Level Of Adequacy Research Articles

Gendered Poverty Perceptions: How Do Retired Women Fare?

This paper examines the poverty perceptions of retired women by assessing the extent to which demographic characteristics, economic considerations, household adequacy levels and satisfaction measures influence perceptions of poverty. Based on data from a South African national survey, binomial logistic regression models were employed, whereby demographic characteristics (first level variables) were assessed relative to the respondents’ poverty perceptions. Thereafter, economic considerations (second level variables) were included in the model to draw more inferences on the conditions leading to poverty perceptions. Finally, respondents’ household adequacy levels and satisfaction measures (third level variables) were nested into the model for a complete investigation of the antecedents of poverty perceptions. Many of the retired women in this study perceive themselves to be impoverished or at risk of poverty. The results indicate that marital status and education levels have a significant influence on perceptions of poverty. Furthermore, the study found that monetary measures do not sufficiently explain the pathway leading to retirement poverty perceptions. Instead, perceptions of financial security and the satisfaction with one’s standard of living influence gendered poverty perceptions. This study advances our understanding of the conditions influencing the poverty perceptions of retired women. As most of the respondents in this sample rely on the government for financial support, this study provides pertinent suggestions to government agencies on the conditions associated with gendered poverty perceptions at retirement.

ANALYSIS OF ADEQUACY OF FUNDS, LIQUIDITY, AND CLAIM EXPENSES ON THE HEALTH OF SHARIA INSURANCE COMPANIES

In this globalization era, the business world adhering to sharia principles has begun to develop, not only banking financial institutions, but non-banking financial institutions, one of which is insurance institution also has started to adopt the sharia principles. Insurance institutions must grant the best company performance so that they can be comprised in the criteria for a healthy and appropriate insurance company in paying their customers' claims. Public trust in insurance is influenced by the health of the insurance company and the accuracy of insurance in paying claims. One way to assess the health condition of an insurance company is to use Return on Equity.Return on Equity at PT AIA Financial was still below the unsafe percentage because almost all the percentage of Return on Equity had been below 40%. Therefore, it was important to know what things influenced Return on Equity so that Return on Equity of PT. AIA Financial could be able to be in a safe spot. Furthermore, the way to observe the financial performance of an insurance company required to calculate the level of adequacy of funds, liquidity, and claims expense in advance. The research was aimed at determining the influence of the Adequacy of Funds, Liquidity, and Claims Expenses toward Company's Health Level which was projected in Return On Equity. The research methods applied in the research were descriptive and associative. The result of the research shows that the Adequacy level of Funds does not influence Return On Equity. Meanwhile, Liquidity and Claims Expenses does influence Return On Equity.

Weaknesses in Experimental Design and Reporting Decrease the Likelihood of Reproducibility and Generalization of Recent Cardiovascular Research.

Recent evidence indicates that many clinical and preclinical studies are not reproducible. Prominent causes include design and implementation issues, low statistical power, unintentional bias, and incomplete reporting in the published literature. The primary goal of this study was to assess the quality of published research in three prominent cardiovascular research journals by examining statistical power and assessing the adherence to augmented ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments). For unpaired t-tests, the average median power for a 20% and 50% change was 0.27 ± 0.06 and 0.88 ± 0.08, respectively. For analysis of guidelines, 40 categories were assessed with a 0-2 scale. Although many strengths were observed, several key elements that were needed for reproducibility were inadequate, including differentiation of primary and secondary outcomes, power calculations for group size, allocation methods, use of randomization and blinding, checks for normality, reports of attrition, and adverse events of subjects, and assessment of bias. A secondary goal was to examine whether a required checklist improved the quality of reporting; those results indicated that a checklist improved compliance and quality of reporting, but adequacy levels in key categories were still too low. Overall, the findings of this study indicated that the probability for reproducibility of many clinical and preclinical cardiovascular research studies was low because of incomplete reporting, low statistical power, and lack of research practices that decrease experimental bias. Expansion of group sizes to increase power, use of detailed checklists, and closer monitoring for checklist adherence by editors and journals should remediate many of these deficits and increase the likelihood of reproducibility.

