Adequate Daily Intake Research Articles

Correlation of calorie intake with 24-hour urinary urea nitrogen level changes in critically ill patients at RSUI Depok, Indonesia

Calorie together with protein intake has been proven to be important factors that play a role in critically ill patients. Hypermetabolism in the early acute phase increases energy expenditure and calorie requirement. Insufficient calorie intake will increase protein degradation for gluconeogenesis, which can be assessed by the level of 24-hour urinary urea nitrogen (UUN). Adequate daily calorie intake is expected to improve the UUN level in patients. This study aims to investigates the correlation of calorie intake with UUN level changes in critically ill patients.

Daily Adequate Intake of Fruit and Vegetables and All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortalities in Malaysian Population: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

We investigated the relationship between daily adequate FV intake and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortalities among Malaysian adults. Data from a total of 18,211 Malaysian adults aged 18 years and above whom participated in the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2011 were analyzed. The participants were followed up for approximately 11 years, and mortality data were ascertained through record linkages with the death registry from the Malaysian National Registration Department. Multiple Cox regression was applied to assess the association between daily adequate FV intake and risk of all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortalities, adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health conditions. During the follow-up period, we observed a total of 1809 all-cause, 374 CVD, and 216 cancer mortalities. No significant association between daily adequate FV intake with all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI: 0.79-1.31), CVD mortality (aHR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.57-1.47), and cancer mortality (aHR: 1.27, 95% CI: 0.74-2.17) were observed, even after excluding deaths that occurred in the first two years of observation. Further investigation on the type of FV intake and its preparation method with risk of mortality will provide a holistic insight into the causal relationship between FV intake and mortality.

Factors affecting the oral health of patients on maintenance hemodialysis and recommendations for standardized nursing care: a multicenter study.

To determine the oral health status of patients on maintenance hemodialysis and to identify the factors influencing their oral health. This observational study included 1,186 patients with chronic kidney disease who received maintenance hemodialysis across 33 hospitals in China. The patients were recruited for a questionnaire survey between April and August 2023 at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital using stratified sampling. Data collection tools included the General Information Questionnaire for Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients, the Oral Health Assessment Tool, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between the oral health of patients on maintenance hemodialysis and continuous variables such as sleep quality and emotional status. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to explore the relationship between oral health and various variables. The oral health scores of the patients ranged from 8 to 22, with a mean score of 12.54 ± 2.63. The final model of the multiple linear regression analysis indicated a goodness of fit of 22.19%. Independent factors affecting the oral health of patients included smoking, the proportion of medical expenses, water consumption, sleep quality, and anxiety scores (all P .05). High levels of smoking, substantial medical expenses, poor sleep quality, and elevated anxiety scores were risk factors for poor oral health (all P .05). Adequate daily water intake served as a protective factor for oral health (P .05). This study proposes targeted interventions to enhance the management and improvement of oral health in patients on hemodialysis, aiming to provide highly personalized and effective oral health care. These interventions are expected to improve oral health outcomes in future clinical practice.

Tolerance of Infants Fed a Hydrolyzed Rice Infant Formula with 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) Human Milk Oligosaccharide (HMO).

The purpose of this research was to assess the growth, tolerance, and compliance outcomes associated with the consumption of a hydrolyzed rice infant formula (HRF) enriched with 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) a Human Milk Oligosaccharide (HMO), and nucleotides in an intended population of infants. This was a non-randomized single-group, multicenter study. The study formula was a hypoallergenic HRF with 2'-FL, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Arachidonic acid (ARA), and nucleotides. Infants 0-90 days of age who were formula fed and experiencing persistent feeding intolerance symptoms, symptoms of suspected food protein (milk and/or soy) allergy, or other conditions where an extensively hydrolyzed infant formula was deemed an appropriate feeding option were recruited by pediatricians from their local populations. The primary outcome was maintenance of weight-for-age z-score. Weight, length, head circumference, formula intake, tolerance measures, clinical symptoms and questionnaires were collected. Thirty-three infants were enrolled, and 27 completed the study, on study product. Weight-for-age z-scores of infants showed a statistically significant improvement from Visit 1 to Visit 4 (p = 0.0331). There was an adequate daily volume intake of 762 ± 28 mL/day, average daily number of stools of 2.1 ± 0.3, and mean rank stool consistency of 2.38 ± 0.18. After 28 days of switching to a HRF, 86.8 ± 5.9% of the symptoms resolved or got better by Visit 4 as reported by parents. HRF with 2'-FL HMO was safe, well tolerated, and supported weight gain in infants with suspected cow's milk allergy or persistent feeding intolerance.

