Adhesion Of Pathogens Research Articles

Mucosal affairs: glycosylation and expression changes of gill goblet cells and mucins in a fish-polyopisthocotylidan interaction.

Secreted mucins are highly O-glycosylated glycoproteins produced by goblet cells in mucosal epithelia. They constitute the protective viscous gel layer overlying the epithelia and are involved in pathogen recognition, adhesion and expulsion. The gill polyopisthocotylidan ectoparasite Sparicotyle chrysophrii, feeds on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) blood eliciting severe anemia. Control unexposed and recipient (R) gill samples of gilthead seabream experimentally infected with S. chrysophrii were obtained at six consecutive times (0, 11, 20, 32, 41, and 61 days post-exposure (dpe)). In histological samples, goblet cell numbers and their intensity of lectin labelling was registered. Expression of nine mucin genes (muc2, muc2a, muc2b, muc5a/c, muc4, muc13, muc18, muc19, imuc) and three regulatory factors involved in goblet cell differentiation (hes1, elf3, agr2) was studied by qPCR. In addition, differential expression of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases was analyzed in silico from previously obtained RNAseq datasets of S. chrysophrii-infected gilthead seabream gills with two different infection intensities. Increased goblet cell differentiation (up-regulated elf3 and agr2) leading to neutral goblet cell hyperplasia on gill lamellae of R fish gills was found from 32 dpe on, when adult parasite stages were first detected. At this time point, acute increased expression of both secreted (muc2a, muc2b, muc5a/c) and membrane-bound mucins (imuc, muc4, muc18) occurred in R gills. Mucins did not acidify during the course of infection, but their glycosylation pattern varied towards more complex glycoconjugates with sialylated, fucosylated and branched structures, according to lectin labelling and the shift of glycosyltransferase expression patterns. Gilthead seabream gill mucosal response against S. chrysophrii involved neutral mucus hypersecretion, which could contribute to worm expulsion and facilitate gas exchange to counterbalance parasite-induced hypoxia. Stress induced by the sparicotylosis condition seems to lead to changes in glycosylation characteristic of more structurally complex mucins.

Elimination of Pathogen Biofilms via Postbiotics from Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Promising Method in Food and Biomedicine.

Pathogenic biofilms provide a naturally favorable barrier for microbial growth and are closely related to the virulence of pathogens. Postbiotics from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are secondary metabolites and cellular components obtained by inactivation of fermentation broth; they have a certain inhibitory effect on all stages of pathogen biofilms. Postbiotics from LAB have drawn attention because of their high stability, safety dose parameters, and long storage period, which give them a broad application prospect in the fields of food and medicine. The mechanisms of eliminating pathogen biofilms via postbiotics from LAB mainly affect the surface adhesion, self-aggregation, virulence, and QS of pathogens influencing interspecific and intraspecific communication. However, there are some factors (preparation process and lack of target) which can limit the antibiofilm impact of postbiotics. Therefore, by using a delivery carrier and optimizing process parameters, the effect of interfering factors can be eliminated. This review summarizes the concept and characteristics of postbiotics from LAB, focusing on their preparation technology and antibiofilm effect, and the applications and limitations of postbiotics in food processing and clinical treatment are also discussed.

Fermentation of Rubus dolichocarpus juice using Lactobacillus gasseri and Lacticaseibacillus casei and protecting phenolic compounds by Stevia extract during cold storage

This study aimed to investigate the biological activities of Lactobacillus gasseri SM 05 (L. gasseri) and Lacticaseibacillus casei subsp. casei PTCC 1608 (L. casei) in the black raspberry (Rubus dolichocarpus) juice (BRJ) environment, and also the anti-adhesion activity against Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) in fermented black raspberry juice (FBRJ). Results showed significant anti-adhesion activity in Caco-2 epithelial cells. In the anti-adhesion process, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) improve intestinal health by preventing the adhesion of pathogens. Adding LAB to BRJ produces metabolites with bacteriocin properties. Major findings of this research include improved intestinal health, improved antidiabetic properties, inhibition of degradation of amino acids, and increase in the nutritional value of foods that have been subjected to heat processing by preventing Maillard inhibition, and inhibition of oxidation of foodstuff by increased antioxidant activity of BRJ. Both species of Lactobacillus effectively controlled the growth of S. typhimurium during BRJ fermentation. Moreover, in all tests, as well as Maillard's and α-amylase inhibition, L. gasseri was more effective than L. casei. The phenolic and flavonoid compounds increased significantly after fermentation by both LAB (p < 0.05). Adding Stevia extract to FBRJ and performing the HHP process showed convenient protection of phenolic compounds compared to heat processing.