Factor Affecting Capital Adequacy: Major Factor for Bank to Develop Business Growth in Indonesia in 2013-2017

Capital adequacy is a major factor for a bank to be able to develop its business growth. The level of capital adequacy of banks in Indonesia is far above from average CAR of banks in the ASEAN region and peer groups. The high level of capital adequacy in Indonesia is a cautious response from banks in lending amidst from the weak growth of Risk Weighted Assets (RWA). This study aims to determine the effect of non-performing loans (NPLs), Working Capital to Total Assets Ratio (WCTA), Operational Costs / Operating Income (BOPO), Good Corporate Governance (GCG) and Return on Assets (ROA) on the Bank's capital adequacy National Private Public in Indonesia. In this study, the population was used as the object of research was the National Private Commercial Bank listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample in this study was taken by pooling data, which is a combination of time series and crosssection during the period of 2013 to 2017. Data were analyzed using Multiple Regression analysis accompanied by a classic assumption test. The results show that there are Non Performing Loan (NPL) and Good Corporate Governance variables did not significantly influence the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) of national private banking companies. And Test results show that there are Working Capital to Total Assets Ratio (WCTA), Operating Costs / Operating Income (BOPO) and Return On Assets (ROA) have a significant positive effect on Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) in national private banking companies. This finding is expected to improve the performance of capital adequacy bank from National Private Public in Indonesia.

Primary health care performance according to clusters of convergent municipalities in the state of São Paulo.

To describe the performance of Primary Health Care, according to conglomerates of São Paulo cities that present homogeneous indicators. This is a descriptive study, based on secondary data extracted from official sources of the Unified Health System, for the year 2018. An analysis matrix was created, with the proposition of performance (access, effectiveness and adequacy) and context indicators (population, health determinants and financing) selected and organized in dimensions and sub-dimensions. Cluster Analysis was used to identify the groups of homogeneous municipalities. 645 municipalities were divided in 6 conglomerates. Clusters 2 and 3 were formed predominantly by small municipalities with greater access to health; cluster 3 has less social vulnerability and greater investment in health. Clusters 1, 4 and 5 were formed by the largest municipalities with less access to health; cluster 4 presents greater social vulnerability, less coverage of private health plans and a greater percentage of health resources; cluster 5 was characterized by greater Gross Domestic Product per capita and greater coverage of private health plans. Cluster 6, formed by the city of São Paulo, was a particular case. Cluster 2 drew attention, as it was shown to have increased coverage, but signaled lower efficacy and adequacy levels. Cluster 3 had the best performance among all clusters. These findings can support regional and municipal management, given the complexity of the territory of São Paulo, pointing to scenarios that demand broader public management initiatives.

ДОСТАТОЧНОСТЬ КАПИТАЛА БАНКОВСКОГО СЕКТОРА: ИМЕЮЩИЙСЯ ЗАПАС ПРОЧНОСТИ И ОЦЕНКА РИСКОВ НАРУШЕНИЯ НОРМАТИВОВ

The article is devoted to assessing the capital adequacy of the banking sector. Data on the dynamics of capital of the banking system, capital adequacy indicators of credit institutions are presented. The impact of the Bank of Russia's actions on the level of bank capital adequacy was assessed. Statistical information is presented on the number of organizations that may face problems of violation of capital adequacy indicators. It was concluded that given the positive dynamics of capital indicators of the banking sector, the risks of violation of capital adequacy ratios by individual credit institutions are quite high in the current realities of economic development, which is associated with the protracted nature of sanctions, as well as a larger volume of business losses than was observed earlier in the crisis moments of the development of the state economy.

