Addition Of Different Types Research Articles

Carbohydrate composition of cow's milk and plant-based milk alternatives

The prevalence of lactose intolerance is one of the factors driving consumers toward plant-based milk alternatives (PBMA). This study aimed to analyze the carbohydrate profile of cows' milk (regular and lactose-free from both pasteurized and UHT milks; n = 80) and PBMA (n = 60) by HPLC. The study revealed that there was no significant difference in the energy content and total carbohydrate content between regular milk and lactose-free milk. Although milk and PBMA are entirely different food matrices, some PBMA types, as soya and coconut, may have energy contents and total carbohydrate contents comparable to those of milk. Furthermore, the variability observed in total carbohydrate content, as well as in carbohydrate profile, both between PBMA types and within samples of the same type, arises not only from variations in raw materials but also from the number of dilutions of the vegetable extract and the addition of different types and levels of carbohydrates, such as sucrose, fructose, or sorbitol, during PBMA manufacture. Although, milk presents a regular carbohydrate composition, differing solely between presentations (regular/lactose-free), the PBMA differs significantly between types and among the same type, not being for that reason regarded as a milk substitute.

Responses of microbial communities to the addition of different types of microplastics in agricultural soils.

A 90-day soil incubation study was performed to investigate impacts of four types (PE, PP, PVC and PET) of microplastics (MPs) on the physicochemical properties, nutrient contents, enzyme activities, and microbial community structure and diversity of agricultural soils. Effects of the four microplastic types and addition ratios on the microbiology of the agricultural soils were significant. With the addition of MPs, there was a positive correlation between physicochemical properties, nutrients (AN, AP, AK) and enzyme activities (CAT, Urease, ACP, SUC), which were all decreased to some extent. Overall PE and PVC surfaces were the roughest and had the greatest impact on soil physicochemical properties, nutrients and enzyme activities. The changes in soil microbial α-diversity were not significant (P > 0.05), but, PP and PVC led to an increase in community diversity and abundance. Clearly, the four types of the MPs reduced the physicochemical properties, nutrient content, enzyme activity and microbial community, and thus significantly affected the microbiology of the farmland soils.

Exploring the combination of wilting and different types of additives to improve silage quality of highland alfalfa: Fermentation quality, nutritional values, molecular structural features, and ruminal degradability

The study aimed to explore the interaction between wilting pretreatment and different types of ensiling additives on silage quality, nutritional value, molecular structural features, and ruminal degradability of highland alfalfa. A total of 48 bags of alfalfa forage were randomly assigned into one of eight treatments in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (6 replication bags/treatment). One kg of either unwilted (72 % moisture) or wilted (60 %) alfalfa forage was inoculated with acidic salt, lactic acid bacteria, organic acids, or left without additive (control). Our results indicated that the wilting process increased lactic acid and crude protein levels, decreased the NH3-N level in silage, and increased its in vitro DM digestibility (all P < 0.05). The wilting treatment increased the amide I/II ratio by 31.7 % and the total carbohydrate II regions by 19.6 % (both P < 0.05). Inoculating pre-wilted alfalfa with lactic acid bacteria further reduced the pH and NH3-N levels and increased the lactic acid level and DM digestibility in silage (all P < 0.05). The addition of organic acids decreased silage pH and increased lactic acid, crude protein, and starch contents, and DM digestibility (all P < 0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that silage with a higher amide I/II peak height ratio and TC2 areas had more digestible nutrients and higher DM digestibility. In conclusion, wilting pretreatment combined with lactic acid bacteria inoculant is an effective approach to improve quality and nutrient availability of highland alfalfa silage. The non-invasion spectrometer has the potential to reveal the molecular spectral characteristics of alfalfa silage and predict nutrient availability.

Различные формы Sr в агротемногумусовых подбелах юга Приморского края

To assess the concentration level and identify the main phase-carriers of various forms of strontium (Sr), the total content, distribution and concentration of water-soluble forms of the element in Albic Stagnosoils, which composed the bulk of the arable fund of the region under study, were studied. Full-profile soil pits were dug at the long-term fallow, phytoreclamative, and fertilized with mineral and organic fertilizer variants of the experience. The study of the different Sr forms contents was carried out by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrometry. The main Sr volume was immobilized in the composition of soil mineral phase in soils of all variants of the experience. The addition of mineral fertilizers to soil was accompanied by an increase in the total content (by 6.4 %) and concentration of water-soluble (by 5,7 times) Sr forms, compared to the soil of fallow, and intensification of Sr sorption by Mn-containing soil compounds. The long-term addition of different types of organic fertilizers contributed to the activation of stable Sr-organic complexes formation. Under a green manure application in conditions of soil solution acidity decrease, the increase in the influence of Ca-containing soil compounds on the distribution of Sr has been shown. The soils of all variants of the experience were characterized by the absence of factors and conditions that contributed to the Sr accumulation in profiles, it was suggested by the lower total Sr content compared to the mean background content for surface soils around the world and to the mean content in agricultural soils in Japan.

