Sampling Adequacy Research Articles

Validation of Eating Screen in Hindi: A Step Forward to Combat an Under-researched Menace of Eating Disorders in India

Abstract Background: A culturally appropriate tool to screen and diagnose eating disorders (EDs) is lacking in India. Aim: This study aims to translate, adapt, and validate ED Diagnostic Scale (EDDS) in Hindi. Methodology: Hindi translation of EDDS was done by three psychiatrists, two of whom were familiar with Western culture, their mother tongue being Hindi. The bilingual panel of experts, including three surgeons, one Professor in the English language, and one person with severe obesity (International English Language Testing System score Band 8.5) resolved translation inconsistencies. Back translation to the English language was done by an independent translator. Pretesting/focused-group discussion/cognitive interviewing was done in persons with severe obesity (n = 55). Hindi-version so-developed was administered to students (n = 120) after a week. Test–retest reliability was assessed. The original EDDS, Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS-M), and Fat Phobia Scale-Short Form (FPS-SF) were applied to 175 participants (students [n = 120], patients [n = 55]). The psychometric properties of Hindi-EDDS were investigated. Results: The mean age of students and patients was 18.60 and 43.38 years, respectively. Students and patients’ mean body mass index was 21.77 and 43.21 kg/m2, respectively. Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity for sample adequacy were 0.859 and χ2 = 3155.775; P = 0.000, respectively. The Spearman–Brown coefficient for Hindi-EDDS was 0.755 and 0.707, respectively. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha and Kuder–Richardson - 20) was α = 0.898. Cross-language concordance had a significant intra-class correlation coefficient (0.725–1.000). WBIS-M and FPS-SF showed a significant correlation with various items of Hindi-EDDS. Conclusion: The Hindi EDDS is a culturally sensitive tool with acceptable psychometric properties.

Cash Control Practices and Financial Efficacy of Manufacturing Firms in Mombasa County of Kenya

The study aimed to test the influence of cash control practices on financial efficacy of manufacturing firms in Mombasa County of Kenya. This study was anchored on Trade off Theory. The research adopted descriptive research design. The target population for the study was 611 employees of the 31 manufacturing firms in Mombasa County. The sample size was 62 respondents comprising of chief executive officers and finance officers of the manufacturing firms selected using purposive sampling method since they are the ones exclusively dealing with financial matters on daily basis. Primary and secondary data was used. Structured questionnaires used, which were both open and closed ended, collected primary data while audited annual financial statements of manufacturing firms provided secondary data. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measured of Sampling Adequacy of cash controls was at 0.795 which was above 0.5. Inferential and descriptive statistics was used in analyzing data through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) which conducted the analysis of variance(ANOVA).Inferential statistics included correlation and regression analysis. The confidence level was 95% with an error margin of 5%. It emerged that cash controls have a significant positive influence on financial efficacy of manufacturing firms in Mombasa County of Kenya. The study concluded that cash control practices have a positive notable influence on the financial efficacy of manufacturing firms in Mombasa county of Kenya. The variable studied was done at the choice of the researcher which therefore limits the comparability of other studies. Therefore, this study recommends further studies should be geared towards focusing on other variables which influence the manufacturing firm’s financial efficacy in the entire coastal region so that a conclusive agreement can thereby be reached.

Measuring Library Anxiety of Students in University Libraries of Bangladesh Applying Bostick’s Scale

Academic achievement can be significantly impacted by using library resources and services, but anxiety about libraries may limit students' willingness to use them. Less initiative is taken to assess user anxiety levels in academic libraries in Bangladesh. This study assessed library anxiety levels, evaluated the effect of library anxiety on comfort with library service and technology as well as measured individual differences in library anxiety by different demographic groups applying Bostick's Library Anxiety Scale (LAS). Bostick's LAS was adapted as per the academic library environment, including forty-eight items under five dimensions with a five-point Likert scale. A survey was conducted among 392 students from two private, one international and two public universities in Bangladesh. For data analysis, negatively worded statements were reverse-scored so that all the statements were scored in the same direction. The multiple regression analysis was done to evaluate the effect of library anxiety on comfort with library service and technology. The individual differences in library anxiety were computed through ANOVA and Independent Sample T-test by different demographic groups. The overall mean score of library anxiety was 3.99 out of 5, indicating that library anxiety level was reasonably low among the students. Affective and staff barriers significantly affected comfort with library services as well as affective, cognitive, and staff barriers significantly affected comfort with library technology. The overall and dimensional library anxiety was significantly different among the users by category of university and user. Numerous statistical methods supported sampling adequacy, reliability, and validity of the adapted scale that will prompt further studies on assessing library anxiety in academic libraries locally and globally. The findings would have significant policy and practical implications for developing and implementing strategies that help students feel less anxious and do better academically. Keywords: Effect, Library anxiety, Bostick’s Scale, Individual Difference, University libraries, Bangladesh.

Transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition of lung masses: a case series with systematic review and meta-analysis.

The diagnosis of intraparenchymal lung masses is challenging when lesions are located at sites inaccessible through bronchoscopy or endobronchial ultrasound. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided tissue acquisition (TA)-fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or fine-needle biopsy-provides a potentially useful diagnostic tool for lesions located adjacent to the esophagus. This study was conducted to analyze the diagnostic outcome and safety of EUS-guided tissue sampling of lung masses. Data were retrieved for patients who underwent transesophageal EUS-guided TA between May 2020 and July 2022 at 2 tertiary care centers. A meta-analysis was performed after pooling these data with studies obtained from a comprehensive search of Medline, Embase, and ScienceDirect from January 2000 to May 2022. Pooled event rates across studies were expressed with summative statistics. After screening, 19 studies were identified and, after their data had been combined with those of 14 patients from our centers, a total of 640 patients were included in the analysis. The pooled rate of sample adequacy was 95.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 93.1-97.8), while the pooled rate of diagnostic accuracy was 93.4% (95%CI 90.7-96.1). The pooled rate of adverse events with transesophageal EUS-guided TA from lung masses was 0.7% (95%CI 0.0-1.6%). There was no significant heterogeneity with respect to various outcomes and results were comparable on sensitivity analysis. EUS-FNA offers a safe and accurate diagnostic modality for the diagnosis of paraesophageal lung masses. Future studies are needed to determine the needle type and techniques for improving outcomes.

Measuring Emotional Intelligence Competency of Undergraduate Students during Online Class learning

Emotional quotient is highly important in the current education system. The COVID-19 pandemic period has mandated the online classes among the students. The aim of this work is to analyze the characteristics of Emotional Intelligence (EI) of students during the online class learning. Totally 130 students have participated in this empirical study with interest. There are 50 questions in a self-report questionnaire with a 5- point likert scale that covers the different aspects of selfawareness, self-management, motivation, empathy and social skills. The students’ responses are collected through Google form. The scores of each participant with respect to self- awareness, self-management, motivation, empathy and social skills are calculated. The descriptive statistics are applied and then Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is performed to find the important factors. Further Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlette’ test are also made to measure the sample adequacy. From the results of the CFA, it is concluded that social skill component of EI played a major role among the students. Keywords— Emotional Intelligence; Empathy; Self-awareness; Self-management; Social Skills; Statistical Analysis; Undergraduate Students;

Unravelling the relationship between udder morphometric traits and milkproduction, composition and clinical mastitis in Karan Fries cattle via principalcomponent analysis

The present study was aimed at reduction in dimensionality using principal component analysis of 16 linear udder type traits and to identify those components having strongest relationship with milk production traits and clinical mastitis in Karan Fries cattle. Kaiser statistic for sampling adequacy with a lower limit of 0.50, and Bartlett’s sphericity test was used to determine the adequacy of variables for use in factor analysis. Components were chosen based on auto values greater than one and scree test. The relationship of these principal components with milk production traits was analysed using the general linear model and effect of the components on the incidence of clinical mastitis were analysed through binomial logistic regression model. The general mean value of KMO was obtained as 0.695, indicated the existence of true factors. Five principal components were extracted using Kaiser Rule criterion contributing 70.11% of the cumulative variance between the linearudder type traits. The communality ranged from 0.277 (udder balance) to 0.879 (distance between rear teats) for all these 16different udder type traits. The relation between principal component 1 and 305-day milk yield was positive and significant with a non-significant effect for 305-day milk-fat (305 DF), milk-protein (305 DP) and Solids not fat yield (305 DSNF). The principal component 1 was also found to have a significant effect on incidence of clinical mastitis. Results of PCA suggest that the use of orthogonal synthetic variables principal component one(PC1), two (PC2) and three (PC3) provided a means of reduction in the number of linear udder type traits to be recorded in Karan Fries cattle which could explain the whole udder biometric traits. The PC1 can be used in breeding programmes as a means to explain the mammary system for better milk production with lesser incidence of clinical mastitis in Karan Fries dairy cows.