Can credit quality as a moderating variable in increasing profitability: study on conventional commercial banks listed on the Indonesia stock exchange

Purpose: Increasing Profitability is necessary for a business so that business activities can still exist. Many previous studies have examined this matter. However, none have used credit quality as a moderating variable. This study aims to determine whether credit quality can be moderated to increase profitability.Methodology: The population used is Conventional Commercial Bank Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample of this research is 80 conventional commercial bank companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling—data analysis using Partial Least Square with Smart PLS 3.0 software.Finding: The result found a relationship between Capital Adequacy Level, Credit Distribution, Credit Quality, and Profitability. It showed that the level of capital adequacy has a positive effect on profitability. Credit quality cannot moderate the relationship between capital adequacy and lending to profitability.Research limitation/Implication: This research was only conducted on conventional banks listed on the Indonesian stock exchange. The variables studied are only limited to financial factorsPractical Implication: The management will understand that the strategy to increase profitability does not require credit quality support through the research results. The use of moderating variables is expected to provide a new model for increasing profitabilityOriginality: In increasing profitability, the researcher offers a new model by using credit quality as a moderating variable.Keywords: Capital Adequacy Level, Credit Distribution, Profitability, Credit Quality.

Regulatory and legal provision of banking sector capitalization in conditions of macroeconomic instability

The article summarizes the regulatory and legal provision of bank capitalization in conditions of macroeconomic instability using the example of Ukraine. The author systematizes the main approaches to determining the categories of legislation in the field of capitalization based on a review of publications by foreign and domestic scientists. The purpose of the article is to analyze the regulatory and legal provision of capitalization of the banking sector in the example of Ukraine and assess the existing gaps in the legislative framework. Within the framework of the article, a bibliometric analysis was carried out for the systematization of scientific works in the field of regulatory support of bank capitalization. The following research tools were used in the article: methods of analysis and synthesis, grouping, bibliographic analysis, comparison method, etc. The following categories of regulatory support for bank capitalization have been identified the primary State Law, State Laws, the main Central Bank Law and regulatory acts developed in accordance with the specifics of the bank's activities. The article identifies the main gaps in legislation at various levels of banking activity. From the NBU's point of view, the level of capital adequacy is characterized by banks' compliance with the specified standards H1 and H2. At the international level, these indicators are covered in the standards of the Basel Committee on Banking Regulation (Basel I, II, III). Several external and internal factors affect banks' implementation of the specified regulations. Macroeconomic factors include social, geopolitical factors, technological factors and national indicators. This determines the need for banks to consider fluctuations in GDP and incomes of the population when developing a resource policy, as well as implementing national legislation. Also, banks need to develop and implement appropriate action plans for negative scenarios of economic growth and population impoverishment.

The Main Difficulties in Translation of German Metaphors into Ukrainian (based on agricultural advertising)

Abstract. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the process of translating professional advertising texts is often complicated not only by difficulties associated with the search for terminological counterparts, but also by the need to take into account the pragmatic aspects of reproducing the source text in the target language. The importance of observing pragmatic parameters in each phase of the translation process is due to their dependence on the level of adequacy of the final product - the translated text. To realize this goal, the translator must determine: what is the intention of the author of the translated text; which language means should be used; what will be the predicted effect on the addressee. the concept of pragmatics is ambiguously interpreted by scientists. The task of scientific research is to determine the peculiarities of the translation of metaphorical terms and to analyze the problematic issues that arise in the process of translating agrarian metaphors. Results. The most common means of imagery in agricultural advertising texts are considered: metaphor, repetition, epithet, hyperbole, rhyme, allusion and paraphrase. The use of some tropes on examples from advertisements is considered. When there is a need to emphasize the exclusivity of a certain product, marketers are most inclined to use hyperbole. Conclusions. The full value of the translation of advertising texts does not lie in the mechanical reproduction of the entire set of elements, but in the transmission of the ratio of content, form and intention specific to the original as a single whole. Analyzing the texts of German agricultural advertising, we are convinced that arguments, facts, persuasive logic and strict argumentation prevail here. The peculiarities of German advertising texts are a consequence and, in fact, a sign of the typical characteristics of the national mentality - they are concrete, concise, precise and logical in their presentation.