Effects of Dietary Fiber Intake and the Prevalence of Constipation Among Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.

Hemodialysis (HD) patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are particularly prone to constipation, which has become a growing public health issue. Nutritional therapy, such as fiber intake, significantly influences the management of constipation. In Saudi Arabia, there is limited data on fiber consumption and its correlation with constipation management in HD patients. The study aimed to investigate the correlation between dietary fiber intake and its effect on the prevalence of constipation in HD patients. Thiscross-sectional observational study of 77 ESRD patients on HD aged 18+was conducted in a single dialysis center over six months. A questionnaire was employed to diagnose constipation (as defined by the Rome IV criteria of constipation), and seven-day food records were used to evaluate dietary fiber intake. A study found a high prevalence of constipation (53%) among participants, with a lower daily fiber intake than recommended. However, a significant relationship was found between fiber intake and constipation (p < 0.05) with lower fiber intake in constipated patients compared to non-constipated (p = 0.001). The study highlights a significant link between fiber intake and constipation in HD patients, suggesting adequate daily intake of fiber was effective in preventing constipation and that nutritional counseling should include adequate daily fiber intake in medical therapy management.

Gastric Cancer, Immunotherapy, and Nutrition: The Role of Microbiota.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of gastric cancer (GC), which still represents the third leading cause of cancer-related death in Western countries. However, ICI treatment outcomes vary between individuals and need to be optimized. Recent studies have shown that gut microbiota could represent a key influencer of immunotherapy responses. At the same time, the nutritional status and diet of GC patients are also predictive of immunotherapy treatment response and survival outcomes. The objective of this narrative review is to gather recent findings about the complex relationships between the oral, gastric, and gut bacterial communities, dietary factors/nutritional parameters, and immunotherapy responses. Perigastric/gut microbiota compositions/functions and their metabolites could be predictive of response to immunotherapy in GC patients and even overall survival. At the same time, the strong influence of diet on the composition of the microbiota could have consequences on immunotherapy responses through the impact of muscle mass in GC patients during immunotherapy. Future studies are needed to define more precisely the dietary factors, such as adequate daily intake of prebiotics, that could counteract the dysbiosis of the GC microbiota and the impaired nutritional status, improving the clinical outcomes of GC patients during immunotherapy.

Could polyphenols be an effective treatment in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), is a health problem observed in women of reproductive age. Different diets, physical activity recommendations and lifestyle changes can be effective in dealing with the symptoms of PCOS. Nutrition is indeed an essential part of the treatment of the disease as it directly affects body weight loss, insulin resistance, lipid profile, hormones, and dermatological complaints such as acne. Polyphenols, simply classified as flavonoids and non-flavonoids, are bioactive components found in plant-based foods. The most common polyphenols in the diet are flavanols, flavonols, flavanone, anthocyanins. In particular, polyphenols which are compounds naturally found in foods, have antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic benefits along with many other ones. In the treatment of PCOS, polyphenols may help reduce the symptoms, improve insulin resistance and poor lipid profile, and cure hormonal disorders. It has been reported that polyphenols are influential in menstrual cycle disorders and enable a decrease in body weight, hyperandrogenism, estrogen, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ratios and LH. For adequate daily intake of polyphenols, which are found in high amounts in fruits and vegetables, at least 5 portions of fruits and vegetables should be consumed in addition to a healthy nutrition pattern. In this review, the effects of various polyphenols on polycystic ovary syndrome are discussed.

Attitudinal factors associated with protein sufficiency in Chilean vegan university students - A pilot study.

