Contents1. Introduction2. Chemical Constituents2.1. Cardiac Glycosides2.2. Pregnanes2.3. Triterpenes2.4. Flavonoids2.5. Carbohydrate3. Biological Activities of Extracts and Pure Compounds3.1. As Biological Pesticides3.2. Pharmacological Activities3.2.1. Antibacterial Activity3.2.2. Antitumor Activity3.2.3. Antiviral Activity3.2.4. Immunomodulatory Activity3.2.5. Toxicity3.2.6. Other Effects4. Concluding Remarks1. Introduction. – Adenium obesum, which is commonly known as desert rose,belongstothefamilyApocynaceae,andoccursalloverAfricaandcultivatedinAsia.Itisaxerophytewiththickstemandratherfleshyleavesandusedasanornamentalplant.Name of its genus was derived from Aden, the former name of Yemen and nowadaysthecapitaltownofthecountry,whilethetermobesumreferstotheswellingofthestemin its basal parts. The plant has several synonyms such as Nerium obesum Forssk.,A.arabicum Balf.f., and A. tricholepis Chior, and more than one vernacular names like,Ombo gaduud, Obbe, Karya, and Locombolo based on different dialects used in thearea [1–9]. Various parts of A. obesum had long been used as traditional medicines forthe treatment of skin problems, wound, ear ache, rhinitis, skin lumps, gonorrhea, andinfectious diseases. It is also a poisonous and toxic plant, and therefore used as a