Interplay between dental caries pathogens, periodontal pathogens, and sugar molecules: approaches for prevention and treatment.

Globally, oral diseases affect nearly 3.5billion people, accounting for 4.6% of the healthcare expenditure. Common oral diseases include dental caries and periodontal disease, associated with biofilms formed by cariogenic pathogens. Epidemiological studies associate carbohydrates with these diseases due to thesugars metabolized by cariogenic pathogens. This review focuses on dental caries and periodontal pathogens, quorum sensing, lectin-carbohydrate interactions, and various sugar molecules. Cariogenic sugars significantly influence biofilms by enhancing pathogen adhesion, viability, and gene expressions associated with biofilm formation. Moreover, lectin-carbohydrate interactions contribute to biofilm stability. Disrupting these interactions is a potential strategy for oral disease prevention. The use of nanoparticles, such as quantum dots, provides novel insights into lectin-sugar interactions and the development of inhibitors. Additionally, nanomaterials like calcium phosphate nanoparticles neutralize acids and inhibit microbial growth. This overview emphasizes understanding the relationships between oral diseases, microbial communities, and sugars to devise preventive and therapeutic strategies against oral diseases.

Exploring the In Vitro Antibacterial Potential of Specific Probiotic Strains against Oral Pathogens.

The microbiota in the oral cavity has a strict connection to its host. Its imbalance may determine oral diseases and can also have an impact on the systemic health. Probiotic strains may help in the restoration of a balanced condition. For this purpose, we screened the antibacterial and antiadhesive activities of many viable probiotic strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus PBS066, Lactobacillus crispatus LCR030, Lactobacillus gasseri LG050, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PBS067, Limosilactobacillus reuteri PBS072, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LRH020, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL050, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei LPC 1101, L. paracasei LPC 1082, and L. paracasei LPC 1114) against two main oral pathogens, Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, involved in dental caries and periodontal disease development and progression. Considering both the agar overlay preventive and treatment models, seven probiotics determined greater inhibition zones against the tested pathogens. This behavior was further analyzed by the plate count method and scanning electron microscope imaging. L. plantarum PBS067, L. rhamnosus LRH020, L. paracasei LPC 1101, L. paracasei LPC 1082, and L. paracasei LPC 1114 prevent the growth and adhesion of oral pathogens in a strain-specific manner (p < 0.0001). These probiotics might be considered as an alternative effective adjuvant to improve oral and systemic well-being for future personalized treatments.

Heme sequestration by hemophilin from Haemophilus haemolyticus reduces respiratory tract colonization and infection with non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae.

The microbiome provides a critical layer of protection against infection with bacterial pathogens. This protection is accomplished through a variety of mechanisms, including interference with pathogen growth and adherence to host cells. In terms of immune defense, another way to prevent pathogens from establishing infections is by limiting the availability of nutrients, referred to as nutritional immunity. Restricting pathogen access to iron is a central component of this approach. Here, we uncovered an example where these two strategies intersect to impede infection with the respiratory tract bacterial pathogen Haemophilus influenzae. Specifically, we find that a non-pathogenic (commensal) bacterium closely related to H. influenzae called Haemophilus haemolyticus improves protection against H. influenzae by limiting the ability of this pathogen to access iron. These findings suggest that beneficial members of the microbiome improve protection against pathogen infection by effectively contributing to host nutritional immunity.