Introduction: vegan diets are currently an essential topic of discussion because they are recognized as a prototype of a healthy diet but are also associated with deficits in the intake of critical nutrients such as protein. Evaluating the factors that influence the deficit in their intake in vulnerable populations such as university students represents an important topic of interest, considering that this is one of the groups where veganism is most popular. Given this, the present study aimed to determine the degree of protein sufficiency and its associated factors in a sample of Chilean vegan university students. Materials and methods: an exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted on 114 vegan university students who responded to an online survey on academic, attitudinal, clinical, dietary, and sociodemographic variables. Protein intake was calculated, and based on self-reported weight, daily protein adequacy was calculated according to the recommendation of 0.9 g/kg/day. Finally, the association between protein adequacy and previously consulted variables was calculated by determining the odds ratios. Results: only 53.5 % had adequate daily protein intake, which was associated with the length of time respondents had been vegan (OR, 2.86; 95 % CI, 1.07 to 7.34; p < 0.05), use of supplements (OR, 5.24; 95 % CI, 1.17 to 25.2; p < 0.05), and the frequency with which they ate lunch at home (OR, 87.7; 95 % CI, 24.1 to 304; p = 0.000). Conclusion: there needs to be more protein adequacy in the assessed sample. Protein adequacy is associated with the length of time on the vegan diet, frequency of eating lunch away from home, and use of supplements regularly.

Low circulating choline levels correlate with Alzheimer’s disease pathology severity and cognitive impairment

AbstractBackgroundModifiable environmental risk factors may help reduce Alzheimer’s disease (AD) incidence. Choline plays key roles in healthy body and brain function (Blusztajn, 1998) and supplementation above the adequate daily intake (ADI) reduces AD pathology (Velazquez et al., 2019). Choline deficiency increases AD risk and pathology (Dave et al., 2023; Yuan et al., 2022). Notably, recent reports estimate that ∼90% of Americans do not reach the ADI for dietary choline (Zeisel, 2017), making it imperative to better understand the link between choline and AD risk.MethodWe obtained serum samples from severe AD (AD‐Sev; Braak stage VI), moderate AD (AD‐Mod; Braak stage IV), and healthy control (CON; &lt; Braak stage III) subjects (n = 12/group; balanced for sex) from the Banner Sun Health Research Institute’s Brain and Body Donation Program. Cognitive test scores (Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE)), plaque burden, and Braak stage was characterized by Banner Sun Health. We assessed free choline, acetylcholine (ACh), and TNFα levels. Gas‐chromatography‐mass spectrometry was used to profile aqueous metabolites and short‐chain fatty acids.ResultThere were no significant group differences for post‐mortem interval (M = 3.79). We found disease associated differences, where AD‐Sev and AD‐Mod patients had lower levels of free choline and ACh, and higher levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokine TNFα, than CON. AD‐Mod showed a significant difference in all these measurements compared to AD‐Sev. Free choline and ACh were positively correlated to MMSE scores, whereas free choline and ACh levels were negatively correlated with total plaque and Braak Stage. Free choline and ACh were negatively correlated with TNFα. Metabolomics analysis revealed significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) in the metabolisms of beta‐alanine, linoleic acid, and of taurine and hypotaurine.ConclusionCollectively, as free choline and ACh levels decreased, AD pathology increased. Free choline was also associated with MMSE score. Increased TNFα was observed in cases with lower choline, illustrating increased inflammation. Together, this data expands on our recent (Dave et al., 2023) and others (Yuan et al., 2022) publications, highlighting links between low choline and AD risk.

Climate-based variability in the essential fatty acid composition of soybean oil

BackgroundSoybean oil is a major dietary source of the essential fatty acids linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA); however, high-daytime temperatures during seed development reduce desaturase activity in soybeans. The resultant reduction in LA and ALA levels is a phenomenon well-known to soybean breeders, although the impact of this interaction between plants and environment on human nutrition is poorly understood. ObjectivesUsing data from the literature, we developed a model for soybean essential fatty acid composition. Combining this model with contemporary agricultural and meteorological data sets, we determined whether insufficiency of essential fatty acids could result from geographic, intrayear, or interyear variability. MethodsWe modeled this change using 233 data points from 16 studies that provided fatty acid composition data from plants grown under daytime high temperatures ranging from 15°C to 40°C. ResultsAs temperature increased, LA and ALA concentrations decreased from 55% to 30% and 13% to 3.5%, respectively. Application of the model to daytime high temperatures from 2 growth periods over 6 y showed significant regional, interyear, and intrayear variation in essential fatty acid content (P < 0.05). Using county yield data, we developed oil fatty acid models for the 3 top-producing regions of the United States. From this work, it was determined that soybean oil manufactured from soybeans in the southern United States may contain insufficient ALA to meet human nutritional needs because of high-daytime temperatures. ConclusionsThis work suggests that climate-based variation may result in many human populations not achieving an adequate daily intake of ALA.