Role of endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition for the diagnosis of gastric wall thickening: a retrospective study with meta-analysis.

Tissue acquisition from a thickened gastric wall using biopsy forceps may not always lead to diagnosis, given the submucosal location of the pathology. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided tissue acquisition (TA) may serve as a minimally invasive diagnostic tool in such cases. Hence, we aimed to assess the diagnostic outcome and safety of EUS-TA from thickened gastric walls. Data from patients with gastric wall thickening undergoing EUS-TA at 5 tertiary care centers from August 2020 to August 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. These data were pooled with studies obtained from a comprehensive search of Medline, Embase and Scopus from January 2000 to November 2022 and a meta-analysis was performed. Pooled event rates were calculated using an inverse variance model. The search strategy yielded 13 studies that were combined with data from 30 patients from our centers; a total of 399 patients were included in the analysis. The pooled rate of sample adequacy was 94.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 90.0-98.2), while the pooled rate of diagnostic accuracy was 91.3% (95%CI 87.0-95.5). The pooled sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing malignant lesions with EUS-TA from gastric wall thickening were 94.8% (95%CI 91.3-97.2) and 100% (95%CI 93.6-100), respectively. There were no reported adverse events in any of the studies. EUS-TA offers a safe and accurate diagnostic modality for the etiological diagnosis of thickened gastric walls. Further research is required to identify the needle type and optimal technique for improving outcomes.

Development and validation of a new standardized measure for assessing experiences of discrimination within mental health services. A participatory research project.

People with mental disorders frequently report experiences of discrimination within mental health services, which can have significant detrimental effects on individuals' well-being and recovery. This study aimed to develop and validate a new standardized measure aiming to assess experiences of stigmatization among people with mental disorders within mental health services. The scale was developed in Italian and tested for ease of use, comprehension, acceptability, relevance of items and response options within focus group session. A cross-sectional validation survey was conducted among mental health service users in Italy. Exploratory factor analysis with Promax oblique rotation, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and the Bartlett's test of sphericity were used to assess the suitability of the sample for factor analysis. Reliability was assessed as internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha and as test-retest reliability using weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Precision was examined by Kendall's tau-b coefficient. Overall, 240 people with mental disorders participated in the study; 56 also completed the retest evaluation after 2 weeks. The 18 items of the scale converged over a two-factor solution ('Dignity violation and personhood devaluation' and 'Perceived life restrictions and social exclusion'), accounting for 56.4% of the variance (KMO 0.903; Bartlett's test p<0.001). Cronbach's alpha for the total score was 0.934. The scale showed one item with kappa above 0.81, four items between 0.61 and 0.80, ten items between 0.41 and 0.60, two items between 0.21 and 0.40 and only one item below 0.20. ICC was 0.928 (95% CI 0.877-0.958). Kendall's tau-b ranged from 0.450 to 0.617 (p<0.001). The newly developed scale represents a valid and reliable measure for assessing experiences of stigma among patients receiving care within mental health services. The scale has provided initial evidence of being specifically tailored for individuals with psychotic and bipolar disorders. However, the factorial structure of the scale should be replicated through a confirmatory factor analysis on a larger sample of individuals with these conditions.

