Adequate Breastfeeding Research Articles

Study of knowledge in mothers with children under 2 years about the benefits, Correct and adequate breastfeeding in FARIMAN CITY - 2012

Introduction: Breast milk for infants, is the vital importance. So that is essential in the infant immune levels against the risk of acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, and supply minerals and vitamins, and also Emotional relationship between mother and child is stronger. And the infant will lead to the development of IQ. Considering that breast milk volume is directly related to the frequent and how to breastfeeding, knowledge in mothers in these cases is important in Desirable breastfeeding. Methods: The study was descriptive and analytical .Population of 109 mothers with children under two years of the city's rural population in FARIMAN, Completing the questionnaires and interviews were survey and data collected was analyzed by spss software. Results: Results indicate that 11.9 percent of mothers have adequate information about the benefits of breastfeeding, 23.8 percent in good level, 52.2 percent average and 11.9 percent is very poor. Knowledge in mothers Putting breast milk and hugging 90.7% is desirable,4.5% Unsuitable, 5.5% don, t have knowledge in this field. Awareness 92.6% of mothers about breast milk is desirable, while the 1.8 percent had incorrect information, and 5.5 percent had no knowledge. In case Appropriate number of breastfeeding at 87.1 percent knowledge desirable, 8.2 percent Unsuitable. And 4.5% Statement disavowed. Awareness of the symptoms adequacy of breast suckling, in the 54.1 percent correct, 1 percent wrong and 44.9 percent on this issue was not informed. conclusions: The results of this study need to intervene to raise awareness mothers about Signs on Adequacy breastfeeding and to be felt need to provide resources and benefits media about breastfeeding

Association of breast-fed neonatal hyperbilirubinemia with UGT1A1 polymorphisms: 211G>A (G71R) mutation becomes a risk factor under inadequate feeding

Breastfeeding jaundice is a well-known phenomenon, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. Increased production of bilirubin, impaired hepatic uptake and metabolism of bilirubin, and increased enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin account for most cases of pathological neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. We previously reported that 211G>A (G71R) mutation of the UGT1A1 gene is prevalent in East Asians and is associated with the development of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Recently, significant association of G71R mutation with hyperbilirubinemia in breast-fed neonates was reported. We enrolled 401 full-term Japanese infants, who were exclusively breast-fed without supplementation of formula before developing hyperbilirubinemia, and classified them into two groups based on the degree of maximal body weight loss during the neonatal period. We analyzed the sex, gestational age, delivery mode, body weight at birth, maximal body weight loss and genotypes of G71R and (TA)(7) polymorphic mutations of UGT1A1. Statistical analysis revealed that maximal body weight loss during the neonatal period is the only independent risk factor for the development of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The effect of G71R mutation on neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is significant in neonates with 5% or greater maximal body weight loss and its influence increases in parallel with the degree of maximal body weight loss. Our study indicates that G71R mutation is a risk factor for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia only in infants with inadequate breastfeeding and suggests that adequate breastfeeding may overcome the genetic predisposing factor, G71R mutation, for the development of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

Breastfeeding duration not associated with average adiposity levels in 6-year-olds to 13-year-olds, but adequate breastfeeding may be associated with lower adiposity in the upper percentiles

Commentary on: Crume TL, Bahr TM, Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. Selective protection against extremes in childhood body size, abdominal fat deposition, and fat patterning in breastfed children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc...

Selective Protection Against Extremes in Childhood Body Size, Abdominal Fat Deposition, and Fat Patterning in Breastfed Children