Formation of accumulative component of general mandatory state pension insurance as a direction of pension system reform

For more than thirty years, the problem of achieving an adequate level of pension benefits for citizens of Ukraine remains extremely relevant. Unfortunately, the current socio-economic and military-political situation indicates only a deterioration in the factors influencing the national pension system. The article analyzes the negative factors influencing the pension system, in particular the solidarity component. Thus, in recent years, the demographic situation in Ukraine has only worsened, as along with the natural processes of population depopulation, labor migration abroad continues, which, unfortunately, was supplemented by waves of refugees with the beginning of the war. The processes of de-shadowing of the economy, in particular the labor market, are also rather slow and inconsistent. Thus, in some sectors, about half of the workers may be informally employed. The pace of economic growth and the development of financial sector instruments have also not been very encouraging in recent years. Therefore, it is pointed out that all these factors have an extremely negative impact on the functioning of the joint pension system, moreover, for its financial stability, a significant share of funds from the state budget is redistributed annually. However, despite such significant financial costs, the level of adequacy of benefits for most retirees is extremely low. It is noted that one of the effective options to improve the level of pension provision of citizens is the introduction of a mandatory funded pension system, which in its content is designed: first - to supplement pension benefits to participants, and secondly - to diversify the risks of material impoverishment of such persons old age. The article analyzes the existing scenario for the introduction of such an accumulative component and the relevant government bill. The main advantages of the proposed system of mandatory pension capitalization are highlighted, as well as the main threats that may arise if it is implemented in its original form. Based on the results of the analysis, appropriate conclusions and recommendations were made.

Смислотворча функцiя архаïзмiв вiршiв Данила Братковського у перекладi Валерiя Шевчука

The semantic loading of archaisms in Ukrainian translations of Danylo Bratkowskyi’s poems by Valerii Shewchuk is analyzed in the article. They are separated from another layer of outdated vocabulary – historicisms in modern language. Their belonging to different groups is indicated in terms of structure and content. Taking into account the structure of archaisms, we distinguish stylistic, morphological, word-formation, phonetic and lexical groups. Semantically we should consider that there are complete and superficial archaisms, so they perform different functions in the translated text and in the original text. In the publication attention is paid to the level of adequacy and equivalence of translated baroque poetry. The prospects of translation of the ancient text with the use of archaisms are determined. Among the words-realities in the Ukrainian versions of Bratkowskyi’s poems we identify historicisms and a small group of archaisms consonant with them, which either have synonymous equivalents in modern Ukrainian or had them not so long ago, in the 20th century. Very often this type of vocabulary refers to public positions, professions, household items, etc. In this case the technique of archaizing the text is fully justified, as it conveys the spirit of antiquity and reproduces the linguistic richness of the ancient kingdom of Poland, which consisted of several nations and which is no longer on the world map. The most common group are archaisms of the classical type, which are divided into subgroups by the nature of creation. In Ukrainian translations of Bratkowskyi we find their phonetic, morphological, word-forming and semantic variations. Regardless of the type of creation, all these obsolete words are used for a single purpose – imitation of the Baroque epoch, from which we are separated by three centuries. Word-forming and lexical archaisms predominate among them. Most of them perform the superficial function of archaizing the text without significantly changing its content. To the individual translation style we assign so-called pseudo-realities and pseudo-archaisms, which, thanks to the preserved transcription of words from the original transfer of Polish words to the Ukrainian lexical ground, gain an old-fashioned flavour. The number of such authorial interpretations is very significant, so they must be allocated to a separate group. Descriptive translation in this case would be most appropriate and equivalent to the original texts. It can be concluded, on the basis of the conducted research, that archaisms are one of the most numerous groups of vocabulary in Ukrainian translations of Danylo Bratkowskyi’s Polish language poetry. Phonetic and lexical (semantic) archaic groups predominate among them and are significantly widespread due to the translator’s creation of his own words that correspond to the Polish original definitions through transcription. We can define this individuality as a tendency for polonization of speech that is often characteristic of dialectal vocabulary.

