Adequate Transmission Research Articles

Performance Analysis of Wireless Sensor Networks Using Damped Oscillation Functions for the Packet Transmission Probability

Wireless sensor networks are composed of many nodes distributed in a region of interest to monitor different environments and physical variables. In many cases, access to nodes is not easy or feasible. As such, the system lifetime is a primary design parameter to consider in the design of these networks. In this regard, for some applications, it is preferable to extend the system lifetime by actively reducing the number of packet transmissions and, thus, the number of reports. The system administrator can be aware of such reporting reduction to distinguish this final phase from a malfunction of the system or even an attack. Given this, we explore different mathematical functions that drastically reduce the number of packet transmissions when the residual energy in the system is low but still allow for an adequate number of transmissions. Indeed, in previous works, where the negative exponential distribution is used, the system reaches the point of zero transmissions extremely fast. Hence, we propose different dampening functions with different decreasing rates that present oscillations to allow for packet transmissions even at the end of the system lifetime. We compare the system performance under these mathematical functions, which, to the best of our knowledge, have never been used before, to find the most adequate transmission scheme for packet transmissions and system lifetime. We develop an analytical model based on a discrete-time Markov chain to show that a moderately decreasing function provides the best results. We also develop a discrete event simulator to validate the analytical results.

Performance testing of an innovative integrated zenithal daylight guide with solar water heater under real-weather conditions

Zenithal Daylight Guides (ZDG) and Solar Water Heaters (SWH) are individual energy-saving solutions utilized across diverse building types. This study proposes an innovative integrated power-saving system, uniting ZDG and SWH into a single model. The integration concept is rooted in leveraging the available space surrounding the daylighting device's pipe to incorporate a solar heater via a serpentine collector. The primary aim of this amalgamation is to optimize solar energy savings, minimize spatial demands, and alleviate manufacturing expenses. Moreover, the impetus behind this study stems from the recent emergence of daytime power outages in Egypt, attributed to heightened consumption surpassing production capacities. The ZDG is still not well known in Egypt. This is the only study until the year 2022/2023 in Aswan, Egypt, that analyzes the performance of this device under extreme sunlight conditions (with maximum global illumination reaching approximately 118 Klux). Across various seasons, the lighting and thermal efficacy of the current model underwent experimental testing and analysis to assess its practical utility. The integrated system effectively elevated the water temperature and achieved adequate light transmission, as indicated by the obtained results. The average transmitted indoor illumination on the work surface reached approximately 2470 lux. The reliance on electrical lighting could be mitigated for up to 5 hours. On the other hand, the highest water temperature and maximum instantaneous efficiency reached are about 70°C and 37%, respectively. Throughout the experiments, the proposed solar heater achieved a maximum daily thermal efficiency of 31.5%. The findings are deemed satisfactory and promising.

A Secure Data E-Governance for Healthcare Application in Cyber Physical Systems

The bio-medical devices gather patient information and communicate it to data consumers via wireless networks to take the appropriate action and decision by informing the doctors. However, IoMT is adopted by healthcare departments with a greater speed, yet the majority of devices are limited to resource constraints and security perspectives. The classical e-healthcare systems that are centric have the inherent problem of single-point failure with low transparency and low control over records. Many proposals have been validated in IoT for addressing the inadequate computing and storage of records through sensors. The main focus of this paper is to propose a novel hybrid architecture called Zero Trust Blockchain Architecture for decentralized E-health-CPS systems to support low latency along with storage and processing of records while monitoring the patients. In addition, a probability distribution function may further draft an accurate and real-time monitoring of patients. The proposed mechanism is analyzed against adequate decision, storage, accuracy and transmission of records.