INTEROCEPTIVE AWARENESS: VERIFICATION OF THE ADAPTATION OF THE UKRAINIAN VERSION OF THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT OF INTEROCEPTIVE AWARENESS (VERSION 2) QUESTIONNAIRE AMONG FIRST-YEAR STUDENTS OF BORYS GRINCHENKO KYIV UNIVERSITY

Introduction. When studying interoception, well-known scientists in Somatic Movement Education mainly use the latest version of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2) questionnaire. Such a study is taking place in Ukraine for the first time. The study aims to check the reliability of the Ukrainian version of the questionnaire Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2 ukr), and compare the data with the original versions. The results. Four hundred first-year Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University students took part in the study. The sample was relatively homogeneous — all students were 17-18 years old (80.3% women and 19.7% men) and consented to process personal data. It was the first attempt at the end of 2022 with this contingent, and the translation for which was refined. Two more such attempts for 2023 we planned. Used IBM SPSS Statistics, the validation results are consistent with the original versions of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness. Conclusions. For the first time in Ukraine, the results of verifying the Ukrainian adaptation of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2) questionnaire, its reliability, and consistency of interoceptive dimensions have been published. The revealed connections of elements in the correlation matrix have a high statistical significance (Determinant = 1.11E-007). Additional tests indicate the desired measure of sampling adequacy (Kaiser-Meier-Olkin test = 0.889) and a high criterion of sphericity (Barlett's test: Chi-Square = 6179.671, p&lt;0.001). For the early stage of the study, the reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha), which assesses the internal consistency of the items of the scales, corresponds to the recommended value for all interoceptive dimensions.

Development and Validation of the Soft Skills Questionnaire for Nurses.

Skills challenge has been given great attention for its impact on employees' performance. Various approaches have been put forward to design professional development programs that help in preparing nurses to work in the field and ongoing training programs to keep them up to each new method and technique at the interpersonal improvement level. To develop and validate a questionnaire that tests the communication and management skills, emotional intelligence, and confidentiality of nurses in Lebanon. The questionnaire, consisting of 25 statements, was generated and developed by experts in the field of nursing, soft skills, and questionnaire development. The items of the questionnaire were assessed using face, content, and construct validity and data validation was examined through psychometric properties at the final stage of the validation. Internal consistency and reliability were assessed through Cronbach alpha ( ). Further analyses were carried out to decide on the number of factors to be extracted using Oblimin Rotation method. All statistical tests were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 20.0). Nineteen items of the 25-item scale had an I-CVI of 1.00 and the remaining six items had an I-CVI of 0.87. The S-CVI/UA was 0.76 and the S-CVI/Ave was 0.97, which meant that the items were good for the underlying construct. For the psychometric measures, the results were quite accepted and satisfactory. The Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin measure of sampling adequacy and the significance for the Bartlett's test for the whole questionnaire were quite acceptable with 0.680 and 0.000, respectively. Furthermore, the Cronbach alpha (α) value was 0.824 indicating a high internal consistency between the items of the questionnaire. While obtaining exploratory factor analysis for each section, results showed that Oblimin Rotation method should be applied to the last section in which three items were eliminated to maintain a simple factor structure. This study shows that the 25-item Soft Skills Questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating the level of communication of nurses, their emotional intelligence, confidentiality, and management.

Reducing non diagnostic thyroid cytology using on-site adequacy assessment performed by junior medical staff

Objective:To assess efficacy of bedside cytology assessment of thyroid fine needle aspirate samples performed by junior medical staff compared to cytologists. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed of 1490 thyroid fine needle aspirates. Samples were divided into three groups: cellular adequacy assessment performed by cytologists, interns, and no onsite adequacy assessment (blind). A 45-minute training session was provided to medical interns with the aim of identifying whether adequate cellular material was demonstrated, as defined by the Bethesda criteria. The primary outcome was the rate of nondiagnostic samples, and the secondary outcome was the number of fine needle aspirate passes required to reach sample adequacy. Results: The incidence of non-diagnostic samples for the cytologist, blind, and intern groups were 6.90%, 17.1% and 14.0% respectively (p&lt;0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in non-diagnostic rate between the blind and intern groups. Significantly more aspirates required more than two passes in the cytologist group (74.8%) and blind (94.7%) compared to the intern group (58.7%, p&lt;0.001). Conclusions: On-site adequacy assessment performed by cytopathologists is the gold standard for minimising non-diagnostic thyroid FNAs, however, medical staff with minimal anatomical pathology experience can be trained to perform on-site adequacy assessment and improve outcomes with the implementation of a simple targeted training program.