To determine whether the effect of breastfeeding on childhood measures of adiposity differs across percentiles of childhood body mass index (BMI), subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue deposition, ratio of subcutaneous to triceps skinfold (STR), and intramyocellular lipid accumulation (IMCL). Retrospective cohort. Denver, Colorado. Four hundred forty-two children and adolescents aged 6 to 13 years participating in the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes Among Children study (EPOCH) with material recall of infant diet. Adequate (≥6 breast milk-months) vs low (<6 breast milk-months) neonatal breastfeeding status. Mean and percentile differences in BMI, SAT, VAT, STR, and IMCL between children who had adequate compared with low levels of breastfeeding. No significant differences in mean levels of childhood adiposity levels between adequate and low breastfeeding status were detected using linear regression models. However, in quantile regression models, adequate breastfeeding was associated with lower levels of adiposity levels for those in the upper percentiles (>60th percentile for VAT, 85th and 95th percentiles for BMI, and 95th percentiles for SAT and STR) and a null effect for those at the 50th percentile or lower. These effects were independent of sociodemographic, perinatal, and current lifestyle factors. We found no relationship between breastfeeding and IMCL at any percentile of the distribution. Rather than shifting the entire distribution of adiposity-related measures in childhood, breastfeeding selectively protects against extremes in body size and fat deposition, reinforcing the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding as the optimal infant diet.

Decline of exclusive breastfeeding: Practical advice and stronger policy compliance are needed in government health services in Lima, Peru

In Peru, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in urban areas decreased from 64.5% in 2007 to 59.9% in 2010 despite a national infant feeding policy to protect, promote and support breastfeeding (BF). Health care providers (HCPs) play an essential role in influencing mothers’ feeding decisions. This study examined infant feeding advice provided by HCPs in government health services (N=3) in a peri‐urban area of Lima using a case‐study methodology. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 16 HCPs and 11 mothers of infants &lt; 6 months of age. Seven mothers participated in two focus group discussions. The health service environment and educational activities were observed. Advice was provided via growth monitoring and medical visits, nutrition counseling sessions, home visits and talks. HCPs recommended EBF for 6 months but did not provide practical advice to address common problems. Barriers to providing adequate BF counseling by HCPs included heavy client load, inadequate in‐service training, poor counseling skills, and formula industry influence. Barriers to EBF among mothers included employment, perceived breast milk insufficiency, and infant formula promotion. Improved training of HCPs, stronger monitoring of compliance and implementation of national policy are needed in government health services to protect BF behaviors. Funding: CIHR GBH‐87063; McGill University

The Significance of Enterohepatic Circulation in the Causation Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

Sir, This is in reference to the study by Rana et al.[1] A robust triple-blind design, appropriate sample-size, and statistical methods–sensitivity analysis and effect-size estimation– employed by the authors could well make the investigation a landmark study evaluating the role of zinc in the prevention of hyperbilirubinemia in neonates. However, the study simultaneously conjures-up an important question about the role of enterohepatic circulation (EHC) in the causation of neonatal jaundice which may also have implications on the physiological doctrine for the intervention tested. Overproduction of bilirubin from heme is considered the most prevalent mechanism of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia apart from impaired uptake, conjugation, and EHC. We have limited instances where EHC is considered the prime mechanism for jaundice, e.g., pyloric stenosis, lower intestinal atresia, paralytic ileus, and meconium-plug-syndrome (virtually no removal of bilirubin due to distal obstruction). There is limited data to suggest that the resorption of bilirubin from the intestine can be a major cause of neonatal physiologic jaundice [2]. It has been stated that neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is exacerbated–if not caused–by enhanced bilirubin resorption through EHC [3]. In fact, more obvious than EHC, a markedly reduced UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity is noted in pyloric stenosis [3]. Enhanced EHC induced by human milk has a putative role in prolonging ‘breastmilk jaundice’ [4]. In the past, various strategies have been employed to counteract EHC with inconsistent results, in terms of the incidence and severity of jaundice [5]. Consequently, it is advised that such interventions are at the best used as an adjuvant, along with more established modalities like phototherapy [6]. The results of the present study by Rana et al., showing no significant reduction in the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia, requirement of phototherapy and mean STB (serum total bilirubin) at 72 h, are in line with the outcomes of previous studies employing other agents. Therefore, although past studies have suggested that EHC may play a significant role in the bilirubin metabolism, it appears less likely that EHC is a major cause of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, though it may play some contributory role in prolonging physiological jaundice. Therefore, negative results of these studies probably have a bearing on the underlying doctrine of ‘prevention of hyperbilirubinemia by clogging-up EHC’, irrespective of the agent (agar, charcoal, cholestyramine or zinc) employed. Other limitations of the study were the use of nonstandardized oral zinc dose, lack of serum zinc level monitoring, inadequate reporting of the adequacy of breastfeeding and vomited and/or skipped doses, and delayed initiation of the intervention.

