Addition Of Different Types Research Articles

Effect of adding different types of flour on the quality of low fat beef sausage

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of different types of flour on the sensory, physicochemical, biochemical and microbiological properties of beef sausages. For this purpose, sausages were prepared into four different groups. They were treated control; beef sausage without flour, beef with 10% rice flour, beef with 10% wheat flour and beef with 10% corn flour. All parameters were analyzed at 0, 15th and 30th days of storage time. The proximate compositions of different sausage batters are analyzed and highly significant differences were found in dry matter and crude protein (%) content and significant differences were found in cooking loss (%), pH (%) and EE (%) content. While analyzing the different types of sausages, highly significant differences were found in pH, DM (%), CP (%) and EE (%) content and significant differences in Ash (%) content. Crude protein (%) and DM (%) increased, while Ash (%) and EE (%) decreased with increase of storage time. Significantly higher DM (%) and CP (%) were found in beef sausage without any flour, no significant differences were found among the flour groups in DM (%) and CP (%) content. The storage period had significant effect on different biochemical (FFA, POV and TBARS value) and microbial (TVC, TCC and TYMC) test. In all cases the values were increased with increase of storage time. The surface color (CIE L*, a*, b*) of sausages of different treatments at different storage period were measured. No significant differences in L* value were found among beef sausages and storage time. On the other hand, different types of sausages had a significant effect on a* and b* values. Significantly higher a* value was found in beef sausage with 10% corn flour and b* value in beef sausage without any flour (Control). Storage period had no effect on b* values, but effect on a* values. Significantly lower a* value was found at 0 day of storage time. In sensory analysis, highly significant differences were found in flavor, off-flavor, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability among four types of sausages but no significant found in color. All the parameters were significantly lower in control sausage except off-flavour, which was significantly higher in control sausage. No significant differences were found in sensory parameters among the sausages manufactured from different types of flour. From this experiment, it might be concluded that addition of different types of flour increases the overall acceptability of beef sausage.
 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2021. 50 (1):1-11

Study of peritectic compound Li4(OH)3Br for high temperature thermal energy storage in solar power applications

This paper focus on the study of peritectic compound Li4(OH)3Br for thermal energy storage in solar power applications. A thoroughly characterization of Li4(OH)3Br as storage material has been performed by measuring transition temperatures (280–289 °C), enthalpies of transition (247 J/g), specific heats (c.a. 1.68 J/g/K in solid, 2.52 J/g/K in liquid) and thermal conductivity (0.47 W/m/K at room temperature). The effect of the synthesis conditions on the storage properties has been investigated as well. It is concluded that neither the cooling rate applied during the synthesis stage nor the type of atmosphere used (ambient air and protective argon atmosphere) has an influence on the material's performance. The stability of the material to thermal cycling has also been analysed, showing good cycling stability. Moreover, particular attention is paid to the elucidation of mechanisms of formation of Li4(OH)3Br. It is shown that Li4(OH)3Br needs neither the presence nor contact with the pro-peritectic phase to form. It nucleates and grows directly from the melt so as pure-phase Li4(OH)3Br final microstructure is achieved. An attempt to enhance the storage capacity of the material by addition of different types of carbon nanoparticles has been carried out. Assets of Li4(OH)3Br as storage materials for high-pressure DSG solar power plants have been assessed through comparison with reference material NaNO3. Main advantages of Li4(OH)3Br are higher volumetric latent heat storage capacity (+54%) and lower volume changes during phase transitions (3% vs. 11%), which would translate into smaller storage tanks (−33%), lower size heat exchangers and longer lifetime.