RANCANG BANGUN REPEATER UNTUK KOMUNIKASI LORA

Not all situations allow for direct observation of the object being observed. This is due to several factors, such as distances that are too far or terrains that are too dangerous to reach, as well as weather and temperature conditions that are not supportive. Therefore, observation or measurement cannot always be done directly and continuously in these difficult-to-reach locations. To overcome these constraints, telemetry is used for long-distance measurement. However, telemetry requires an adequate transmission range. One efficient method for long-distance transmission is using Long Range (LoRa) technology, which has deficient power consumption. LoRa repeaters are required to forward data from the Node to the Gateway to extend the transmission range. In this study, a LoRa repeater was developed for LoRa communication using the LoRa TTGO ESP32 module. The results of this repeater development demonstrate its ability to forward sensor data from the node to the gateway with a range of up to 2.8 km and a data transmission delay of 0.7 seconds.

The importance of translating economic terms

Economic texts represent a special category of translations that require not just accurate transmission of information, but also taking into account the specific economic realities of different countries. Achieving maximum equivalence of terms is the key to successful translation of such texts. A translator of economic texts must not only speak both languages at a high level, but also have deep knowledge in the field of economics. It is essential to focus on the nuances of terminology, cultural characteristics and contextual meanings in order to achieve the most accurate and adequate transmission of meaning.

THE PRINCIPLES OF TRANSFERRING IDIOMS IN TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH INTO UZBEK

The given article copes with determining and systemizing the phonological and semantic transition of English phraseologies and idioms into Uzbek language by means of translation, taking into account the lingua-cultural aspects of two given languages, represented in the article as main objects of my work. The possibilities of adequate transmission of meanings and images, the mechanisms and principles of literary translation of idioms, and also the work includes suggestions for the translator on working with phraseological units.

A battery-less self-powered dual-parameter omnidirectional wireless sensing system based on symmetrical resonant circuit

Current wireless sensing systems mainly rely on batteries as power source, which requires extensive maintenance resources. Battery-less self-powered wireless sensing system is a promising technology to solve this problem with real-time sensing capability. However, most of the systems can not simultaneously achieve multi-parameter omnidirectional wireless sensing with high sensing stability, and adequate transmission distance. Here, a self-powered dual-parameter omnidirectional wireless sensing system is proposed. By utilizing a compact symmetrical resonant circuit, pulsed output of a triboelectric nanogenerator can be modulated into a decaying resonant signal with two resonance frequencies that are independently correlated to variations of the sensors. The decaying resonant signal is then transmitted through a spark microswitch wirelessly and omnidirectionally with a distance well over 5 m. Compared with previous works, the proposed system shows the most comprehensive capabilities encompassing omnidirectional wireless transmission, multi-parameter sensing, high sensing stability, and long transmission distance at the same time. A preliminary humidity/liquid level dual-parameter wireless sensing demonstration is conducted, and the sensors exhibits high sensing accuracy and stability, showing its great potential for applications.

Particularities of Interpretations of the Main Provisions of Madhyamaka and Yogācāra by Buddhist Authors in Tibet and Other Countries

Various features of the interpretation of these schools main positions, the reasons for their appearance and the consequences for the development of Mahayana Buddhism have been the subject of discussion in this research. Attention is drawn to the existence of various ideas of Buddhist authors about the interpretation of fundamental philosophical ideas of these schools. The influence of the peculiarities of translation into other languages for the adequate transmission of the author’s thought is discussed. It is noted that the possibility of different interpretations was already established in the very methodology of the transmission of Buddhist doctrines, formed at the earliest stages of Buddhism. The opinions of a number of Tibetan authors are analyzed. The study presents the derivation of the existence of different interpretations of some categories central to Mahayana Buddhism due to the presence of different philosophical methodologies. A number of features were associated with the interpretation of the correlation of logical-critical knowledge, yogic methods and their priority in choosing ways to achieve an exit from the chain of rebirth. The factor of similarities in the positions of such authors as Nāgārjuna and Vasubandhu (traditionally attributed to different schools) makes it problematic to unambiguously interpret their philosophical positions; Some features of these schools were determined not only by theoretical backgrounds, but also by political struggle for a leading place in the Buddhist hierarchy of a certain country, as well as the desire to affect authorities.