Influence of Credit Risk Identification on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in South Sudan

Banks rely on their profitability to mitigate the chaotic nature of the dynamic environment. High financial performance contributes to the financial institutions and market development of nations. Banks’ primary function is financial intermediation, but this function entails a risk of its own which is the risk of default. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of credit risk identification on the financial performance of commercial banks in South Sudan. The research was anchored on the following three theories: Asymmetric information theory, portfolio theory, and credit risk theory. The study adopted an explanatory research design. The target population for the study was 711 employees of the 28Commercial Banks in South Sudan. The sample size was 195 respondents comprising Branch Managers, Credit Risk Managers, and Loan Officers of the Commercial Banks selected using the purposive sampling method since they are the ones exclusively dealing with lending matters daily. Primary data was used. Structured questionnaires were used, which included closed-ended to collect the primary data. The study conducted validity and reliability analysis and found a Cronbach of 0.708. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measured of Sampling Adequacy of credit risk identification was at 0.732 which was above 0.5. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics involves the use of mean, standard deviations, percentages, and frequencies, while inferential statistics involves the use of correlation and multiple regression analysis through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The confidence level was 95% with an error margin of 5%. The findings showed that the combined effect of credit risk identification activities influenced the financial performance of commercial banks in South Sudan positively. The study concluded that credit risk identification activities significantly influence the financial performance of commercial banks. This study recommends commercial banks’ managers and loan officers focus on enhancing their credit risk identification practices by implementing comprehensive and effective risk assessment frameworks. This can include facilitating the understanding of credit risk identification based on the products the banks offer, conducting thorough credit assessments before offering credit, evaluating potential risks associated with new loan services or products before launching the product, and engaging external experts to ensure a holistic approach to risk identification.

PERCEPTION OF TRIBAL AND NON–TRIBAL DAIRY FARMERS TOWARDS THE DAIRY FARMING IN CHHATTISGARH STATE: STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING APPROACH

Dairy farming is a secondary occupation for millions of farmers in the Central Indian State of Chhattisgarh. This study used the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to determine how tribal and non-tribal dairy farmers in Chhattisgarh feel about dairy farming and what makes them feel that way. In this study, the data was gathered from dairy farmers during 2020–21. The results of the paired sample t-test showed that both tribal and non-tribal farmers are performing significantly. In the Principal Component Analysis, KMO's sample adequacy test result was 0.724, which means there were enough signs in each element to study. Twelve items of dairy farmers' perceptions were conglomerated into three factors: rational perception, opportunistic perception, and scientific perception. The results of the SEM showed that the absolute fit indices match the sample data and that the proposed model is a good fit because it matches the values of the perception items.&#x0D;

Affective Commitment among Faculties According to Academic Qualification and Faculty Group in Higher Education in Nepal

This article deals with the fundamental issues of affective commitment of faculties in higher education in Nepal. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between faculty’s academic qualification and faculty group on affective commitment in faculty in higher education organizations. This follows a questionnaire survey of variables with a five-point Likert and uses mean, standard deviation, t/f test and Cronbach’s Alpha for analytical tools. The analyzed result shows a positive relationship between academic qualification and affective commitment. The analysis shows that higher qualification groups (PhD and M.Phil) are more emotionally attached than fewer qualification groups. The study shows no significant effect of faculty group on affective commitment. The sectoral sampling adequacy and a number of organizations represented in a survey may limit the general implication of results despite its analytical soundness. Moreover, may this study be originally picturesque and construes pre-cast for the future scenarios of the studied issues.