Improvement of Soft Clay Soil Using Different Types of Additives

This study deals with the evaluation of the stabilization of several samples of soft soil with some chemical and physical additives. The intention is to amend the weak properties of these soils summarized in low bearing capacity and high settlement. The used stabilizers are quicklime, class F fly ash activated by cement, rock powder, crushed waste concrete, and tire crumb rubber. The paper investigated the effects of these stabilizers by unconfined compression test that considers very effective geotechnical test for measuring the ability of soils to bear structures constructed on them especially when used additives. This test was carried out on three samples of soils. They were classified by (UCSC) as (CL) soft soils. They were also classified by (AASHTO) as (A-7-6), (A-6), and (A-6) are rated as fair to poor subgrades in (AASHTO). The results of (UCS) test for each of the five additives used were compared according to the responding of each soil samples used. The (UCS) test was conducted in this study on sixty samples of soils before and after treatment and under the basics of the Proctor compaction test at optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. The results showed that the rock powder was the most suitable stabilizer that gave best results of improvement reached to 900% at 25% percent by dry weight of soil, crushed waste concrete came after it that gave treatment 683% at 15%, class F fly ash activated by cement followed the two formers which increased strength 533% at 15%, quicklime after that in an amendment 517% at 9% and finally tire crumb rubber that stabilized the soil 500% at 4%. In the literature, these materials founded to be very efficient in the stabilization of soils in their physical and chemical properties like increasing bearing capacity and reducing settlement of soil.

New Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers with the Addition of Different Types of Waste Stone Powder

The search for new alternative raw materials and their subsequent use supports the sustainability of natural resources. This article describes the use of waste stone powder (WSP) in geopolymer synthesis. Five different types of WSP (feldspar, limestone, marlstone, dolomite, marble) were comprehensively characterized and their influence on the resulting properties (especially mechanical and textural properties, setting time and structure) of metakaolin-based geopolymer composites was investigated. Their comparison with a geopolymer composite containing only quartz sand has revealed that WSP additions have a small but positive effect on the mechanical or textural properties of geopolymers. Moreover, setting time measurements have shown that waste stone powders can be used as an accelerator of geopolymer reaction solidification. The results demonstrated that the mentioned types of WSP, previously landfilled, can be used for the preparation of geopolymers. This can help reduce the environmental burden.

Antioxidative capacity of fresh kombucha cheese fortified with sage herbal dust and its preparations.

Recent studies have intensively investigated the possibility of kombucha application as non-conventional starter culture in manufacture of various fermented dairy products. Furthermore, natural extracts from medicinal and aromatic plants contain different biologically active components which often have antioxidant properties. Based on the stated above, the aim of this research was to investigate the possibility of kombucha inoculum application as a new starter culture in fresh cheese technology, as well as to investigate effects of sage (Salvia officinalis) herbal dust (by-product from filter tea factory), its essential oil and supercritical fluid extract on antioxidative activity and sensory characteristics of produced fresh kombucha cheese during 10days of storage. In all samples, higher ABTS than DPPH radical scavenging activity was determined. Freshly prepared and 10days stored kombucha cheeses fortified with different types of sage preparations had significantly higher FRAP values than the control sample. All analysed samples had satisfied sensory characteristics and same scores of sensory evaluation after the production. Kombucha fresh cheese with addition of different types of sage preparations can be an innovative and valuable dairy product.

Influence of additives on the crystallization and thermal conductivity of container glass cullet for foamed glass preparation

Foamed glass preparation is a complex combination of reactions, greatly influenced by the composition of the used glass and often hindered by simultaneous crystallization. The crystallization phenomenon is undesirable in foamed glass production since it decreases the quality of the final product. In this work the influence of different types of additives (foaming agents, flux agents, crystallization inhibitors and nucleating agent) on the crystallization of waste container glass and properties of the sintered samples (density and thermal conductivity) was studied. Results of our study confirmed partial crystallization during sintering stage. We found that waste container glass manifests complex crystallization with the formation of four main crystalline phases, which can be inhibited with the addition of fluxing agents (B2O3 and borax). Moreover, here we show that prevention of the crystallization can lead to a significant decrease of the thermal conductivity.

Exploiting Additives for Directing the Adsorption and Organization of Colloid Particles at Fluid Interfaces.