Coaxial nanofibers encapsulated with Ampelopsis brevipedunculata extract and green synthesized AgNPs for wound repair

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from Aloe vera extract exhibited a pronounced antibacterial effect, while the Ampelopsis brevipedunculata extract (ABE) showcased a high antioxidant capacity for wound healing. Spherical AgNPs with a particle size of 28.82 nm crystallized in a face-centered-cubic lattice. AgNPs/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and ABE/polycaprolactone (PCL) underwent electrospinning to produce coaxial and electrosprayed nanofibers, respectively. The developed coaxial nanofibers demonstrated a strain of 159%, a Young’s modulus of elasticity of 7080.14 kPa, a 3.9-fold swelling ratio, a water contact angle of 38.91°, characteristic hydrophilicity, and an adequate water vapor transmission rate of 2272 g/m2/day. ABE exhibited no cytotoxicity to L929 cells and induced a twofold increase in the cell migration rate. Upon applying the developed coaxial nanofiber on an in vivo rat model with a 9 mm wound diameter, the wound rapidly and completely healed within 10 days, with a healing speed 60% greater than that of the control group. Histopathological analysis revealed that the coaxial group did not exhibit inflammation, showed complete epithelization, and featured a well-arranged deposition of collagen on the 10th day.

EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF PERINATAL MEDICINE (EAPM) Position statement: Use of appropriate terminology for situations related to inadequate fetal oxygenation in labor

In high-resource countries, adverse perinatal outcomes are currently rare in term, non-malformed fetuses, undergoing labor, but they remain a leading cause of medico-legal dispute. Precise terminology is important to describe situations related to inadequate fetal oxygenation in labor, to ensure appropriate communication between healthcare professionals and adequate transmission of information to parents. This position statement provides consensus definitions from European perinatologists and midwives regarding the most appropriate terminology to describe situations related to inadequate fetal oxygenation in labor: suspected fetal hypoxia, severe newborn acidemia, newborn metabolic acidosis, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. It also identifies terms that are imprecise or nonspecific to this situation, and should therefore be avoided by healthcare professionals: fetal well-being, fetal stress, fetal distress, non-reassuring fetal state, and birth asphyxia.

A Comparative Study of Coprecipitation and Solvothermal Techniques for Synthesizing Pure and Cu‐Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles

Tin oxide (SnO2), with its low resistivity properties and high transparency in the visible spectrum, makes it an attractive electron transfer layer (ETL) for use in perovskite solar cells. Here, we use two techniques, coprecipitation and solvothermal, to synthesize pure and 4% copper‐doped SnO2. The X‐ray diffraction patterns revealed that the films synthesized using both methods have a crystalline structure with a tetragonal arrangement. Furthermore, the lack of any secondary peaks indicated the absence of mixed tin oxide (Sn2O4) or copper oxide (CuO) components. Additionally, it demonstrated that adding a 4% Cu doping concentration reduced the crystal size in both methods. The optical results indicate adequate transmission in the central range of the visible spectrum. Calculations were performed to find the energy gap of pure SnO2 in both techniques to be 3.85 eV and 4.17 eV, respectively. When we doped SnO2 with 4% Cu, this band gap energy decreased to 3.75 eV and 3.9 eV. Furthermore, with 4% Cu doping, the particle size decreases, as demonstrated by FESEM. The EDX spectroscopy images revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles consisted of copper, oxygen, and tin. The analysis of functional groups using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and the roughness analysis using AFM images showed a decrease in roughness from 46.1 nm to 12.3 nm in doped samples prepared by solvothermal synthesis, compared to those synthesized by the coprecipitation technique from 4.7 nm to 0.3 nm. We discovered that Cu plays an essential role in reducing nanocrystalline SnO2 particle sizes. In addition, the solvothermal technique is more impressive than coprecipitation in the synthesis of tin oxide nanostructure.