Substrate and fertigation management modulate microgreens production, quality and resource efficiency

Long-term space missions will require a self-sustaining food production system to meet the crew’s nutritional and health needs. For this purpose, plant-based food production systems with elevated resource efficiency are required, based on advanced agricultural technologies that produce phytonutrient-rich crops. In addition to the resource requirements for crop production on Earth, volume and time efficiency become essential factors to consider for food production in space. Microgreens represent a promising candidate for space farming as they have a high harvest index, short cultivation cycle, and high nutritional potential. However, the development of specific technical protocols for growing microgreens in space is essential since different agronomic inputs, such as substrates and fertigation, can modulate productivity, quality and resource efficiency of microgreens cultivation. The current work examines the effects of different substrates (coconut fiber and cellulose sponge) and nutrient solution (NS) management strategies (quarter strength Hoagland and half strength Hoagland/osmotic water) on the production of two species of microgreens [Raphanus sativus cv. Saxa 2 (Radish); Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. sabauda cv. Vertus (Savoy cabbage)]. The appraisal focused on (i) biomass production and quality, and (ii) sizing of space facilities devoted to the production of phytonutrients required for the astronauts’ wellbeing. In our study, the interaction among species, substrate and NS significantly affected the accumulation of fructose, sucrose, total soluble non-structural carbohydrates and nitrate as well as the daily production of total ascorbic acid and, in turn, the required microgreens serving to supply its adequate daily intake. Species-substrate interaction effects on fresh yield, dry yield, dry matter, anthocyanins, TPC, β-carotene and sulfate content as well as the cultivation surface required to produce the adequate daily intake of ascorbic acid (AscA) were assessed. Substrate-NS interaction modulated the anthocyanins, violaxanthin and sulfate contents independently of species. On the other hand, single factor effects were identified with respect to the accumulation of lutein, chlorophylls, glucose, and starch. Therefore, the management of microgreens cultivation in terms of NS and substrate is an effective tool to meet the phytochemical requirements of the crew.

Coenzyme Q: food sources, adequate and clinically effective doses

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) plays a key role in cell bioenergetics; it is not only supplied with food, but also synthesized in the body. Endogenous CoQ synthesis decreases with age, with statin use, with cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and other diseases. In this regard, specialized food products (SFP) enriched with CoQ are being developed. Aim of the review – compare the CoQ doses allowed for use as part of dietary supplements and SFP with doses that provide a clinical effect. Literature review was carried out using the RSCI, Pubmed databases and Google Scholar, ReserchGate systems for the keywords “ubiquinone”, “coenzyme Q10”. The amount of CoQ contained in SFP is set by domestic regulatory documents based on an adequate daily intake for adults (30 mg) and the upper allowable intake level as part of SFP and dietary supplements – 100 mg/day. Actually used doses of CoQ range from 60 to 500 mg/day. Various ways to increase the bioavailability of CoQ have been described. When patients take CoQ, a U-shaped dose-effect relationship is observed, an effective dose that significantly reduces systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose and insulin levels, the degree of hemoglobin glycation, the HOMA-IR glycemic test is in the range of 100–200 mg / day. An improvement in the antioxidant status and a decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines concentration in the blood plasma of athletes is provided by CoQ doses of 60–300 mg/day, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease, doses of 100–150 mg/day. Clinically effective doses of CoQ (100–200 mg/day) when used for at least 12 weeks correspond to or are 1.5–2 times higher than the upper allowable consumption level in the composition of SFP and dietary supplements. The inclusion of CoQ in the dietary therapeutic SFP in an amount that does not reach doses that are effective in a certain pathology does not achieve the expected result. A possible way to solve the problem is to increase the acceptable levels of consumption of CoQ in SFP, as well as increasing the bioavailability of CoQ in the composition of emulsions, liposomes, phytosomes and oleogels.

Iodine biofortification of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. cicla) and its wild ancestor sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) grown hydroponically as baby leaves: effects on leaf production and quality.