The self-assembly of colloids at fluid interfaces is a well-studied research field both for gaining fundamental insights and for material fabrication. The fluid interface allows the confinement of particles in two dimensions and may act as a template for guiding their organization into soft and reconfigurable structures. Additives (e.g., surfactants, salts, and polymers) in the colloidal suspension are routinely used as a practical and effective tool to drive particle adsorption and tune their interfacial organization. However, some phenomena lying at the heart of the accumulation and self-assembly of particles at fluid interfaces remain poorly understood. This Feature Article aims to critically analyze the mechanisms involved in the adsorption and self-organization of micro- and nanoparticles at various fluid interfaces. In particular, we address the role of additives in both promoting the adsorption of particles from the bulk suspension to the fluid interface and in mediating the interactions between interfacial particles. We emphasize how different types of additives play a crucial role in controlling the interactions between suspended particles and the fluid interface as well as the interactions between adsorbed particles, thus dictating the final self-assembled structure. We also critically summarize the main experimental protocols developed for the complete adsorption of particles initially suspended in the bulk. Furthermore, we highlight some special properties (e.g., reconfigurability upon external stimulation and dissipative self-assembly) and the application potential of structures formed by colloid self-organization at fluid interfaces mediated/promoted by additives. We believe our contribution serves both as a practical roadmap to scientists coming from other fields and as a valuable information resource for all researchers interested in this exciting research field.

The Effect of various vegetable oils in basal diets on the carcass and non-carcass characteristics of local duck

This study aims to examine the effect of various vegetable oil in the basal ration on carcass and non-carcass characteristics of local duck. It was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in a unidirectional pattern with 4 treatments and 6 replicates consisting of 6 ducks each. The treatments used include; P1: (96% basal ration + 4% palm oil); P2: (96% basal ration + 4% canola oil); P3: (96% basal ration + 4% coconut oil) and P4: (96% basal ration + 4% soybean oil). Furthermore, data were collected after the ducks were slaughtered at the age of 9 weeks, where 2 ducks were slaughtered at each test. The data obtained were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used when there are significant results. Moreover, the analysis results showed that the treatments had no significant effects (P > 0.05) on the head percentage, as well as the shank, thigh, wing, breast, and back percentage. Based on the results, it was concluded that the addition of different types of vegetable oils in the basal ration failed to improve the carcass and non-carcass characteristics of local duck.

The Effect of Vegetable oils (Palm Oil, Canola, Coconut and Soybean Oil) on the Ration of Slaughter Weight, Carcass Weight, Carcass Percentage, and Abdominal fat Percentage of male ducks

This study aims to analyze the effect of different vegetable oils on the basal ration of slaughter and carcass weight, carcass percentage, as well as abdominal fat, percentage in 9 weeks old of male ducks. It was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in an unidirectional pattern with 4 treatments and 6 replications with 6 ducks in each test. The treatments in this study include; P1: (96% basal ration + 4% palm oil); P2: (96% basal ration + 4% canola oil); P3: (96% basal ration + 4% coconut oil) and P4: (96% basal ration + 4% soybean oil). Furthermore, the data were analyzed using the one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), meanwhile Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) was applied when significant differences were indicated among treatments. The analysis showed that the treatments have no significant effects (P > 0.05) on the variables examined in this study. Base on the results that the addition of different types of vegetable oil in the basal ration failed to increase slaughter weight, carcass weight, carcass percentage, as well as the abdominal fat percentage in male ducks.

Porous Asphalt Modification using Different Types of Additives: A Review

Nowadays porous asphalt pavement increase usage other than the traditional type of asphalt pavement. In that sense porous asphalt specially use in the parking areas and walk ways for pedestrian. There are diverse ways that has been done in order to stick up to permanent degradation such as adding fibers and modifiers like polymers, chemical modifiers, expandars, oxidants and antioxidents, hydrocarbons and antistripping to enhance the fatigue and service life of the pavement. To use these type of additives in porous asphalt pavement some additive increase the mechanical performance of porous asphalt mixture and improve the serviceability of the pavement. Digital image processing use these type of pavement to reduce the air void of the asphalt mixture and increase the physical properties of the porous asphalt pavement. This review paper mainly discuss the overall performance and advantage of porous asphalt using different types of additives.