Complex analytical transducer model of a permanent magnet synchronous motor for vibroacoustic applications

This paper presents the complex analytical transducer model of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) for vibroacoustic applications, meaning when the motor actually does not rotate but only the rotor oscillates with low amplitude around an equilibrium position relative to the stator. Using only two assumptions – sinusoidal air-gap flux density and evenly distributed winding – the single phase transducer model is introduced, which is then extended to cover motors with any number of phases. The article proposes adequate transducer symbols and transmission equations as well. In order to enhance the practical relevance of the proposed approach, it is shown that using complex amplitudes and appropriate phase shift vectors in the transducer equations, a complex parameter transducer model can be obtained for sinusoidal signals.

The problem of design as a metalanguage of the information space

The object of the study is modern design as a cultural phenomenon. The subject of the study is design as a metalanguage of the modern information space – hyperreality. The relevance of the research is determined by the globalization of communication, characteristic of the modern socio–cultural situation: today communication takes place in hyperreality, which makes national languages a special case of communication - the whole world begins to communicate in a metalanguage understandable anywhere in the world, and today design becomes such a universal language. The novelty of the research is due to the very formulation of the question: until now, design has not been considered as a metalanguage of hyperreality. In addition, the study reveals the problems of modern design associated with the modern stage of its functioning in hyperreality.The purpose of the study is to show that in the conditions of globalized hyperreality, design becomes a metalanguage, a semiotic system built on top of the semiotic system, which is the modern information and communication space. The main method of research is the semiotic analysis of the design environment. The research is mainly based on the material of modern flat design, which is the most representative form of the existence of design at the present time. The main conclusions of the study: the socio-cultural environment of modern man is hyperreality. Hyperreality is a metalanguage in relation to primary reality. But hyperreality itself uses a metalanguage as the main language, this metalanguage is design. Design builds a system of images and connotations over the world of things, thus creating a metalanguage, or semiotic system of design. Modern design uses simulacra signs as the main sign form, since hyperreality in its development tends to distance itself from the primary reality, and develops its syntactic and paradigmatic structure, which is fundamentally different from the primary reality. The uniqueness of design as a metalanguage lies in the use of simulacra, signs that are fundamentally not expressive, not adapted for adequate transmission of information.

Force transmission capacity of the lower limb during walking of amputees with bone-anchored prostheses compared with socket prostheses and persons with hip replacements

BackgroundRestoring the ability to walk with a prosthesis is considered a fundamental rehabilitation goal after transfemoral amputation. An essential prerequisite for achieving this goal is adequate force transmission between the prosthesis and the body. Does bone anchorage of an artificial limb permit a more normal force transmission? MethodsData of 15 healthy subjects, nine amputees fitted with bone-anchored prostheses, nine amputees using socket prostheses, and 18 patients with a total hip replacement were included in this multicenter, observational study. Ground reaction force was measured using Kistler force plates. Kinematics was recorded with 12 Vicon Bonita cameras. Subjects were instructed to walk at three different speeds: first at their self-selected, then at slow, and finally at fast speed. FindingsSelf-selected walking speeds of subject groups were significantly different, osseointegrated amputees walked the slowest. The lowest ground reaction force was measured for osseointegrated amputees on the prosthetic side, who also showed the highest force on their contralateral side. Patients with hip replacements showed values similar as healthy subjects. The vertical center of gravity movement was specific for each subject group. InterpretationThe force transmission capacity of the bone-anchored prosthetic leg is limited during walking and is lower than both in socket prostheses users without symptoms and patients with total hip replacement. Therefore, active amputees well fitted with a socket prosthesis who consider a transition to bone-anchorage should be advised that their walking speed may decrease with high probability, and that their self-selected walking speed may even be slower than 3 km/h.