Identification of Flo11-like Adhesin in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and the Mechanism of Small-Molecule Compounds Mediating Biofilm Formation in Yeasts.

Fungal infection is initiated by the adhesion of pathogens to biotic and abiotic surfaces, with various manifestations including biofilm formation and invasive growth, etc. A previous report, though devoid of functional data, speculated that the Schizosaccharomyces pombe glycoprotein SPBPJ4664.02 could be the homology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Flo11. Here, our studies with S. pombe substantiated the previously proposed speculation by (1) the deletion of SPBPJ4664.02 attenuated biofilm formation and invasive growth in S. pombe; (2) the S. pombe's lack of SPBPJ4664.02 could be complemented by expressing S. cerevisiae flo11. Furthermore, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and dodecanol were examined in S. pombe for their respective effects on biofilm formation. IAA and dodecanol at high concentrations could inhibit biofilm formation, whereas opposing effects were observed with low concentrations of these molecules. Mechanism studies with the SPBPJ4664.02Δ and SPBPJ4664.02Δ/flo11OE versus the wild type have demonstrated that IAA or dodecanol might exert regulatory effects downstream of SPBPJ4664.02 in the signaling pathway for biofilm formation. Moreover, our research extrapolated to Candida albicans has pinpointed that IAA inhibited biofilm formation at high concentrations, consistent with the transcriptional downregulation of the biofilm-related genes. Dodecanol suppressed C. albicans biofilm formation at all the concentrations tested, in accord with the downregulation of biofilm-related transcripts.

Enterococcus mundtii A2 biofilm and its anti-adherence potential against pathogenic microorganisms on stainless steel 316L.

Pathogenic bacterial biofilms present significant challenges, particularly in food safety and material deterioration. Therefore, using Enterococcus mundtii A2, known for its antagonistic activity against pathogen adhesion, could serve as a novel strategy to reduce pathogenic colonization within the food sector. This study aimed to investigate the biofilm-forming ability of E. mundtii A2, isolated from camel milk, on two widely used stainless steels within the agri-food domain and to assess its anti-adhesive properties against various pathogens, especially on stainless steel 316L. Additionally, investigations into auto-aggregation and co-aggregation were also conducted. Plate count methodologies revealed increased biofilm formation by E. mundtii A2 on 316L, followed by 304L. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed a dense yet thin biofilm layer, playing a critical role in reducing the adhesion of L. monocytogenes CECT 4032 and Staphylococcus aureus CECT 976, with a significant reduction of ≈ 2 Log CFU/cm2. However, Gram-negative strains, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and E. coli ATCC 25922, exhibit modest adhesion reduction (~ 0.7 Log CFU/cm2). The findings demonstrate the potential of applying E. mundtii A2 biofilms as an effective strategy to reduce the adhesion and propagation of potentially pathogenic bacterial species on stainless steel 316L.

Advances in the relationship between periodontopathogens and respiratory diseases (Review).

Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory and destructive disease in the mouth and is considered to be associated with systemic diseases. Accumulating evidence has suggested that periodontitis is a risk factor for pulmonary diseases such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) and lung cancer. The presence of common periodontal pathogens has been detected in samples from a variety of pulmonary diseases. Periodontal pathogens can be involved in lung diseases by promoting the adhesion and invasion of respiratory pathogens, regulating the apoptosis of respiratory epithelium and inducing overexpression of mucin and disrupting the balance of immune systemin respiratory epithelium cells. Additionally, measures to control plaque and maintain the health of periodontal tissue can decrease the incidence of respiratory adverse events. This evidence suggests a close association between periodontitis and pulmonary diseases. The present study aimed to review the clinical association between periodontitis and pneumonia, COPD, asthma, COVID‑19 and lung cancer, and propose a possible mechanism and potential role of periodontal pathogens in linking periodontal disease and lung disease. This could provide a direction for further research on the association between periodontitis and lung disease and provide novel ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment management of these two diseases.