Mathematical model of dynamics of vibrating systems working environments

Using the apparatus of the special periodic Ateb-functions in combination with the asymptotic methods of nonlinear mechanics, the nonlinear mathematical models of motion of working environment of the oscillation system, which dependences take into account resilient and viscid making tensions from descriptions of the deformation state of environment, her physical and mechanical properties and features of co-operation of environment with the oscillation system, are worked out. The nonlinear model for describing the dynamics of the working environment of oscillating systems is more flexible, because the nonlinearity index, which depends on the type of working load, significantly affects the results of the oscillating loading process. It allows us to take into account the type of load, and, accordingly, increase the level of adequacy of the constructed analytical model of the oscillatory process that needs to be investigated. Taking into account this model, the study of various processes in oscillating systems can be carried out, in particular in different modes of vibration processing.

THE IMPACT OF BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT TRAINING ON YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP SUCCESS IN SOUTH AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF THE GAUTENG PROVINCE

The development of youth-owned businesses is one of the key drivers of economic growth, innovation and job creation in developing countries. Business Development Support (BDS) is one vehicle that has been used in South Africa to achieve this by capacitating entrepreneurs with the necessary skills and knowledge for venture creation. This study investigates the impact of BDS training on the success of youth entrepreneurship success and the level of adequacy of the training youth receives from BDS providers. The quantitative cross-sectional design study used a survey to collect data from 494 young entrepreneurs enrolled on the BDS programme in the Gauteng province, South Africa. The study's findings showed that BDS training positively impacts entrepreneurship success through financial and non-financial training programmes such as marketing, innovation, risk-taking and management skills. However, it was interesting to note that non-financial training had a more significant impact than a financial training programme on the entrepreneurship success for youth entrepreneurs. Moreover, entrepreneurs viewed the adequacy of training received from BDS differently when analysed across demographics. The study concludes that BDS providers should focus more on providing the youth with non-financial training, which seems to have a bigger impact. It is evident that non-financial training will enhance their innovation, marketing, risk-taking and management skills seeing that this is how non-financial training was operationalised. This study recommends that when designing programs for the youth consideration should be taken on the level of education, management and owner experience, and the age of the business, as the needs seem to be according to these demographics.

Factors Influencing the Asthma Control among Children

Background: Bronchial sensitive individuals are prone to develop many health issues from airborne allergens, and viral and bacterial respiratory infections. Studies have shown that airborne allergen causes allergies and asthma in the susceptible population. Some other environmental factors such as tobacco smoke, air pollution and diet have also been linked to an increased risk for the onset of asthma. The burden of asthma is increasing day by day but the exact etiology of asthma is yet unknown. Some genetic predisposition and environmental factors are thought to play a role in causation of disease, yet how they interact to cause asthma it is still being investigated. Methods & Study Design: A Cross- sectional analytical study design was used to determine the various environmental factors that can trigger asthma and their association with asthma control among school aged asthmatic children, 4-12 years age. A questionnaire was used to find out various environmental factors that can trigger asthma attacks. Data was represented in the form of tables and the chi square test was used to determine the association of various environmental factors with asthma control. Results: A total of 196 asthmatic children and their parents participated in this study. The chi-square test showed that female parents control asthma more effectively as compared to male parents. The majority of parents 118 (60.2%) were living in urban areas, 180 (91.8%) parents had low income adequacy level, 119 (60.7%) parents' homes had 1-2 rooms, and 118 (60.2%) homes were congested/poor ventilated. Environmental factors had a direct link with asthma. Children exposure to passive-smoking 106 (54.08%), exercise (p =.035*), sports (p =.015*), cold weather (p =.002*), seasonal allergy (p =.002*), allergic rhinitis (p =.004*), small homes (p =.008*) and, uneducated parents (no education or primary only) (p =.035*) are factors that are associated with high asthma rates. Conclusion: Asthma is influenced by environmental factors. By modifying environmental factors, we can improve the number of asthma episodes among asthmatic children.