Opportunities for wave energy in bulk power system operations

Wave energy resources have high, yet largely untapped potential as candidate generation technology. In this paper, we perform a data-driven analysis to characterize the impact of wave energy integration on bulk-scale power systems and market operations. Through data-driven sensitivity studies centered on an optimization-based production cost modeling formulation, our work characterizes the inflection point beyond which wave integration starts impacting power system operations, considering present day transmission infrastructure. Furthermore, our analysis also considers the joint effects of wave energy integration and system-wide transmission expansion. Finally, potential resilience scenarios such as wildfire-driven transmission contingencies and heat wave events are investigated, whereby the contributions of grid-integrated wave energy in alleviating the effects of the resilience events are analyzed. As our demonstration test bed, we consider a reduced-order network topology for the U.S. Western Interconnection with wave energy generation integrated at carefully selected sites across the coastal areas of Washington, Oregon, and northern California. Our results indicate that over a representative year of operations, wave energy integration systematically reduces locational marginal prices (LMPs) of energy and price volatility, especially during periods of high wave resource availability (winter months for the U.S. west coast). Average, maximum, and minimum of hourly LMPs over a typical year of operation was reduced by 2.95, 51.28, and 1.13 $/MWh respectively (over a baseline scenario with no wave energy integration), when the selected network model had a total of 5000 MW wave power installed capacity during the representative year of study. The effects of wave energy integration can remain localized with existing transmission infrastructure (identified to be most pronounced in the Pacific Northwest region in the example we studied). However, with concurrent transmission expansion, the impacts of wave energy integration are likely to have a higher geographical spread. Our results also indicate that wave energy may be able to assist power system operations during resilience events such as major transmission contingencies and heat wave events, although such benefits might be dependent on factors such as proximity of affected area to wave resources, availability of adequate resource potential and adequate transmission capacity.

A high-gain dual-beam folded transmit-reflect-array antenna based on phase-shifting surface

Abstract In this paper, a high-gain dual-beam folded transmit-reflect-array antenna is designed based on the shared aperture method. It consists of the top transmit-reflect-array, the bottom transmitarray, and the feed horn located at the center of the bottom transmitarray. A phase-shifting surface is proposed as the transmission unit cell capable of transmitting incident waves while providing adequate transmission phase shift. The designed transmission unit cell is improved into the transmit-reflect unit cell by adding polarization grids to realize the reflection function. The bottom transmitarray is constructed by transmission unit cells. The top transmit-reflect-array is composed of transmit-reflect unit cells and polarization grids vertical to the unit cell. The x-polarized wave transmits through the top transmit-reflect-array and forms a pencil beam in the forward direction. In addition, the y-polarized wave is reflected by the top transmit-reflect-array and transmits through the bottom transmitarray to form a pencil beam in the backward direction. The tested realized gains of the transmitted beam and reflected beam at 10 GHz are 19.87 dBi with an aperture efficiency of 48.27 % and 23.95 dBi with an aperture efficiency of 30.88 %, respectively. With its low profile and ease of manufacture, it has great prospects for navigation and radar communication.

DISCURSIVE PERSONALITY OF THE AUTHOR OF A PAMPHLET FROM A TRANSLATION PERSPECTIVE

Th e article considers the features of the manifestation of the discursive personality of the author of a pamphlet and the ways of their transmission when translating from French into Russian on the basis of the works “Le hareng de Bismark” by J.-L. Melenchon and “Sarkozy sous BHL” by R. Dumas and J. Verges. A model of complex analysis of the author’s discursive personality in cultural, communicative, pragmatic, and stylistic aspects is proposed. Based on the model, the features of the author’s idiostyle are derived, which require immutable preservation during translation to ensure an adequate communicative eff ect on the target language. In terms of the communicative-functional approach according to V.V. Sdobnikov, the pamphlet refers to a communicative situation (KSP-2trans), in which the translator himself is the initiator of the translation, seeking to acquaint recipients with the work of the authors. Th e paper analyzes the problem of the translator’s linguistic personality infl uence on the transmission of the author’s features of the original text, initially addressed to the inner reader, and the question of overcoming such an infl uence. It has been demonstrated that for the adequate transmission of the features of the author’s discursive personality, the most acceptable methods are compensation, adaptation and translation commentary.

Summation of activation at the branch-stem transition of Mimosa pudica; a comparison with summation in cardiac tissue.