Study Chemical Additives Polyplast C-3 On The Properties Of Portland Cement

Today, along with water, filler and binder, additives have become an indispensable component of the concrete mix. Among the many types of chemical additives, plasticizers occupy a separate place, especially the most effective of them are superplasticizers. Below are considered the most important physical and mechanical characteristics of cement kiln, which can be influenced by the introduction of additives. This will serve as a basis for understanding the behavior of cement, concrete mix and concrete obtained with the use of different types of additives, which will be devoted to the following chapters.

Hybrid fiber concrete with different basalt fiber length and content

AbstractThe concrete undergoes brittle failure, which is a disadvantage for stability and safety analysis. This drawback was compensated by addition of different types and size of fibers for improving the compressive and fracture characteristics. The incorporation of multi‐scale hybrid fibers in concrete showed enhanced performance at multi‐level than that of single type or size of fiber. This study examined the influence of basalt fiber length (12, 25, 37, and 50 mm) and content (0.15% and 0.3%) on compressive and fracture parameters of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HyFRC). Systematic experimentations were performed on mechanical properties which include compressive strength (f'c), toughness index (ɳ) and capability coefficient index (ξ), initial fracture toughness (), unstable fracture toughness (), and fracture energy (). The crack resistance process and fiber‐matrix interaction obtained by scanning electron microscopy analysis were also discussed. The proposed analytical models of HyFRC stress–strain equations indicated great suitability for fitting of experimental behavior with R2 ≥ 0.92. The basalt fiber with different length and contents showed a great potential in HyFRC and indicated a substantial degree of enhancement for the compressive and fracture properties, as compared to that of PC and HyFRC without basalt fiber.

OPTIMIZATION of a NEW MEDIUM of WHEY WATER and SWEET POTATO EXTRACT for DIFFERENT LACTOBACILLUS SPECIES by PLACKETT-BURMAN STATISTICAL DESIGN USING MINI –TAB16 SOFTWARE

An attempt is made to use cheese whey water (Ww) and sweet potato extract (SPE) separately or in combination to manipulate a cheap and economical media component for large scale production of lactobacilli. Primarily, lactobacilli species were cultivated on de-Man Rogosa and Sharp medium (MRS) then, these strains were grown in (SPE) and (Ww) using a flask fermentation technique at 37°C, followed by applying a statistical experimental design (Plackett- Burman (PB)) via a statistical software MiniTab16 to optimize the media constituents for achieving a large scale production of lactobacilli; with studying the main effect of medium components referring to the most critical nutritional factors in the newly organized medium. Generally, our results indicated that both sweet potato and whey water extract (SPWE); could be used for the growth of lactobacilli instead of (MRS) medium. Further, other experiments were done to show how lactobacilli growth will be affected by pH and various types of whey; using standard plate count method. Highest counts for Lactobacillus acidophilus (2r) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (190RZFAAU) were at pH 6 and pH 6.5 in (SPWE) medium. Depending on the above investigations; (SPWE) medium including the addition of different types; whey water can be used as an alternative growth medium for lactobacilli instead of MRS which was traditionally used for growing these kinds of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Additionally, findings in this study can help in cleaning our environment from the huge disposal quantities of whey resulted as byproduct from cheese industries.

Effect of microbial and chemical additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage ensiled at 2 dry matters and subjected to air stress during storage.