Stability versus Volatility: Hungarian Experiences with the First Five Years of Solvency II Regarding Quantitative Elements

It has been more than five years since the introduction of the Solvency II framework (S2), which determines how insurers should operate in Europe, and this allows for a detailed analysis of Hungarian developments. The new approach in S2 that makes it similar to banking regulation, including the market-consistent valuation principles and the application of a risk-based capital requirement, has stood the test of time in recent years: the various shocks did not undermine the stability of the Hungarian sector. This was largely due to the recommendation of the central bank of Hungary (Magyar Nemzeti Bank, MNB) on holding a volatility capital buffer. This is because the robust capital position of the sector as a whole has been maintained in the context of 50–100-basis point reductions in capital adequacy levels in certain individual cases, which justifies the use of the capital buffer. The balanced capital position was also influenced by the conservative investment strategy, which resulted in one of the lowest market risk exposures in Europe, against the backdrop of huge government securities holdings, even by international standards.

Detection of enteropathogens and research of pesticide residues in Lactuca sativa from traditional and agroecological fairs.

Agroecological production represents a new reality in vegetable farming. Thus, the study aimed to search for the presence of pesticides in agroecological samples and microbiological and parasitological contamination in Lactuca sativa L. of agroecological and conventional fairs in Alagoas. Thirty-two samples were collected, a hygienic-sanitary checklist was performed, along with coliform, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus research and Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) for pesticide research; using two methodologies for parasitological studies. Thirty-two samples were analyzed, with a sanitary adequacy level at 45% and 38% for fairs (agroecological and conventional) respectively, with three samples (9.4%) in total, being adequate to the microbiological pattern according to RDC no. 12/2001. Among the 23 samples which were tested positive for parasites, 69.5% originated from samples extracted at conventional fairs, and 53% of every positive samples presented Entamoeba coli as the main contaminant. All together, no traces of deltamethrin were detected, but in two of the samples a peak retention for diphenoconazole was detected. In conclusion, the fairs represent an adequate environment for human pathogens and indicators. Therefore greater hygiene training of vegetable traders and consumers in the state of Alagoas is required, especially in conventional fairs, which presented more critical microbiological and parasitological indexes comparing to fairs with agroecological products; however, the presence of difenoconazole in two samples of agricultural fairs suggests accidental contamination or indiscriminate use of this chemical in the production of Lactuca sativa, however, products with agroecological origin represents a better choice for the consumers.

Analisis Pola Konsumsi Pangan Rumah Tangga (Studi Kasus di Desa Kandang Kecamatan Tabir Kabupaten Merangin)

The study's goal was to evaluate food consumption trends based on quantity and quality and the factors that impact food consumption patterns. From March 10 to April 10, 2020, the research was conducted in Kandang Village, Tabir District, Merangin Regency, Jambi Province. The hamlet was purposefully chosen (purposive sample) because it has a somewhat vulnerable or priority food situation according to the 2019 Merangin Regency Food Security Service statistics. Lowest when compared to other villages or sub-districts in Tabir District. The data were examined using quantitative descriptive analysis and the Nutrition Adequacy Level (TKG) method, which included Energy Adequacy Levels (TKE) and Protein Adequacy Levels (TKP), to establish household food consumption patterns based on quantity. The Expected Food Pattern Analysis (PPH) purpose was to evaluate food consumption patterns based on quality factors. Meanwhile, multiple linear regression analysis was utilized to investigate the elements that impact food intake patterns. The quantity-based study of food intake findings demonstrates that the deficit category still dominates the household's Energy Adequacy Level (TKE), with an average consumption of 1000 to 1300 kcal/cap/day compared to the required nutritional adequacy rate of 2150 kcal/cap./hr. Meanwhile, the deficit group dominates the Protein Adequacy Level (TKP), accounting for 70% of the total with an average consumption of 19 to 38 g/cap/day of the necessary nutritional adequacy rate of 57 g/cap/day. After that, a PPH score of 83.2 was attained for the quality aspect, which was still below the optimum PPH score of 100. Furthermore, the factors that influence household food consumption patterns, as shown by the F test with a significant value of 0.016 and the t-test with a substantial weight of 0.001, include the number of family members.

