Adequate Trust Research Articles

Mandatory Affairs Development Transformation in Five Regional Apparatus Organizations Not Related to Basic Services in Badung Regency, Bali

The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance results of five regional apparatus organizations in six mandatory affairs that are not related to basic services. By designing and using a concurrent embedded method approach with comparative descriptive analysis techniques on the LKPJ-2021 document from five regional apparatus organizations. From the results of the study, it was found that (1) the level of conformity and efficiency between budget absorption and the achievement of performance targets in each regional apparatus organization was not optimal, (2) the licensing and non-licensing performance targets were 6,000 permits and non-permits were realized as many as 5,564 permits. This achievement is constrained by Law No. 11, 2020 concerning Job Creation and PP No. 5, 2021 concerning the Implementation of Risk-Based Licensing, (3) settlement activities for compensation and development compensation by the district government with a performance target of 25 plots of land, but the realization results are nil, and (4) technical services, which leave a budget allocation of at least The largest is the Department of Communication and Information, which is Rp. 16,666,316.020.00 or 35.80%. Based on these findings, it is suggested to policymakers to (1) further improve budgeting estimates related to the achievement of performance targets, (2) further strengthen the management of data and information on integrated electronic-based licensing and non-licensing supported by adequate infrastructure, human resources, OSS-BRS, LAPERON, and TRUST applications, and (3) the solution to land problems is prioritized.

TRUST XAI: Model-Agnostic Explanations for AI With a Case Study on IIoT Security

Despite artificial intelligence (AI)’s significant growth, its “black box” nature creates challenges in generating adequate trust. Thus, it is seldom utilized as a standalone unit in IoT high-risk applications, such as critical industrial infrastructures, medical systems, financial applications, etc. Explainable AI (XAI) has emerged to help with this problem. However, designing appropriately fast and accurate XAI is still challenging, especially in numerical applications. Here, we propose a universal XAI model, named the transparency relying upon statistical theory (TRUST), which is model-agnostic, high performing, and suitable for numerical applications. Simply put, TRUST XAI models the statistical behavior of the AI’s outputs in an AI-based system. Factor analysis is used to transform the input features into a new set of latent variables. We use mutual information (MI) to rank these variables and pick only the most influential ones on the AI’s outputs and call them “representatives” of the classes. Then, we use multimodal Gaussian (MMG) distributions to determine the likelihood of any new sample belonging to each class. We demonstrate the effectiveness of TRUST in a case study on cybersecurity of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) using three different cybersecurity data sets. As IIoT is a prominent application that deals with numerical data. The results show that TRUST XAI provides explanations for new random samples with an average success rate of 98%. Compared with local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME), a popular XAI model, TRUST is shown to be superior in the context of performance, speed, and the method of explainability. In the end, we also show how TRUST is explained to the user.

Managing the U.S.-China Relationship in Three (and Three Alternative) Dimensions

Gregory Shaffer's article discussing the legal aspects of the multifaceted U.S.-China relationship is comprehensive, pragmatic, and timely at the twentieth anniversary of China's World Trade Organization (WTO) accession. Shaffer provides a surgical analysis of the “three central dimensions of this relationship: (i) the economic dimension; (ii) the geopolitical/national security dimension; and (iii) the normative/social policy dimension.” He also offers a targeted roadmap to reconceptualize a world where policies are increasingly securitized and to revitalize domestic safety valves embedded in the post-war economic system. Under Shaffer's proposed “Rebalancing Within a Multilateral Framework,” states enjoy more policy space and accommodation, subject to the proportionality principle and protection of third parties. Supplementing Shaffer's analysis, I offer three alternative dimensions, namely, the perceptions of businesses, states, and international organizations and how they complicate the successful delivery of Shaffer's proposal. I echo Shaffer's call for empathy between the United States and China regarding their respective domestic challenges and approaches to each other. Yet I contend that adequate trust and understanding of each other and the agreement over Shaffer's identification of interfaces/dimensions by decisionmakers of the two nations are susceptible to disruptions caused by the three alternatives I offer. Furthermore, I argue that a thorough and inclusive policy and legal analysis—designed in a coordinated way (“统筹” in Chinese)—should reduce negative externalities from the management of the U.S.-China relationship and minimize impacts for developing and least developed countries.