We evaluated the effects of different types of additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) ensiled at 2 dry matters (DM). Alfalfa was untreated (CTRL) or treated with sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite (SFE), or microbial inoculants (Lactobacillus plantarum MTD1 [LP] or L. buchneri 40788 and Pediococcus pentocaseus 12455 [LBPP]) at a moderate (38%) and high (46%) DM using a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. High DM silage was higher (P < 0.01) in pH, had less lactic and acetic acid (P < 0.01) and had more yeasts (P < 0.05) and molds (P < 0.01) than moderate DM silage. Recovery of DM declined (P < 0.01) for CTRL and LP treated silages with increasing DM but was not different between LBPP and SFE treatments. Compared to CTRL, LBPP had a lower (P < 0.01) DM recovery at the moderate DM, but SFE had the greatest (P < 0.01) recovery of all treatments at the high DM. Treatment with LBPP increased (P < 0.05) the concentrations of acetic acid and 1,2 propanediol (PD) compared with other treatments (P < 0.01). Numerically, fewer yeasts were found in additive treated silages compared with CTRL, but they were statistically (P < 0.01) lower only when treated with SFE. Treatment with LP resulted in a small improvement in aerobic stability at the moderate but not high DM. In contrast, treatment with SFE and LBPP markedly improved (P < 0.01) the aerobic stability of alfalfa silage at both DM. Whereas SFE and LBPP were similar in their improvements in aerobic stability at the DM, LBPP was better (P < 0.01) than SFE at the high DM. A higher (P < 0.01) concentration of acetic acid in LBPP compared with other treatments was most likely responsible for better stability. This study showed that LBPP and SFE resulted in increases in the aerobic stability of alfalfa silage and it is the first study showing SFE, can markedly improve the aerobic stability of alfalfa silage.

Critical review on development of magnesium alloy as anode inMg‐Airfuel cell and additives in electrolyte

This study aimed to provide a critical review of the magnesium-air fuel cell (MAFC) system to provide readers with an overall comprehension of MAFC, which focuses on the modification of the magnesium anode and properties of saltwater as an electrolyte. Although MAFC is benign to the environment, it is well-known for its challenging corrosion issue and by-product deposition that affect its durability for commercialization and long-term application. Since that MAFC is able to use seawater as electrolyte, it has great potential to be used as an alternative energy option for the marine sector. This journal will dissect the ability of MAFC to be used as a competitive alternative energy. Over the years, researchers have adopted several approaches, such as experimenting with different types of magnesium alloy and anode fabrication techniques, to tackle corrosion problems to alter the microstructure and mechanical properties of the anode in addition to applying a coating protection and using Mg-based composite material. Furthermore, studies intriguingly and gradually focused on electrolyte formulation with different types of additives to address the debilitating precipitation issue and improve the discharge performance. Given the problems that arise in the system, currently, MAFC commercial products are only suitable as emergency back-up power. In future work, an improved storage system for MAFC should be built to accommodate the precipitation products while maintaining the desired cell performance.

Assessment the performance of asphalt mixtures modified with waste tire rubber at high temperatures

Quality of roads pavement can consider as one of the essential criteria for the good transportation system. So, to reduce the problems of fatigue crack and rutting of roads, several actions have been taken including the improving of pavement quality and the structure design methods. The increasing in the attention of traffic engineers in the last few years to modify and improve the asphalt performance through providing a different type of additives and replace the raw materials of asphalt mixture with recycled materials, in order to improve the environmental as well as reduce the cost of modified pavement mixture. There were several types of research investigated the validity of using the waste material products in the mixtures of asphalt pavements, since these replacement materials could improve the performance of roads pavement, the researches that adopted the influence of usage recycle waste materials to improve performance of the asphalt of the road still limited compared with other construction fields. This paper briefly discussed the modified asphalt mixtures performance and the most used recycled material which is crumbs rubber used as modifier in the HMA. By using various proportions of crumbs rubber (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 and 20% by weight of asphalt), and investigate the effect of adding rubber crumbs waste on the most important dynamic and mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures, which is the rutting resistance. It aims also to understand the benefits and disadvantages of using recycled tire rubber and develop the idea on good inclusion of waste material in the road pavements.