Vaginal prevention of Candida albicans: synergistic effect of lactobacilli and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS)

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) affects approximately 30–50% of women at least once during their lifetime, causing uncomfortable symptoms and limitations in their daily quality of life. Antifungal therapy is not very effective, does not prevent recurrencies and usually causes side effects. Therefore, alternative therapies are urgently needed. The goal of this work was to investigate the potential benefits of using mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) extracts together with a Lactobacillus sp. pool, composed by the most significant species present in the vaginal environment, to prevent infections by Candida albicans. Microbial growth of isolated strains of the main vaginal lactobacilli and Candida strains was assessed in the presence of MOS, to screen their impact upon growth. A pool of the lactobacilli was then tested against C. albicans in competition and prophylaxis studies; bacterial and yeast cell numbers were quantified in specific time points, and the above-mentioned studies were assessed in simulated vaginal fluid (SVF). Finally, adhesion to vaginal epithelial cells (HeLa) was also evaluated, once again resorting to simultaneous exposure (competition) or prophylaxis assays, aiming to measure the effect of MOS presence in pathogen adherence. Results demonstrated that MOS extracts have potential to prevent vaginal candidiasis in synergy with vaginal lactobacilli, with improved results than those obtained when using lactobacilli alone.Key pointsPotential benefits of MOS extracts with vaginal lactobacilli to prevent C. albicans infections.MOS impacts on growth of vaginal lactobacilli pool and C. albicans in SVF.MOS extracts in synergy with L. crispatus inhibit C. albicans adhesion in HeLa cells.Graphical

Essential Oil Efficacy Impaired by Food Residues in Food Pathogen Adhesion

Essential Oil Efficacy Impaired by Food Residues in Food Pathogen Adhesion

235 Interactive Effects of Zinc Oxide and Mannan Oligosaccharides on Nursery Swine Performance

Abstract Peer-reviewed data have suggested that Mannan oligosaccharide [Actigen (ACT)] could positively influence gut barrier function and limit pathogenic bacteria adhesion to epithelial cells, thus representing a feasible alternative or a complement to pharmacological concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO) in nursery swine diets. To scrutinize this hypothesis, a total of 2,592 pigs (initial BW 6.9 ± 0.4 kg) were used in a 37-day trial to determine the interactive effects of ZnO and ACT on nursery pig performance. Pens of 36 mixed sex pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 12 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with main effects of zinc (100 or 3,000 ppm) and ACT (0, 400, and 800 ppm). Diets were fed in two phases: phase 1 from d 0 to d 21 and phase 2 from d 22 to d 37, which represented the experimental and common diets, respectively. No significant ZnO × ACT interactions (P &amp;gt; 0.10) were observed in growth performance or dead and removals in this study (Table 1). From d 0 to d 21, pigs fed diets with 3,000 ppm Zn had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) ADFI, greater (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) ADG, and improved (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) feed efficiency compared with pigs fed diets containing 100 ppm Zn. From d 22 to d 37, pigs initially fed diets with 3,000 ppm Zn had reduced (P = 0.009) ADG and poorer (P = 0.0009) G:F, without evidence for differences (P = 0.615) in ADFI, compared with pigs fed diets containing 100 ppm of Zn. Additionally, pigs fed diets containing 3,000 ppm of Zn marginally increased (P = 0.077) removals prevalence compared with pigs fed diets with less Zn concentration. However, pigs fed diets with 3,000 ppm Zn and incremental levels of ACT marginally decreased (linear, P = 0.083) dead and removals prevalence. In conclusion, pigs fed pharmacological ZnO concentration increased overall growth performance, yet it was drastically worsened when Zn was reduced to basal levels, despite ACT supplementation. Additionally, whereas pigs fed the greatest Zn level marginally increased morbidity occurrence, ACT marginally reduced morbidity and mortality.

Modified Impedance Sensing System Determination of Virulence Characteristics of Pathogenic Bacteria Klebsiella Species.