Short note - adequate trust, human-capacity-factor, probability-distribution-function of human non-failure and its entropy

Short note - adequate trust, human-capacity-factor, probability-distribution-function of human non-failure and its entropy

Short note - adequate trust, human-capacity-factor, probability-distribution-function of human non-failure and its entropy

This note is an extension, a generalisation of and an attempt to quantify, on the probabilistic basis, the message of the recent Kaindl and Svetinovic (2019) publication Avoiding Undertrust and Overtrust. The author of the present analysis addresses some important aspects of the human-in-the-loop problem for safety-critical missions and situations, in which trust can be viewed as an essential part of the human-capacity-factor (HCF). This factor, as has been recently suggested, should be evaluated vs. mental workload (MWL), when there is a need to assure a successful and safe outcome of a particular human effort, such as, e.g., an aerospace mission or an extraordinary situation. The double exponential probability distribution function (DEPDF) for the random HCF is revisited. It is shown particularly that the entropy of this distribution, when applied to the trustee (a human, a technology, a methodology or a concept), can be viewed as an appropriate quantitative characteristic of the propensity of a decision maker to an under-trust or an over-trust judgment and, as a consequence of that, to the likelihood of making a mistake or an erroneous decision.

RobustTrust – A Pro-Privacy Robust Distributed Trust Management Mechanism for Internet of Things

In the promising time of the Internet, connected things have the ability to communicate and share information. The Internet of Things (IoT) cannot be implemented unless the security-related concerns have been resolved. Sharing information among different devices can compromise the private information of users. Thus, a suitable mechanism is needed to exclude the risk of malicious and compromised nodes. As follows, trust has been proposed in the literature as a useful technology to maintain users' security. Prior studies have proposed diverse trust management mechanisms to achieve adequate trust. The approach of cross-domain trust management is neglected that requires enormous considerations to address the difficulties related to cross-domain communication. In this paper, a cross-domain robust distributed trust management (RobustTrust) system is proposed, which makes a device fit for assessing trust towards different devices locally. In this system, the trust is divided into three components of security that help IoT nodes to become robust against compromised and malicious devices/nodes. The novelty of the proposed mechanism can be summarized in these aspects: A highly scalable trust mechanism, multiple components of evaluation to enhance robustness against attacks, and use of recommendations along with the feedback to build knowledge. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism is event-driven that helps nodes to evaluate trust more effectively as well as enhance the system efficiency. The proposed work is compared with the available trust evaluation schemes by concentrating on various attributes, such as trustworthiness, usability, and accuracy among others. The RobustTrust is validated by the extensive simulations considering absolute trust value's performance, the accuracy of trust estimation, and several potential attacks.

A Survey and Analysis on the Sense of Nuclear Safety & Security for the Public: A Chinese Perspective

With the new round of global nuclear issues, the populace’s emotion has been tensed and discomposure has been trigged off. To accurately understand the sense of nuclear safety & security for the Chinese public and ensure that the government makes reasonable decisions regarding nuclear issues, a special questionnaire and evaluation has been carried out. With the use of the principles for sociology of security, the methods of questionnaires and SPSS, a three-dimension assessment system, which consists of knowledge and experience, internal, and external trust, and the way of perception, was constructed. This research shows that the state of Chinese populace’s sense of nuclear safety & security is generally as follows: their knowledge of nuclear safety & security and personal experience are still on a low to intermediate level; In terms of trust, it shows that the populace has lack of adequate trust in nuclear safety & security of neighboring countries or regions, as well as Chinese government’s countermeasures; in the way of perception of nuclear safety & security, the populace has few options of related information sources and though the sources are less reliable. Also, the size of the audience of nuclear safety & security is far short of what is desired. Finally, the comprehensive assessment holds that the current overall sense of security for the Chinese populace is on a low to intermediate level (40.71%). This paper points out that China should strengthen the popularization of the security of nuclear science to enhance public security confidence, also, further, more detailed and specific safeguarding measures regarding nuclear safety & security should be made to promote the development of nuclear safety & security affairs.

Trust Management Model based on Fuzzy Approach for Ubiquitous Computing

The current state of ubiquitous computing has been greatly influenced by emerging networking developments like Internet of Things (IoT), Future Internet etc. Adequate trust management is crucial to provide security. The entities involved in communication must be trusted for specific purposes depending on their role. Using trust model, devices can run trust computations and guide their behaviors. To this effect, a method is needed to evaluate the level of trust between devices. Trust models investigated so far discusses that devices face problems when communicating as transforming trust relationships from real to virtual world requires the negotiation of trust based on the security properties of devices. However, these models are developed in limited devices. This paper proposes a distributed trust model for device-to-device communication in ubiquitous computing. Mathematical model based on fuzzy rules to establish trust is presented. Fuzzy simulation of the model is presented to validate the findings. Simulation results show that proposed model calculates fuzzy trust values reliably.