A suggested scientific research environment measure SREM in medical faculties

BackgroundCreating a supportive environment for scientific research is vital to improve the quality of research and its impact on development of society. This study outlines the development of a new scale that can measure the scientific research environment of postgraduate medical students. This tool aimed to allow medical institutions to measure their scientific research environment from the researchers' point of view. This may ensure an appropriate scientific research environment for researchers by identifying and overcoming obstacles. MethodsBased on literature, an initial list with 58 items was formulated. After discussing with postgraduate students and academic staff members from Damascus University and the Syrian Virtual University, A 38-item scale remained from the initial list of 58 items. To test the scale, postgraduate medical students (n = 30) were asked to fill the scale and answer 38 questions-with a 5-point Likert scale-twice in two separate occasions. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was performed to study the internal correlation. The internal consistency test was performed with Cronbach's Alpha, and the Test-Retest Reliability was conducted to study the reliability of the scale. Moreover, factor analysis was used to determine the sampling adequacy. ResultsThirty postgraduate medical students at Damascus University completed the 38-item scale. Scale scores in the sample displayed good reliability in relation to published results. Findings, showed an internal correlation among its sub-scales. The results showed an acceptable reliability values such as internal consistency (α = 0.863) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.093). KMO had a value bigger than 0.7 (KMO = 0.849) which indicate sampling adequacy, also, Bartlett's test of the sphericity was (1142.76, Df = 91, P-value = 0.000) which prove meaningful of the factor analysis. The results of varimax rotation found that five main factors were retained. ConclusionsThe Scientific Research Environment Measure (SREM), can be suggested as an effective evaluation instrument which can be applied easily to assess the scientific research environment of postgraduate medical students. This would help the decision makers to support teaching, learning, and research environment through implementing new strategies that inspire postgraduate medical students and increase their engagement.

Evaluation of the clinical performance of OncoPredict HPV® SCR assay within the VALGENT-2 framework.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) assays used in cervical cancer screening should be clinically validated according to international criteria. OncoPredict HPV® Screening (SCR) is a partial genotyping multiplex real-time PCR assay targeting E6/E7 genes of 13 high-risk (hr) HPVs. OncoPredict HPV® SCR (index assay) identifies HPV-16 and HPV-18 separately, 11 other hrHPV in aggregate and includes quality controls for sample adequacy, DNA extraction efficiency and PCR inhibition. 1300 VALGENT-2 study samples (from women aged 20-60 attending the Scottish cervical cancer screening program) were tested with the index assay and the GP5+/6+ PCR enzyme immunoassay (standard comparator assay). Non-inferior accuracy detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) of the index versus comparator was verified. Intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility of the index was evaluated by overall concordance and Cohen's kappa, using a sub-population (n = 526). Relative sensitivity and specificity for CIN2+of the index versus comparator were 1.01 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99-1.03) and 1.02 (95%CI: 1.0-1.04), respectively. Noninferiority pvalues were all ≤0.05, except for CIN3+in patients ≥30 years. Excellent intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility was shown with concordance >98% and kappas >0.95. OncoPredict HPV® SCR fulfills the three international validation criteria for hrHPV DNA tests in cervical cancer screening.

Mediation Effect Of Customer Satisfaction Between Promotion Mix Elements And Customer Buying Behavior In Education Sector Of Ethiopia

Present investigation conducted to check the mediation effect of customer satisfaction between promotion mix elements and customer buying behavior in education sector of Ethiopia. The researchers employed mixed method research strategy and cross sectional sequential explanatory research design. In addition to this, archival data was collected from the educational universities public relation offices. Sampling method used was purposive and simple random sampling to get the sample from the targeted population. Lastly, AMOS version 26 and SPSS vs22 were used for data analysis. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test was used to measure of sampling Adequacy. Mahalanobis' distance (MD) as a statistical measure based on a chi-square distribution was employed to check the extent to which cases are adjusted with multivariate outliers. SEM model fitness results showed the complete mediation i.e the entire (or total) effect of Promotion Mix Elements on a Customer Buying Behavior is transmitted through Customer Satisfaction. Thus, the Promotion Mix Elements have no direct effect on the Customer Buying Behavior; rather, its entire effect is indirect. Thus, mediation role of Customer Satisfaction was really happening in a given model, but the total effect is significant simply because the sample size is very large, or assumptions for the test of the total effect were met.

Student nurses' end-of-life and post mortem care self-efficacy: A descriptive study

