granular corn starch with 2‐acryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (ATAC) in aqueous medium using Fe2+–H2O2 initiator. The adhesion of starch‐g‐PATAC to cotton and polyester fibers was investigated for warp sizing. Influence of the positively charged branches grafted onto backbones of starch upon the adhesion was revealed. It was found that the branches showed positive effect on the adhesion. Starch‐g‐PATAC possessed stronger adhesion than its counterpart. Zeta potential, surface tension, and contact angle measurements were performed to find the reason for the alteration in the adhesion. In addition, cooked starch‐g‐PATAC paste was stable in apparent viscosity under high temperature. Using alkali‐oxidant agent desizing, starch‐g‐PATAC was desizable when its grafting ratio was no more than 7.5%. Positively charged branch‐grafted starches showed their potential as size base materials in warp sizing operation.

Preparation and Properties of Biodegradable Planting Containers Made with Straw and Starch Adhesive

A biodegradable planting container made with rice straw and starch adhesives modified by polyvinyl alcohol was studied in this paper. The effect of heat treatment and polyamide resin on the properties of planting containers was investigated. The physical property and biodegradability were characterized by means of hygroscopicity, FTIR, degradability, and the thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the dry strength of planting containers increased as a result of both treatments. The wet strength of planting containers increased as a result of heat treatment, while the wet strength of planting containers decreased as a result of polyamide resin. The hygroscopicity of planting containers decreased with heat treatment and polyamide resin. The effect of heat treatment was more obvious than the effect of polyamide resin. It was observed that the peak intensity and position were changed for the 3400 cm-1, 2900 cm-1, 1640 cm -1, 1500 cm-1, 1400 cm-1, and 1050 cm-1 under the treatment of polyamide resin. The weight loss of specimens treated with polyamide resin was larger because of the presence of nitrogen in the resin. The appearance of planting containers showed the heat treatment containers were not easily prone to mildew when used for planting. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that heat treatment can improve the thermal stability, while the polyamide resin was shown to promote the degradation of planting containers.

Effect of citric acid, PVOH, and starch ratio on the properties of cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol)/starch adhesives

The properties of tapioca starch adhesives were improved by cross-linking and the cross-linked adhesive compared with pure tapioca starch and poly(vinyl alcohol) adhesives. The effect of starch ratio, type of PVOH, and adding citric acid were important factors on the cross-linked adhesives. Wood adhesives made from cross-linked PVOH/starch were prepared by PVOH and tapioca starch, using hexamethoxymethyl melamine (HMMM) and citric acid (CA) as a cross-linking agent and catalyst, respectively. The effect of CA, PVOH/starch ratio, and type of PVOH such as medium (M PVOH) and high molecular weight (H PVOH) were investigated. The condition of the cross-linking reaction was 175 °C for 15 min. The structural properties of cross-linked adhesive were investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy. The results were confirmed in terms of thermal properties with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and the shear strength of the adhesive. The cross-linked adhesive resulted in the increase of T g and showed good blend compatibility with all of the cross-linked adhesives. The adhesive strength significantly increased when using CA as a catalyst in the cross-linking reaction. The optimum contents of the cross-linked PVOH/starch adhesives were 1:1.8 for M PVOH and 1:0.5 for H PVOH.

Preparation of a Crosslinking Cassava Starch Adhesive and its Application in Coating Paper

A new starch-based adhesive with high solid content, high binding force, and low viscosity was prepared via hydrolysis of cassava starch with α-amylase using glycerol as a plasticizer and Ammonium Zirconium Carbonate (AZC) as a crosslinker. The adhesive was applied to coated paper as a partial substitute for SBR latex. The effects of α-amylase, glycerol, AZC, and temperature on the starch adhesive and its performance in application were investigated. The prepared crosslinking cassava starch adhesive showed a significant effect when the starch slurry concentration was 50% (w/w), the dosages of glycerol and α-amylase were 15% and 0.075%, respectively, and the enzymolysis starch was crosslinked with 12% AZC at 50 °C. The modified starch improved the paper in terms of surface strength, gloss, whiteness, and smoothness when 20% SBR latex was substituted into the coating formulation. Statistical analysis indicated that the crosslinking temperature and AZC had significant effects on the performance of the paper, while glycerin and α-amylase had little effect on it. Spectral analysis of the product showed that the crosslinking reaction took place between AZC and cassava starch. The average particle size was 528.6 nm. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of the paper surface were consistent with the other measured surface properties.

Evaluation of the Properties of Particleboard Made Using Oil Palm Starch Modified with Epichlorohydrin

The objective of this study was to investigate the physical properties, including density, moisture content, thickness swelling, and water absorption, in addition to the mechanical properties such as modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength of experimental panels that were made from rubberwood particles using oil palm starch modified with epichlorohydrin as a binder. The samples were also examined using X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The panel properties were compared with the properties of panels manufactured using native oil palm starch. The properties of starch and starch adhesives were also investigated. The panels were produced based on 0.60 g/cm3 and 0.80 g/cm3 target densities and two press times of 15 and 20 min. The results showed that the 0.80 g/cm3 panels manufactured using modified oil palm starch and with 15 min of press time had better properties than did the others. However, a lower thickness swelling value was found for panels with density 0.60 g/cm3 and with 15 min of press time. Based on the results in this study, it can be concluded that the use of oil palm starch modified with epichlorohydrin as a binder has the potential to be used as a green adhesive in commercial applications.