An impedance sensing system is a family of biosensors that measure changes in electrical impedance to perform their functions. Physical and chemical changes in the impedance of the sensing element, such as changes in the concentration of a target analyte or changes in the physical properties of the sensing element, can result in changes in the impedance of the sensing element. Many impedance biosensors have been developed for the detection of pathogens in the past few decades. Several types of biosensors have been developed for the detection of infections, including transduction elements, biorecognition components, and electrochemical approaches. In this review, we discuss the characteristics and pathogenic factors associated with 2,3-butanediol-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae collected using impedance sensors. An impedance sensing system was introduced as a great method for monitoring the virulence factors of Klebsiella spp. in situ. Klebsiella pneumoniae produces virulence factors, including capsules, lipopolysaccharides, fimbriae, and siderophores, as part of its pathogenesis. It is possible to examine virulence factors' pathogenic characteristics in vitro and in vivo using real tissues or mouse models in order to conduct experiments. For the monitoring of virulence factors in situ, a novel alternative method has been developed to mimic the environment of real tissues. For the purpose of developing tissue-mimicking models, mucin and mannose were used to modify the surface of gold electrodes. These components are known to contribute to the adhesion of pathogens to epithelial cells in mammals.

Interactions between quorum sensing/quorum quenching and virulence genes may affect coral health by regulating symbiotic bacterial community

Quorum sensing (QS) and quorum quenching (QQ) are two antagonistic processes that may regulate the composition, function and structure of bacterial community. In coral holobiont, autoinducers signaling mediate the communication pathways between interspecies and intraspecies bacteria, which regulate the expression of the virulence factors that can damage host health. However, under environmental stressors, the interaction between the QS/QQ gene and virulence factors and their role in the bacterial communities and coral bleaching is still not fully clear. To address this question, here, metagenomics method was used to examine the profile of QS/QQ and virulence genes from a deeply sequenced microbial database, obtained from three bleached and non-bleached corals species. The prediction of bacterial genes of bleached samples involved in functional metabolic pathways were remarkably decreased, and the bacterial community structure on bleached samples was significantly different compared to non-bleached samples. The distribution and significant difference in QS/QQ and virulence genes were also carried out. We found that Proteobacteria was dominant bacteria among all samples, and AI-1 system is widespread within this group of bacteria. The identified specific genes consistently exhibited a trend of increased pathogenicity in bleached corals relative to non-bleached corals. The abundance of pathogenicity-associated QS genes, including bapA, pfoA and dgcB genes, were significantly increased in bleached corals and can encode the protein of biofilm formation and the membrane damaging toxins promoting pathogenic adhesion and infection. Similarly, the virulence genes, such as superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD gene), metalloproteinase (yme1, yydH and zmpB), glycosidases (malE, malF, malG, and malK) and LodAB (lodB) genes significantly increased. Conversely, QQ genes that inhibit QS activity and virulence factors to defense the pathogens, including blpA, lsrK, amiE, aprE and gmuG showed a significant decrease in bleached groups. Furthermore, the significant correlations were found among virulence, QS/QQ genes, and coral associated bacterial community, and the virulence genes interact with key QS/QQ genes, directly or indirectly influence symbiotic bacterial communities homeostasis, thereby impacting coral health. It suggested that the functional and structural divergence in the symbiont bacteria may be partially attribute to the interplay, involving interactions among the host, bacterial communication signal systems, and bacterial virulence factors. In conclusion, these data helped to reveal the characteristic behavior of coral symbiotic bacteria, and facilitated a better understanding of bleaching mechanism from a chemical ecological perspective.

Probiotics and Their Bioproducts: A Promising Approach for Targeting Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus.

Antibiotic resistance is a serious global health problem that poses a threat to the successful treatment of various bacterial infections, especially those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Conventional treatment of MRSA and VRE infections is challenging and often requires alternative or combination therapies that may have limited efficacy, higher costs, and/or more adverse effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new strategies to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Probiotics and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are two promising approaches that have shown potential benefits in various diseases. Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. AMPs, usually produced with probiotic bacteria, are short amino acid sequences that have broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Both probiotics and AMPs can modulate the host immune system, inhibit the growth and adhesion of pathogens, disrupt biofilms, and enhance intestinal barrier function. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on the role of probiotics and AMPs in targeting multi-drug-resistant bacteria, with a focus on MRSA and VRE. In addition, we discuss future directions for the clinical use of probiotics.