About 35-45% of the global population is affected by iodine deficiency. Iodine intake can be increased through the consumption of biofortified vegetables. Given the increasing interest in wild edible species of new leafy vegetables due to their high nutritional content, this study aimed to evaluate the suitability of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. cicla) and its wild ancestor sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) to be fortified with iodine. Plants were cultivated hydroponically in a nutrient solution enriched with four different concentrations of iodine (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg L-1 ), and the production and quality of baby leaves were determined. Sea beet accumulated more iodine than Swiss chard. In both subspecies, increasing the iodine concentration in the nutrient solution improved leaf quality as a result of greater antioxidant capacity - the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) index increased by 17% and 28%, at 0.5 and 1.5 mg L-1 iodine, respectively - the content of flavonoids (+31 and + 26%, at 1 and 1.5 mg L-1 of iodine, respectively), and the lower content of nitrate (-38% at 1.5 mg L-1 of iodine) and oxalate (-36% at 0.5 mg L-1 of iodine). In sea beet, however, iodine levels in the nutrient solution higher than 0.5 mg L-1 reduced crop yield significantly. Both subspecies were found to be suitable for producing iodine-enriched baby leaves. The optimal iodine levels in the nutrient solution were 1.0 in Swiss chard and 0.5 mg L-1 in sea beet, as crop yield was not affected at these concentrations and leaves contained enough iodine to satisfy an adequate daily intake with a serving of 100 g. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

#5729 HIGHER DAILY PROTEIN INTAKE CAN IMPROVE THE GRAFT FUNCTION OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS IN THE EARLY POSTTRANSPLANT PERIOD

Abstract Background and Aims Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is commonly seen among uremic patients, which may still exist after they received kidney transplantation,[1,2] and it is a determining factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).[3] The use of immunosuppressants and glucocorticoids after transplantation will also affect the patients' metabolism and aggravate their malnutrition.[4,5] Adequate daily protein intake (DPI) in the early posttransplant period facilitates the rapid recovery of surgical wounds.[6] However, few studies focused on the impact of DPI on the early recovery of graft function. This study aimed to explore the relationship between DPI and graft function at month 3 posttransplant, which may provide a basis for clinical nutritional regimen of kidney transplant recipients. Method This is a retrospective observational study. 176 kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) who underwent kidney transplant in West China Hospital from December 2021 to June 2022 were included and followed up regularly. 24-hour urine urea data were collected at month 3 posttransplant to calculate their DPI. These KTRs were further divided into two groups according to the recommended DPI for KTRs by the 2021 Practice Guidelines for the Nutritional Management of Chronic Kidney Disease,[7] namely high intake group (Group 1, with DPI ≥ 1.4g/kg·d, n = 66) and low intake group (Group 2, with DPI &amp;lt; 1.4g/kg·d, n = 110). Laboratory data and posttransplant adverse events within 3 months were recorded. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between DPI and early posttransplant graft function. Results Mean DPI levels at month 3 posttransplant were 1.75±0.56 g/kg·d in Group 1 and 0.98±0.24 g/kg·d in Group 2, respectively. There was no significant difference in age, gender, pretransplant body mass index (BMI), dialysis type and time, donor type, or the ratio of delayed graft function (DGF) between the two groups. The levels of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), body mass index(BMI), hemoglobin (Hb), high-density lipid-cholesterol (HDL), and urinary protein at month 3 posttransplant in Group 1 were significantly higher than those in Group 2 (P &amp;lt; 0.005, Fig. 1). No statistical difference was found in the incidence of adverse events between the two groups at month 3 posttransplant. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that higher DPI in the early posttransplant period was a protective factor for graft function after kidney transplantation. Conclusion In the early posttransplant period, higher dietary protein intake (DPI ≥ 1.4 g/kg·d) may improve graft kidney function, lipid metabolism, and renal anemia.

A real-world evidence study evaluating consumer experience of Supradyn Recharge or Supradyn Magnesium and Potassium during demanding periods.

Challenging periods and/or mild micronutrient deficiencies may result in a lack of energy and general fatigue, frequently occurring in the general population. Supradyn Recharge and Supradyn Magnesium and Potassium (Mg/K) are multimineral/vitamin supplements formulated to ensure adequate daily intake of micronutrients. We conducted an observational study addressing consumption behaviour, reasons for intake, frequency of intake, and consumer experiences, satisfaction and characteristics under real-life conditions. This was a retrospective, observational study carried out with two computer-aided web quantitative interviews. A total of 606 respondents (almost equally split between men and women; median age 40 years) completed the questionnaires. The majority indicated having a family, a job and a good level of education; they stated to be long-time and daily users, reporting an average daily intake of 6 days a week. More than 90% of consumers claimed they were satisfied, would use the products again and recommend them; over two-thirds felt the value for money was good. Supradyn Recharge has been mainly used to support lifestyle change and mental resilience, seasonal changes, and post-illness recovery. Supradyn Mg/K has been used to sustain or regain energy levels during hot weather or physical activity and as a support against stress. Users claimed a positive impact on quality of life. Overall, the perception of benefit by consumers was extremely positive as reflected in their consumption behaviour, the majority of whom stated to be long-time users and daily consumers, with an average daily intake of 6 days for both products. These data complement and add up to the results of Supradyn clinical trials.