Long-Term Impact of Neonatal Breastfeeding on Childhood Adiposity and Fat Distribution Among Children Exposed to Diabetes In Utero

OBJECTIVETo evaluate whether breastfeeding attenuates increased childhood adiposity associated with exposure to diabetes in utero.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSRetrospective cohort study of 89 children exposed to diabetes in utero and 379 unexposed youth with measured BMI, waist circumference, skinfolds, visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) abdominal fat. A measure of breast milk–months was derived from maternal self-report and used to categorize breastfeeding status as low (<6) and adequate (≥6 breast milk–months). Multiple linear regression was used to model the relationship between exposure to diabetes in utero and offspring adiposity outcomes among youth stratified according to breastfeeding status.RESULTSAdequate (vs. low) breastfeeding status was associated with significantly lower BMI, waist circumference, SAT, and VAT at ages 6–13 years. Among youth in the low breastfeeding category, exposure to diabetes in utero was associated with a 1.7 kg/m2 higher BMI (P = 0.03), 5.8 cm higher waist circumference (P = 0.008), 6.1 cm2 higher VAT (P = 0.06), 44.6 cm2 higher SAT (P = 0.03), and 0.11 higher ratio of subscapular-to-triceps skinfold ratio (P = 0.008). Among those with adequate breastfeeding in infancy, the effect of prenatal exposure to diabetes on childhood adiposity outcomes was not significant.CONCLUSIONSAdequate breastfeeding protects against childhood adiposity and reduces the increased adiposity levels associated with exposure to diabetes in utero. These data provide support for mothers with diabetes during pregnancy to breastfeed their infants in order to reduce the risk of childhood obesity.

Effects of early nursing intervention on neonatal jaundice and weight

Objective To study the effects of early intervention on neonatal jaundice and body weight, thereby preventing the occurrence of hyperbilirubinemia in newborns. Methods 320 healthy newborns were randomly divided into the two groups of the intervention group and the control group, with 160 cases in each group. All neonates of the intervention group were given the early intervention, including early breast-feeding, formula milk before the adequate breast-feeding, swimming and massaging. There was no nursing intervention for the control group, only the general nursing. The first defecation time, the first yellow defecation time, body weight in everyday, bilirubin value per cutem were measured and recorded. Results The bilirnbin value of the intervention group was much lower than that of the control group. The difference had statistical meaning (P < 0. 01). The body weight of newborns in the intervention group was much higher than that of the control group 5 days after born. There was statistical difference between the two groups (P < 0. 01). Conclusions Early nursing intervention can mitigate the bilirubin value effectively, reduce the incidence rate of hyperbilirnbinemia in newborns, reduce the decrease of body weight in newborns, and raise the body weight on discharge. Key words: Neonatal jaundice; Body weight; Nursing intervention

The influence of social support on the duration of breast-feeding among antenatal patients in Ibadan

SummaryIn Nigeria, breast-feeding has been shown to be very closely related to infant survival. Prolonged and adequate breast-feeding is critical to most infants' nutritional health and growth. This study aims to determine the influence of family support on the duration of exclusive and total breast-feeding of infants of antenatal patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted between 1 September and 30 December 2005. The tool was a structured questionnaire. The main outcome variables were the duration of breast-feeding; both total and exclusive explanatory variables were mainly related to support obtained during breast-feeding from husband and older female relations. Husbands support significantly increased the total duration of breast-feeding by a mean of 1.69 months (95% CI 0.88, 2.51), however, exclusive breast-feeding was not significantly affected by the husband's support (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.63, 1.39). Female support had a significant influence on both the total duration of breast-feeding which is increased by a mean of 1.08 months (95% CI 0.14, 2.02), and the adequate conduct of exclusive breast-feeding (OR 1.83; 95% CI 1.17, 2.86). The cultural practice of having additional female support in the postpartum period has been shown by this study to be beneficial. Therefore, this cultural practice should be encouraged and catalogued as a beneficial cultural practice. This practice is also cheap and sustainable.