The distribution variation of pathogens and virulence factors in different geographical populations of giant pandas.

Intestinal diseases caused by opportunistic pathogens seriously threaten the health and survival of giant pandas. However, our understanding of gut pathogens in different populations of giant pandas, especially in the wild populations, is still limited. Here, we conducted a study based on 52 giant panda metagenomes to investigate the composition and distribution of gut pathogens and virulence factors (VFs) in five geographic populations (captive: GPCD and GPYA; wild: GPQIN, GPQIO, and GPXXL). The results of the beta-diversity analyzes revealed a close relationship and high similarity in pathogen and VF compositions within the two captive groups. Among all groups, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes emerged as the top three abundant phyla. By using the linear discriminant analysis effect size method, we identified pathogenic bacteria unique to different populations, such as Klebsiella in GPCD, Salmonella in GPYA, Hafnia in GPQIO, Pedobacter in GPXXL, and Lactococcus in GPQIN. In addition, we identified 12 VFs that play a role in the intestinal diseases of giant pandas, including flagella, CsrA, enterobactin, type IV pili, alginate, AcrAB, capsule, T6SS, urease, type 1 fimbriae, polar flagella, allantoin utilization, and ClpP. These VFs influence pathogen motility, adhesion, iron uptake, acid resistance, and protein regulation, thereby contributing to pathogen infection and pathogenicity. Notably, we also found a difference in virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa between GPQIN and non-GPQIN wild populations, in which the relative abundance of VFs (0.42%) of P. aeruginosa was the lowest in GPQIN and the highest in non-GPQIN wild populations (GPXXL: 23.55% and GPQIO: 10.47%). In addition to enhancing our understanding of gut pathogens and VFs in different geographic populations of giant pandas, the results of this study provide a specific theoretical basis and data support for the development of effective conservation measures for giant pandas.

Microplastics in agriculture - a potential novel mechanism for the delivery of human pathogens onto crops.

Mulching with plastic sheeting, the use of plastic carriers in seed coatings, and irrigation with wastewater or contaminated surface water have resulted in plastics, and microplastics, becoming ubiquitous in agricultural soils. Once in the environment, plastic surfaces quickly become colonised by microbial biofilm comprised of a diverse microbial community. This so-called 'plastisphere' community can also include human pathogens, particularly if the plastic has been exposed to faecal contamination (e.g., from wastewater or organic manures and livestock faeces). The plastisphere is hypothesised to facilitate the survival and dissemination of pathogens, and therefore plastics in agricultural systems could play a significant role in transferring human pathogens to crops, particularly as microplastics adhering to ready to eat crops are difficult to remove by washing. In this paper we critically discuss the pathways for human pathogens associated with microplastics to interact with crop leaves and roots, and the potential for the transfer, adherence, and uptake of human pathogens from the plastisphere to plants. Globally, the concentration of plastics in agricultural soils are increasing, therefore, quantifying the potential for the plastisphere to transfer human pathogens into the food chain needs to be treated as a priority.

Strategies for synthesizing human milk lacto-N-fucopentaoses oligosaccharides

Lacto-N-fucopentaoses (LNFPs) of type I to V are representative components of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and have garnered increasing attention due to their multi-functional activities. These activities include regulating intestinal flora, resisting pathogen adhesion, and promoting the development and repair of the nervous system. Due to the limited resource of HMOs, artificial synthesis of HMOs can provide an alternative pathway to circumvent this limitation. Currently, LNFPs can be produced using various methods, including biosynthesis, chemical synthesis, and enzymatic synthesis. Currently, emphasis is placed on the last two methods. Chemical synthesis-based methods typically involve strict reaction conditions, cumbersome steps, and low yields. On the other hand, enzymatic synthesis offers several advantages, including mild reaction conditions, high yield, and good selectivity. However, only a few reports have focused on in vivo fermentation as a means to produce LNFPs, despite its cost advantage. In vivo fermentation presents an opportunity to supply the key substrates for fucosyl transfer reactions, namely LNnT and GDP-Fuc, along with the required biosynthesis enzymes. Further exploration of this approach is warranted.This paper aims to review the synthesis methods of LNFPs, their functional activities, and emerging trends in their development. By evaluating the different synthesis approaches, this review seeks to contribute to the advancement of LNFPs production and utilization.