Intake of fluoride and other Hofmeister ions from black tea consumption in CKDu prevalent areas, Sri Lanka.

Dietary exposure of selected Hofmeister ions-fluoride, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium from black tea consumption in chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) prevalent areas in Sri Lanka-were assessed in order to understand exposure and risk. Black tea samples (n = 25) were collected from CKDu prevalent areas and control areas (n = 15). Total fluoride content in alkali fused digested black tea samples was determined. The available Hofmeister ions in tea infusions prepared using deionized water and the groundwater collected by CKDu endemic areas were compared. Dietary exposure was calculated by chronic daily intake data. Total fluoride concentrations ranged from 80 to 269mg/kg in tea collected from the CKDu endemic regions and 62.5-123.5mg/kg in non-endemic regions. The fluoride content in infusions ranged from 1.45 to 2.04mg/L in CKDu endemic areas and 1.11-1.38mg/L in control samples. The infusions prepared with local groundwater from the CKDu endemic areas showed an elevated level of fluoride 95% than that of the infusion prepared using same tea with deionized water. Aggregated chronic daily intake value from tea and groundwater exceeds the estimated adequate daily intake value of fluoride. The hazard quotient (HQ) values of fluoride in 5min and 120min tea infusions were 1.60 and 2.20, respectively, and indicate an adverse health risk. Potassium content in tea infusions collected from CKDu endemic areas is higher than in the control. Even though these values are less than the adequate intake, it may pose an impairment on a weak kidney. Chronic daily intake of Hofmeister ions, i.e., fluoride and potassium from black tea consumed in CKDu endemic areas may induce a risk for CKDu.

Natural pigments in fruit and vegetable juices: the content of anthocyanins, carotenoids and betalaines

The color of the juice is determined by the color of the corresponding fruit or vegetable from which the juice is made. The color of a fruit or vegetable, in turn, is determined by the presence of natural coloring pigments - secondary plant metabolites, which include mainly anthocyanins, carotenoids and betalains. These substances, in addition to bright colors, give the juices properties that largely provide a positive effect on health. The quantitative content of these pigments in juices (especially in commercially produced juices, the most commonly consumed by the population at present) is important for understanding of the contribution of that juices in real intake of these bioactive compounds with diet. The purpose of the work was to study the content of anthocyanins, carotenoids and betalaines in juices a nd nectars (cherry, pomegranate, red grapes, tomato, carrot, peach and vegetable juices containing red beetroot) widely represented on the Russian market. Material and methods. The content of natural coloring pigments was determined by HPLC: anthocyanins - according to GOST 32709-2014 "Juice products. Methods for the determination of anthocyanins», carotenoids - in accordance with R 4.1.1672-03 "Guidelines for methods of quality control and safety of biologically active food supplements", betalains by revised IFU method of analysis No 71 (rev. 2023) "Anthocyanins and Betalains by HPLC". The results of measurements in 66 samples selected from Russian retail chains were analyzed. Results. The highest content of anthocyanins (in terms of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) was found in cherry nectars - an average of 11.4 mg/100 cm3, lower values were obtained for red grape juices (an average of 2.5 mg/100 cm3) and pomegranate juices (0.9 mg/100 cm3). In tomato juices, in addition to lycopene (7.0-14.1 mg/100 cm3), β-carotene was found in an amount of 0.3- 1.2 mg/100 cm3. In carrot juices, the content of β-carotene was at the level of 5.7-12.5 mg/100 cm3, in peach nectars - 0.14- 0.38 mg/100 cm3. The highest concentrations of betalains were found in directly pressed red beet juice at a level of 156.2 mg/100 cm3, with a predominance of betacyanins (99.4 mg/100 cm3) over betaxanthins (56.8 mg/100 cm3). The content of betacyanins decreased to 51.5 mg/100 cm3 in directly pressed lacto-fermented juice and to 2-3 mg/100 cm3 in multi-vegetable juices; betaxanthins were not detected in these samples. Conclusion. The study showed high levels of natural coloring substances - anthocyanins, carotenoids and in some extent betalains in juice products. A serving (200 cm3) of cherry nectar can provide up to 100% of an adequate daily intake of anthocyanins, a serving of red grape juice and a serving of pomegranate juice can provide up to 20% and up to 10%, respectively. The content of β-carotene in a serving of carrot juice is several times higher than the daily requirement for adults; a serving of peach nectar contains up to 10% of the daily requirement for β-carotene. Tomato juice is rich in lycopene, this carotenoid content in a serving is several times higher than the adequate daily intake, while the content of β-carotene is also at a high level - up to 50% of the daily requirement for this substance. Despite the fact that direct data on the adequate daily intake of betalains have not yet been established, relatively high concentrations of betalains, especially in directly pressed red beet juices, determine their significant potential in increasing the nutritive value of the diet through beet-based juices intake.