In Mimosa pudica plants, local and global responses to environmental stimuli are associated with different types of electrical activity. Non-damaging stimuli (e.g. cooling) generate action potentials (APs), whereas damaging stimuli (e.g. heating) are associated with variation potentials (VPs). Local cooling of Mimosa branches resulted in APs that propagated up to the branch-stem interface and caused drooping of the branch (local response). This electrical activation did not pass the interface. If the branch was triggered by heat, however, a VP was transferred to the stem and caused activation of the entire plant (global response). VPs caused by heat were always preceded by APs and summation of the two types of activation appeared to be necessary for the activation to pass the branch-stem interface. Mechanical cutting of leaves also resulted in VPs preceded by APs, but in those cases a time delay was present between the two activations, which prevented adequate summation and transmission of activation. Simultaneous cold-induced activation of a branch and the stem below the interface occasionally resulted in summation sufficient to activate the stem beyond the interface. To investigate the effect of activation delay on summation, a similar structure of excitable converging pathways, consisting of a star-shaped pattern of neonatal rat heart cells, was used. In this model, summation of activation was not hindered by a small degree of asynchrony. The observations indicate that summation occurs in excitable branching structures and suggest that summation of activation plays a role in the propagation of nocuous stimuli in Mimosa.

Gelatin–chitosan–cellulose nanocrystals as an acellular scaffold for wound healing application: fabrication, characterisation and cytocompatibility towards primary human skin cells

Biopolymers that mimic the extracellular matrix are favourable in tissue engineering. However, the rapid degradation and the lack of mechanical and enzymatic stabilities of these biopolymers prompt researchers to composite different biopolymers. In this study, we aim to develop an acellular gelatin-chitosan-cellulose nanocrystal (GCCNC) scaffold as a potential wound dressing. The GCCNC mixture was homogenised via ultrasonication and the genipin crosslinking was performed by magnetic stirring. The mixture was then frozen at − 80 °C for 6 h and freeze-dried. The effects of different ratios of gelatin and chitosan with cellulose nanocrystals on the physiochemical properties, mechanical properties, and cellular biocompatibility were studied. Our results herein showed that G3C7CNC demonstrated a homogenous interconnected porous structure with a good porosity (67.37 ± 9.09%) and pore size (148.46 ± 48.68 µm), acceptable swelling ratio (1071.11 ± 140.26%), adequate water vapour transmission rate (315.59 ± 25.27 g/m2/day), low contact angle (70.21 ± 6.79°), and sufficient mechanical strength (modulus of 64.67 ± 12.42 MPa). The lower biodegradation rate in the G3C7CNC (0.06 ± 0.01 mg/hr) compared to G10CNC (0.48 ± 0.07 mg/hr) together with the absence of glass transition phenomenon indicated an increase in both enzymatic and thermal stabilities. Furthermore, G3C7CNC was non-cytotoxic and biocompatible with human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The presence of collagen type I and α-smooth muscle actin expression in HDFs, together with the expression of cytokeratin-14 in HEKs, demonstrated our scaffold’s ability to maintain normal skin physiological functions. Therefore, this study proposes that the fabricated GCCNC scaffold could serve as a potential acellular skin substitute in managing chronic wounds.

Cow Behavioural Activities in Extensive Farms: Challenges of Adopting Automatic Monitoring Systems.

Animal welfare is becoming an increasingly important requirement in the livestock sector to improve, and therefore raise, the quality and healthiness of food production. By monitoring the behaviour of the animals, such as feeding, rumination, walking, and lying, it is possible to understand their physical and psychological status. Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) tools offer a good solution to assist the farmer in managing the herd, overcoming the limits of human control, and to react early in the case of animal health issues. The purpose of this review is to highlight a key concern that occurs in the design and validation of IoT-based systems created for monitoring grazing cows in extensive agricultural systems, since they have many more, and more complicated, problems than indoor farms. In this context, the most common concerns are related to the battery life of the devices, the sampling frequency to be used for data collection, the need for adequate service connection coverage and transmission range, the computational site, and the performance of the algorithm embedded in IoT-systems in terms of computational cost.