Slaugytojų nuomonė: komandos sutelktumo įvertinimas

Tyrimo problema. Sveikatos priežiūros organizacijoms būtina formuoti kompetentingas, efektyviai veikiančias komandas, užtikrinančias tinkamą sveikatos priežiūros kokybės valdymą. Siekiant padidinti darbo efektyvumą bei užtikrinti slaugytojų komandos sutelktumą, tampa aktualu sukaupti pakankamai mokslinių duomenų, kurie padėtų išsiaiškinti svarbiausias kliūtis siekyje būti vieninga ir darnia komanda. Tyrimo objektas – komandos sutelktumo įvertinimas slaugytojų nuomone. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti komandos darbą teoriniu ir praktiniu lygmeniu bei atlikus duomenų analizę, palyginti slaugytojų, dirbančių chirurgijos ir terapijos profilio skyriuose, nuomonę apie komandos sutelktumą. Tyrimo uždaviniai: a) atskleisti komandinio darbo sampratą; b) nustatyti komandinio darbo formavimosi prielaidas ir principus; c) identifikuoti slaugytojų komandinio darbo sutelktumo ypatumus; d) palyginti gautus duomenis, įvertinant komandos sutelktumą tarp slaugytojų, dirbančių chirurgijos ir terapijos profilio skyriuose. Tyrimo metodai. Mokslinės literatūros analizė. Apklausa raštu. Duomenų analizė. Grafinis vaizdavimas. Išvados. Pagrindinis skirtumas tarp grupės ir komandos yra požiūris į sutelktumą ir iš to išplaukiančiais aspektais: tinkamas vadovavimas, bendravimas, pasitikėjimas ir veiklos efektyvumas. Sutelktos komandos formavimo refleksijos principas – bendrumas, kuris leidžia išnaudoti turimą žmogišką potencialą. Yra ryšys tarp komandos sutelktumo ir veiklos efektyvumo, kurie priklauso nuo komandoje susiformavusių normų. Slaugytojų komandos sutelktumui svarbu bendravimo įgūdžiai, probleminių situacijų sprendimai, bendri tikslai, veiksmų planas bei bendra veikla. Slaugytojų komandos sutelktumo pagrindas yra kiekvieno nario individualus savo ir komandos narių gebėjimų suvokimas. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad slaugytojų komandų nariai dirba sutelktai ir darniai, pasitikėdami, padėdami, laiku informuodami vieni kitus, kontroliuodami ir dalyvaudami sprendimų priėmimuose. Tyrimo išvados atitinka mokslinėje literatūroje išvardintus sutelkto komandinio darbo kriterijus.

Proof-Carrying Cloud Computation: The Case of Convex Optimization

Cloud computing offers a great opportunity to bridge the gap between the fast growing computation needs and limited local resources. However, without the adequate trust and strong integrity assurance, it would be difficult to expect clients to completely turn over control of their computation to the cloud. Hence, securing cloud computation becomes an imperative and challenging task, especially in the aspect of integrity verification. To address the challenge, we propose a hassle-free, fixed-rate, and job-based software as a service cloud model along with the integrity verification mechanisms, with particular focus on outsourcing the widely applicable engineering optimization problem, i.e., convex optimization. We aim to construct efficient integrity verification mechanisms using application-specific techniques. Our security design does not require the use of heavy cryptographic tools. Instead, we leverage the inherent structure of the optimization problems and make the computation outsourcing proof-carrying to achieve efficient integrity verification. The proposed design provides substantial computational savings on the client side and introduces marginal overhead on the cloud side. We further prove its correctness and soundness. The extensive experiments under the real cloud environment show our mechanisms ensure strong integrity assurance with high efficiency on both the client and the cloud sides and are readily applicable in current practice.

Exploring an effective model of new product development in medical devices: a knowledge cluster approach

This study proposes a new product development (NPD) model that aims to improve the effectiveness of innovative NPD in the medical devices. By adopting open innovation theory and applying an in-depth investigation methodology, this paper proposes a knowledge cluster that improves the integration of interdisciplinary human resources and enhances the acquirement of innovative technologies. A knowledge cluster approach helps gather, organise, synthesise, and accumulate knowledge in order to become the impetus for innovation. Although enterprises are no longer the principals of research and development, they should still be capable of integrating professional physicians, external groups, and individuals through the knowledge cluster platform. However, in order to support an effective NPD model, enterprises should provide adequate incentives and trust to external individuals or groups willing to contribute their expertise and knowledge to this knowledge cluster platform.