BackgroundStudent nurses providing end-of-life care reported that caring for a person dying created anxiety, fear, and increased stress and reflected low self-efficacy. New nurses felt unprepared academically and emotionally. High self-efficacy is necessary to handle adverse emotional reactions. However, the literature lacks an instrument to evaluate nursing students' self-efficacy in caring for someone who is dying. ObjectiveThe study aims to investigate the reliability and validity of the “End-of-Life and Postmortem Self-Efficacy Scale” and explore nursing students' self-efficacy associated with the nursing duties and responsibilities of caring for individuals during the active phase of dying and immediately after death. DesignThe study was a quantitative descriptive, cross-sectional design. ParticipantsNational Student Nurses' Association members enrolled in undergraduate registered nurse associate's, bachelor's degree programs, or a nursing diploma program. MethodNational Student Nurses' Association members responded to an electronic survey containing 18 items related to end-of-life and post mortem nursing responsibilities. ResultsA total of 498 responses were analyzed. Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.938) showed high reliability of the 18 items on the instrument. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin was 0.925 and indicated sampling adequacy. Bartlett's test of sphericity was highly significant (p = .001). The nursing students' mean end-of-life and post mortem self-efficacy score was 62 (scale of 0–100). ConclusionThe “End-of-Life and Postmortem Self-Efficacy Scale” showed high reliability in evaluating the latent concept of end-of-life and post mortem self-efficacy. The low mean self-efficacy score indicated that nursing students might be underprepared to provide EOL and post mortem care as new graduates. Faculty can use the “End-of-Life and Postmortem Self-Efficacy Scale” to assess student readiness and identify gaps in knowledge in the care of someone who is dying. Future research is needed to determine how increasing nursing students' end-of-life and post mortem self-efficacy influences the perception of end-of-life preparedness.

447. Improvement of Anal Pap Collection Documentation and Adequacy in PLWHIV in Infectious Diseases Clinic

Abstract Background Anal Pap smear is an essential screening tool for high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV)-associated anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC), particularly in people living with HIV (PLWHIV). Currently, there is no consensus regarding time interval or protocols for screening of anal hrHPV-associated cancer. Limited reports suggest self-collected specimens have similar cytology sensitivity compared to physician-collected samples. Methods We utilized a Quality Improvement project (QIP) to assess validity of self-collected anal swab specimens (SCS) for screening of hrHPV-related anal lesions versus physician-collected specimens (PCS) over 3 months. The protocol was implemented in an Infectious Diseases clinic by patients and physicians during routine visits. Patients learned about the QIP via educational handout and were offered self- or physician-collection. Results A total of 60 patients participated. Seventy-five percent opted for self-collection and 35/45 (78%) SCS were adequate for interpretation, compared to 10/15 (67%) PCS. Fisher exact test value was 0.49, indicating no significant difference between groups (at p&amp;lt; .05). In total, 77% of patients completed the satisfaction survey. Only 13% reported preference for physician-performed procedure, while 63% felt that a self-collection option made them more likely to complete the Pap. A limitation to this project is the Hawthorne effect, as participants were aware of the QIP and that validity of the samples depended on appropriate sample collection. There was also a relatively small sample size of self-collected specimens (n=45). Survey results Final result from surveys answered by patients that participated in the project. Conclusion Survey analysis showed increased patient satisfaction and similar adequacy of samples collected. While the project was not powered to demonstrate an increase in acceptance of anal Paps, increased satisfaction could lead to improvement over time with a simple and inexpensive workflow adjustment. Additionally, with expansion of telehealth, self-collected anal Paps may increase opportunities to complete screening at times physicians are not available. Studies with larger populations, in multiple institutions and with varying educational handouts/instruction methods may provide better data to corroborate recommendations regarding best practices for screening for ASCC. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Primary Thyroid Lymphoma Diagnosed on Rapid Onsite and Cytology: A Rare Case Report.

Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) is an essential component of thyroid cytopathology, particularly important in thyroid lymphoma, anaplastic carcinoma, metastasis to avoid unnecessary surgery. Follicular epithelial neoplasms are the most common tumors arising from the thyroid, whereas primary thyroid lymphomas are uncommon, accounting for less than 5% of all thyroid malignancies. A 45-year-old male patient presented to our ENT outpatient department with swelling in the anterior neck for 3years duration. Non-aspirational needling was done along with rapid on-site evaluation using 1% aq. toluidine blue and was reported as Malignant thyroid neoplasm- possibility of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Cellblock sample also confirmed as B-cell NHL followed by Immunohistochemistry. Primary thyroid lymphomas (PTL) are uncommon malignant neoplasms. They represent < 5% of all thyroid malignancies and 1-2% of all extra-nodal lymphomas. If diagnosed cytologically, unnecessary surgery can be avoided in thyroid lymphoma. ROSE helps in the rapid diagnosis and sample adequacy. Cellblock can avoid the biopsy procedure used for confirmation and subtyping of lymphoma.