In Vitro Evaluation of Probiotic Properties of Two Novel Probiotic Mixtures, ConstiBiome and Sensi-Biome.

Changes in the gut microbiome cause recolonization by pathogens and inflammatory responses, leading to the development of intestinal disorders. Probiotics administration has been proposed for many years to reverse the intestinal dysbiosis and to enhance intestinal health. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of two newly designed probiotic mixtures, Consti-Biome and SensiBiome, on two enteric pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli that may cause intestinal disorders. Additionally, the study was designed to evaluate whether Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome could modulate the immune response, produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and reduce gas production. Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome showed superior adhesion ratios to HT-29 cells and competitively suppressed pathogen adhesion. Moreover, the probiotic mixtures decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL1β. Cell-free supernatants (CFSs) were used to investigate the inhibitory effects of metabolites on growth and biofilms of pathogens. Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome CFSs exhibited antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity, where microscopic analysis confirmed an increase in the number of dead cells and the structural disruption of pathogens. Gas chromatographic analysis of the CFSs revealed their ability to produce SCFAs, including acetic, propionic, and butyric acid. SCFA secretion by probiotics may demonstrate their potential activities against pathogens and gut inflammation. In terms of intestinal symptoms regarding abdominal bloating and discomfort, Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome also inhibited gas production. Thus, these two probiotic mixtures have great potential to be developed as dietary supplements to alleviate the intestinal disorders.

Reduction of oral pathogens and oxidative damage in the CAL 27 cell line by Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Taraxacum officinale Web. extracts

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDandelion (Taraxacum officinale Web.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) are treasured botanicals with a long usage history in traditional herbal practices worldwide. Dandelion was used to treat kidney, spleen, and liver disease, as well as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and bacterial infections, whereas rosemary was used to treat pain, spasms, and to improve blood circulation. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to determine the influence of rosemary and dandelion leaves aqueous extracts on the human tongue epithelial carcinoma cell line (CAL 27) at the level of interaction between oral microbiota and tongue epithelial cells, genomic damage, and H2O2 - induced oxidative damage protection. Materials and methodsThe polyphenolic composition of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometric and HPLC analyses. After extract treatment, cytotoxic impact and ROS generation in CAL 27 cells were measured using the MTT assay and the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay, respectively. Microdilutions were applied to investigate the antimicrobial and adhesive properties against representatives of the oral microbiota. The single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) and cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus cytome assay (CBMN cyt) were used to detect induced genomic damages. ResultsBoth extracts increased the adhesion of the lactic acid bacteria L. plantarum but decreased the adhesion of the bacterial pathogens S. enterica serovar Typhimurium LT21 and E. coli K-12 MG1655 adhesion onto CAL 27 cells. 1 h treatment with 5x concentrated dandelion extract and 1x, 2.5x, and 5x of rosemary extract caused an increase in comet tail intensity. CBMN cyt results demonstrated a significant increase in micronucleus formation even at concentrations several times lower than the usual bioactive compound concentrations found in a cup of beverage, with higher concentrations also inducing cell apoptosis and necrosis. Rosemary extract showed a protective effect against H2O2 - induced oxidative damage by decreasing the apoptotic cell number, probably preventing mutations leading to tumor aggressiveness, invasion, and metastasis. ConclusionsBoth tested extracts demonstrated their usefulness in maintaining good oral bacteria balance and their protective capability as powerful antitumor agents by causing a protective apoptotic effect in tumor cell line already at the dosage of an average daily cup.