Nutritional risks in children with food allergy.

Food allergies (FA) are a growing problem in the pediatric population and clinical features differ according to the underlying immunological mechanisms. While the primary management strategy is to eliminate the culprit food from the diet, assessment of the potential nutritional risks of elimination is also an integral part of management. In cases that do not improve over time; if you have basic food allergies and multiple food allergies, this can also lead to negative nutritional consequences. The contribution of basic nutrients, economical and easily accessible foods to the diet, is critical and has an important place in meeting the daily adequate intake of many nutrients. In the presence of food allergy, it is necessary to meet the vitamins and minerals that cannot be obtained from allergic foods, with alternative sources or supplements. For example, insufficient calcium intake in cow's milk allergy (CMA), the most common FA in early childhood, is very likely if an alternative supplement has not been introduced. In the management of CMA, choosing the appropriate formula and/or supplement for the clinical characteristics of children, when necessary, has an important place. In conclusion, nutritional risk assessment of children with FA requires a comprehensive, detailed, and multidisciplinary approach.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN WATER INTAKE AND ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY AMONG A SAMPLE POPULATION OF PAKISTANI DENTAL STUDENTS

Background: Role of water is well known as an essential nutrient in human health. Lifestyle medicine researches have shown high prevalence of inadequate hydration habits globally. In this study, the relationship of daily water intake with anthropometric measurements in young adults of a particular geographical location were observed. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 259 undergraduate students of Islamic International Dental College (IIDC), from September 2021 to February 2022. To assess daily water intake, an online questionaire was filled, whereas anthropometric measurements were done according to the recommendations of the International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment. Associations of Body Mass Index (BMI) with Waist Circumference (WC), Waist/Hip Ratio (WHR), Abdominal Circumference (AC), and Daily Water Intake (DWI) were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. One-way ANOVA was also used to determine the relationship of DWI with BMI, WC, AC and WHR, and considered significant at p?0.05. Results: One-way ANOVA analysis showed statistically significant differences in the mean values of BMI (F=6.0, p=0.001) and WC (F=7.5, p&lt;0.001) and no significant difference was found in the mean value of WHR (F=2.0, p=0.10) between the different DWI groups. Post hoc Tukey’s test followed by ANOVA revealed that BMI, WC, and WHR were statistically lower among students having adequate daily water intake (21.0±3.8 Kg/m2, p=0.001; 79.2±9.7 Cm, p&lt;0.001; and 0.78±0.04, p=0.013 respectively). Conclusion: Significant association was found between adequate daily water intake and lower values of BMI, WC and WHR. Pak J Physiol 2022;18(4):14?7

Education on the Importance of Adequate Iodine Intake in School Children

The purpose of this study is to educate the public about the importance of maintaining adequate daily intake of iodine. The method used is an experimental method with a quantitative approach. This research was conducted on 14 residents of Cihanjuang Village, Parongpong District, Indonesia. There are 3 main steps in carrying out this research, including (i) filling out the pre-test; (ii) provide education through animated videos; (iii) filling out the post-test questionnaire. From the results of the study showed an increase from the results of the pretest score to the posttest with a value of 45 to 82.5. while the N-Gain results obtained were 71%, meaning that education for the people of Cihanjuan Village, Parongpong District about the importance of adequate iodine intake for school children is quite effective. The t-test carried out also concluded that the results of t count t table, with numbers -9.449 1.77093 which means that the posttest score of respondents increased not significantly. With the implementation of this research, it is hoped that more people will become aware of the importance of maintaining daily iodine intake, especially for school children. So that IDD (Iodine Deficiency Disorders) can be avoided.