ADEQUATE TRUST AVAILS, MISTAKEN TRUST MATTERS: ON THE MORAL RESPONSIBILITY OF DOCTORS AS PROXIES FOR PATIENTS' TRUST IN BIOBANK RESEARCH

In Sweden, most patients are recruited into biobank research by non-researcher doctors. Patients' trust in doctors may therefore be important to their willingness to participate. We suggest a model of trust that makes sense of such transitions of trust between domains and distinguishes adequate trust from mistaken trust. The unique position of doctors implies, we argue, a Kantian imperfect duty to compensate for patients' mistaken trust. There are at least three kinds of mistaken trust, each of which requires a different set of countermeasures. First, trust is mistaken when necessary competence is lacking; the competence must be developed or the illusion dispelled. Second, trust is irrational whenever the patient is mistaken about his actual reasons for trusting. Care must therefore be taken to support the patient's reasoning and moral agency. Third, some patients inappropriately trust doctors to recommend only research that will benefit them directly. Such trust should be counteracted by nurturing a culture where patients expect to be asked occasionally to contribute to the common good.

The convergence of subspace trust region methods

The trust region method is an effective approach for solving optimization problems due to its robustness and strong convergence. However, the subproblem in the trust region method is difficult or time-consuming to solve in practical computation, especially in large-scale problems. In this paper we consider a new class of trust region methods, specifically subspace trust region methods. The subproblem in these methods has an adequate initial trust region radius and can be solved in a simple subspace. It is easier to solve than the original subproblem because the dimension of the subproblem in the subspace is reduced substantially. We investigate the global convergence and convergence rate of these methods.

A new algorithm of nonlinear conjugate gradient method with strong convergence

The nonlinear conjugate gradient method is a very useful technique for solving large scale minimization problems and has wide applications in many fields. In this paper, we present a new algorithm of nonlinear conjugate gradient method with strong convergence for unconstrained minimization problems. The new algorithm can generate an adequate trust region radius automatically at each iteration and has global convergence and linear convergence rate under some mild conditions. Numerical results show that the new algorithm is efficient in practical computation and superior to other similar methods in many situations.

Cooperation enforcement schemes for MANETs: a survey

AbstractThe employment of adequate trust methods in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) has been receiving increasing attention during the last few years, and several trust and security establishment solutions that rely on cryptographic and hashing schemes have been proposed. These schemes, although effective, produce significant processing and communication overheads and consume energy, and, hence, they do not take into account the idiosyncrasies of a MANET. More recently, cooperation enforcement methods have been proposed for trust establishment in MANET. These schemes, classified as reputation‐based and credit‐based, are considered suitable for ad hoc networks, where key or certificate distribution centers are absent or ephemerally present, and for networks that consist of devices with limited processing, battery, and memory resources. Cooperation enforcement methods do not provide strong authentication of entities. Instead, they contribute to the identification of the trustworthiness of peers and to the enforcement cooperation using mutual incentives. This paper surveys the most important cooperation enforcement methods that have been introduced, providing a comprehensive comparison between the different proposed schemes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Health care for refugees

abstract empathicinquiry to elicit information while minimizing distressto the patient. 18 A question might start ‘I understandsome people in your country were mistreated by the author-ities . . . was your family affected in this way at all? ’.Health issues may be complex, and a gradual, stagedapproach to management is useful. This may includedeferring the discussion and management of certainissues until the patient is ready to address them. It cantake time for adequate trust to develop. Allowing thepatient to be in control of what happens is one way ofpromoting this. In addition, notions of medical con-fidentiality and informed consent may be new, or mayhave been eroded by past experiences. These principlesshould be explained and emphasized.If the patient and health worker do not share a com-mon language, trained interpreters are a valuableresource. Where available, they can facilitate accuratecommunication and can act as cultural advisors. 16 Friends and family members may interpret poorly andmake it difficult to raise sensitive matters. In Australia,medical practitioners in private practice, and all healthworkers in the public system, are fortunate enoughto have access to on-site and telephone interpreterservices.Normalizing the symptoms that result from tortureand refugee trauma is important.