AVAILABILITY AND ADEQUACY OF WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE (WASH) FACILITIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA

Hand-washing practice, which is globally recognized as the simplest, most affordable and effective way of curtailing the spread of infectious diseases, is still low in developing countries. This is largely influenced by the dearth and adequacy of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) facilities. This paper investigated the level of availability and adequacy of WASH facilities in secondary schools in a developing, sub-Sharan country, particularly Lagos State, Nigeria. Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) guided this research. In all, 620 pupils were selected through multi-stage sampling methods. Two local government areas were selected from each of the three senatorial zones in the study area. Through purposive sampling method, Junior Secondary 3 (JS 3 or Basic 9), and Senior Secondary 3 (SS3) were selected from each local government of the State, comprising schools that are owned by Lagos State Government the others are privately owned. Research instruments adopted included questionnaire, focus group discussion guide, document observation and unobtrusive observation of hand hygiene facilities. Quantitative data were analyzed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), while focus group data and related online media materials were analyzed based on research themes. Findings showed that majority of the respondents (87.4%) admitted that the most common type of toilet facility was a water closet, followed by a pit latrine (13.7%) and open space (1.6%) for defecation. Although respondents were on average satisfied with the level of provision of running water in secondary schools in Lagos State, the majority considered the provision of wash hand basin to be very inadequate. Researchers therefore recommend improvement of structures and facilities relating to WASH in schoolls throughout Lagos State, Nigeria.

The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Reserve Adequacy: Evidence From Middle Income Countries

In order to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on reserve adequacy levels in 70 middle income EMC’s we employ the IMF’S risk weighted metric, along with three other standard measures. Our research suggests that over 50% of these countries were ill-prepared to handle the financial risks posed by COVID- 19 beyond 2020. We find that the demand for international reserves during the study period emphasized financial stability, rather than trade related vulnerabilities. We observed that reserve demand is influenced by the need to meet a more broad-based adequacy level, with less emphasis on individual sectorial vulnerabilities. Additionally, the financial stability variables, such as the dummy variable for the fixed exchange rate, broad money/reserves, and short-term debt/ reserves, carry a greater proportion of the weights than the trade related variables, namely, (export + import)/GDP, export/GDP, and import/GDP. This finding lends support to the notion that the motivations for holding reserves by EMCs may be shifting away from trade related vulnerabilities and moving towards mitigating susceptibilities in the financial sector.

Debt security forecasting models

The paper examines models for predicting Ukraine's debt security. The main purpose of the paper is to reveal the theoretical and practical component of debt security forecasting of various types of forecast models that can be used to predict debt parameters. In the course of the study, attention is focused on debt forecasting as a factor in minimizing financial and debt shocks. The interpretation of the definition of debt security in a broad and narrow sense is given. The linear trend model of forecasting debt indicators is studied and it is concluded that it acts as a fundamental element in the process of debt forecasting, but cannot guarantee high quality planning of future indicators. A study was also conducted in the context of medium-term forecasting using ARIMA and multivariate regression models, which showed satisfactory qualitative characteristics in the process of simulating future debt security parameters. Forecasting of financial and debt parameters using ARIMA models, in the context of econometric and statistical quality, showed a sufficient level of adequacy of regression equations. The ARIMA model for simulating future values of debt parameters is characterized by an approximate value of the integral debt security indicator to the regulatory level. Based on the obtained models, a comparative characteristic of the studied models is carried out with a comparison of the obtained results of the integral debt security indicator and calculation of the absolute financial strength margin indicator based on them. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the use of ARIMA models and multiple regressions is the optimal method for predicting debt with a high level of adequacy of the simulated values and rather low labor costs in the procedural context. Priority areas of future research are highlighted.