Physicochemical Characteristics Study on Wheat Starch Adhesive - Based on Wheat Starch Adhesive fermenting period less than two years-

In this study, wheat starch adhesive was investigated the shape and structure of starch, the difference in characteristics such as chemical composition according to the fermenting period of 2 years or less. The fermenting period of wheat starch adhesive is 1 month, 2months, 4 months,6 months, 1 year, 2years old. The wheat starch adhesives were investigated total sugar contents, protein contents, properties of gelatinization, pH, the bonding strength and also observed the surface of starch,. As a result, the longer the fermenting period, the increasing in total sugar contents and decreasing in protein contents. The particle shape and surface were similar regardless of the period. In addition, properties of gelatinization according to the fermenting period also could not see the difference. In pH of the adhesive, the longer the fermenting period, the near to neutral. The adhesive was high bonding strength in 4 months, but appeared a tendency to decrease from 6 months. The damage assessment through the UV degradation in regard to the papers applied the adhesive was accomplished. Color difference was no change except 1 month. The 4 months and 6 months' pH was each 5.0, 5.2. But it was near to neutral that the 12 months and 24 months' pH was each 5.7, 5.9.

Comparative study on sizing properties of amphoteric starch and phosphorylated starch for warp sizing

By varying the ratios of N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropl) trimethylammonium chloride and orthophosphate to starch, a series of amphoteric starch with different degree of substitution (DS) were prepared for evaluating sizing effect of amphoteric starch for cotton warps. The amphoteric starch contained quaternary ammonium and phosphate groups simultaneously, and was set to electric neutrality by varying relative quantity of anionic and cationic groups in order to prevent adverse effects of negative and positive charges. The influence of amphoteric modification of starch on the adhesion to cotton fibers was assessed by measuring tensile strength and work-to-break of slightly sized cotton roving and comparing the adhesion of amphoteric starch with those of phosphorylated one. Comparison on mechanical performances of amphoteric starch film over phosphorylated one was evaluated in terms of tensile strength, breaking extension and wear loss of starch film. The properties such as increase in tensile strength, loss in elasticity, abrasion resistance, and hairiness of cotton yarns sized with amphoteric starch were evaluated through control tests by the comparison with those of phosphorylated one. When zeta potential of amphoteric starch was set close to zero, the adhesion increased and the properties of sized yarns enhanced as the modification level increased. The amphoteric starch was evidently superior to phosphorylated one in improving the quality of sized cotton yarns. The amphoteric starch with neutral zeta potential and DS levels of 0.02–0.03 for quaternary ammonium groups and phosphate ones, respectively, could be applied to size cotton warp yarns for the improvement of yarn quality.

Preparation and Properties of Environmental Friendly Wood Adhesives Based on Wild Acorn Starch

A friendly environmental wood adhesive was prepared using wild acorn starch as a raw material. The physical properties of wild acorn starch were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and brookfield viscometer. The polyvinyl acetate emulsion and isocyanate were employed to prepared modified wild acorn starch adhesives. The plywoods were prepared using the adhesives and their bonding strength was measured. The experimental results showed that 1) the wild corn starch was adaptive for preparing adhesive; 2)the optimum preparing conditions of the modified wild acorn starch adhesive were as follows: the mass ratio of acorn starch/water/modifing agent was 8/9/3, the addition amount of viscosity reducer was 0.6%, the mass proportion of polyvinyl acetate emulsion/starch adhesive was 1/1, the addition amount of isocyanate was 15% weight of starch adhesive. The plywood using the adhesive prepared at the optimum condition was 0.9 MPa, could meet the type ⅡChinese Strandard plywood requirement.

The Preparation of Mica Composite Insulation Material with Starch Adhesive and its Modified Enhancement

Silicone resin is the mainly adhesive in mica insulation industry, and this sort of adhesive is easy to produce toxic and harmful volatile organic compounds and causing the environment pollution. Under the premise of no decrease in insulation performance of the mica composite insulation material, the environmental friendly modified starch adhesive is chosen. In order to obtain the high performance composite materials, the improvement of its flexural strength is necessary, and the method of modification is introduced. Four kinds of modified starch, such as: maize soluble starch, oxidized starch, β-dextrin and cationic starch are discussed. The cationic starch is avaliable as the bond medium and the silicone coupling agent KH-550 is used for modified enhancement. When the dosage of the cationic starch is 10% and modified 30mins by silicone coupling agent KH-550 with the concentration of 1%, the flexural strength and dielectric strength of the mica composite insulation material can reach 248.5 N/mm2and 23.16 KV/mm respectively.