Study of Epoxy Resin Modifies the Mechanical Performance of the Bituminous Material and Resin Modified Bituminous Mixture

&lt;p&gt;India has a road network of over 4,689,842 kilometers in 2015, the second largest road network in the world. It has primarily flexible pavement design which constitutes more than 98% of the total road network. India being a very vast country has widely varying climates, terrains, construction materials and mixed traffic conditions both in terms of loads and volumes. Increased traffic factors such as heavier loads, higher traffic volume and higher tire pressure demand higher performance pavements. So to minimize the damage of pavement surface and increase durability of flexible pavement, the conventional bitumen needs to be improved. Different types of additives are currently used in bitumen for asphalt modification. Such as&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ol&gt; &lt;li&gt;Styrene – butadiene – styrene (SBS)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;Natural rubber&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ol&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ol&gt; &lt;li&gt;Polyethylene (PE)&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;Resin&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;Epoxy Resin&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;Polyurethane Resin&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;Acrylic Resin&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;Phenolic resin&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ol&gt;

The Egg shell as a filler in composite materials - a review

Current focus is on Natural fibre reinforced polymer composites with its advantages being eco-friendly in nature, high strength to weight ratio, being bio-degradable and naturally available when compared to its counterpart; synthetic fibres which is non-biodegradable, expensive and hazardous in nature. The strength of the natural fibre composites is further enhanced by different types of additives which includes fillers, flame retardants, silanes, coupling agents and so on. One such additives, in role is egg shell powder which greatly influences the strength of natural fibre composites and thus, gains the attention of researches for its incorporation in composite fabrication. The work is in progress with respect to utilizing waste egg shell in composite fabrication, which not only finds solution to discard this waste, but also enhances the strength of composites manufactured. This work is the compilation of work done by different researchers with egg shell in composites, so that the need of its utilization in the same will be clearer with its advantages with respect to achieving greater mechanical strength and wear resistant property and thereby it could be continued to be used as filler during composite production.

Pulsed electric current sintering of TiB2-based ceramics using nitride additives

In this research, various types of nitride additives were incorporated into titanium diboride attaining dense TiB2-based ceramics by field-assisted sintering technique. The addition of different types of nitride additives, namely Si3N4, BN, AlN, and TiN, significantly improved the sinterability of TiB2, achieving near fully dense ceramics. The X-ray diffraction analysis and microstructural evaluation confirmed the presence of the h-BN compound in all specimens. In the TiB2-Si3N4 ceramic, Si3N4 additive reacted with B2O3 oxide, in-situ generating h-BN, and SiO2 phases. Although the h-BN phase was produced in the TiB2-AlN specimen, the main proportion of AlN remained in the sample as an unreacted ex-situ phase. In terms of the TiB2-TiN ceramic, some of the nitrogen and boron atoms could leave the TiN and TiB2 crystalline structures, contributing to the in-situ formation of h-BN.

Wool and coir fiber reinforced gypsum ceiling tiles with enhanced stability and acoustic and thermal resistance

An attempt has been made to enhance the properties and applications of gypsum ceiling tiles by utilizing the excellent thermal insulation and flame resistance properties of wool and the durability and strength of coir. Gypsum based ceiling tiles are ubiquitously used for false ceiling applications but have several limitations. Different types of additives, finishes and chemicals have been used to overcome the lack of structural integrity under large impacts, poor resistance to moisture and limited acoustic resistance of gypsum ceiling tiles. Few studies have shown that reinforcing gypsum with natural materials provides better performance properties. Wool and coir are biodegradable natural fibers that are available in large quantities at low costs and have some unique properties suitable for developing green building materials. In this study a blend of wool and coir were used to enhance properties and performance of gypsum ceiling tiles. Composites were manufactured by using 30% fiber and 70% gypsum and varying the proportion of wool and coir between 25–75%. The reinforcing fibers were combined with gypsum using water and no other chemical or additives are necessary, making the production of tiles simple and environmentally friendly. Fiber reinforced gypsum showed higher strength (up to 90% higher) and modulus (up to 7%) and also better resistance to moisture. Wool fibers provided substantially higher moisture resistance while coir provided better strength. A blend of the two fibers provided a flame resistance rating of V1 compared to V0 for pure gypsum. Reinforcing gypsum with coir and wool would not only improve thermal and acoustic properties but will also help to reduce cost and make a major portion of the gypsum ceiling tiles biodegradable and thereby decrease environmental burden and helps towards promoting green building initiatives.