Advanced CeO2 doped with different elements: A new preparation method and multifunctional properties

Energy demands are increasing daily, driven by the growth of developing countries and their populations. Supercapacitors have been employed extensively in the field of energy in recent years due to their high energy density, rapid charge-discharge rates, and long-lasting structures. In this study, the electrochemical properties of CeO2 varying with different types of additives were investigated. Four different compounds were synthesized using Ba, Er, and Tb. Syntheses were carried out with the sol-gel method, and X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra were used in crystal structure analysis. It was determined that the crystal lattice was cubic and it possessed Ce-O vibration bands and oxygen vacancy structures. Morphological features were determined by field-emission scanning electron microscope and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. Cyclic voltammetry measurements were performed for electrochemical properties. According to all results, the highest capacitance was calculated as 1752 F g−1 for the Ba-Er-doped ternary CeO2 compound.

Three dimensional simulations of FRC beams and panels with explicit definition of fibres-concrete interaction

High performance concrete (HPC) is a quite novel material which has been rapidly developed in the last few decades. It exhibits superior mechanical properties and durability comparing to normal concrete. HPC can achieve also superior tensile performance if strong fibres (steel or carbon) are implemented in the matrix. Thus, there exist the unabated interest in studying how the addition of different types of fibres modifies the behaviour of HPC. Nowadays, a standard numerical approaches to model the behaviour of fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) are carried out by means of the smeared or discrete crack modelling of homogenous media with appropriately changed stress-strain relationships. The objective of this paper is to develop a new and efficient mesoscale modelling approach for steel fibre reinforced high-performance concrete. The main idea of presented approach is to assume the fully 3D modelling with taking into account explicitly the distribution and orientation of the steel fibres. As a benchmark, results obtained from experimental campaign on beams and panels made from high-performance concrete with steel fibres of different sizes and dosages were taken. Results of numerical simulations were directly compared with experimental outcomes in order to validate and calibrate FE-model and to introduce the efficient numerical modelling tool.

The effect of rare earths (Nd3+, Er3+, Yb3+) additives on the radiation shielding properties of the tungsten oxide modified tellurite glasses

Abstract In this study, we have reported on the effect of the rare earth oxides on the radiation protection performance of the tellurite glasses. In order to determine the effect of rare earth oxides on the radiation shielding properties of tungsten oxide (WO3) modified tellurite glasses, three rare earth element oxides (Nd2O3, Yb2O3, and Er2O3) have been selected. The glass systems have been synthesized using the traditional melt quenching method and were doped with the different amount (1 %, 3 %, 5 %) of the oxides of rare earth elements (Nd2O3, Yb2O3, Er2O3). The linear attenuation coefficient, mass attenuation coefficient, half value layer, and effective atomic number of the synthesized samples were experimentally measured for 662, 1,173 and 1,332 keV gamma-ray energies which were emitted from 137Cs and 60Co radioactive sources. Measurements were conducted in narrow beam transmission geometry using a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. In addition, all these parameters were calculated theoretically using the WinXCOM program in the energy region of 0.015–15 MeV. The addition of different types and amounts of rare earth oxides to the tellurite glass system was found to significantly enhance the radiation protection performance of the glasses. In particular, it was found that the radiation shielding characteristics of the glasses improved with increasing amount of rare earth doping, the TWYb5 glass system had the best radiation shielding properties, and there was a trend among the doped rare earth oxides in the form of Yb &gt; Er &gt; Nd according to their radiation shielding performance.

The Effect of Different Stabilizers on the Characteristics of Gluten-Free Dried Noodle from Arrowroot and Mung bean Flour

Dry noodles are one of the foods made from wheat flour. The availability of wheat in Indonesia does not match consumer demand, necessitating the use of alternative ingredients such as arrowroot flour and mung bean flour. The use of stabilizers like CMC, STPP, and Xanthan Gum is needed to improve the characteristics of dry noodles. This research aims to determine the effect of the proportion of arrowroot flour and mung bean flour with different types of stabilizers on the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of dry noodles. The experimental design used was a factorial CRD with two factors. Factor I was the proportion of arrowroot flour and mung bean flour and Factor II was the addition of different types of stabilizers. Data were analyzed using 5% ANOVA and 5% DMRT. There was a significant interaction (p≤0.05) on the moisture content, ash, protein, fat, starch, rehydration capacity, cooking loss, elasticity, and organoleptic characteristics of aroma, texture, and overall appearance. There were no significant differences in the organoleptic characteristics of color and taste. The best treatment was the proportion of arrowroot flour and mung bean flour (60:40) with the addition of CMC stabilizer, which resulted in dry noodles with the following characteristics: moisture 11.392%, ash 1.919%, protein 11.592%, fat 1.378%, starch 54.720%, rehydration capacity 110.266%, cooking loss 6.398%, elasticity 0.314 N, aroma 4.200, color 4.040, taste 3.800, texture 4.200, and overall appearance 4.160.

Investigation of the rheological behaviour for improved extrusion-based additive manufacturing of polymer composites based on dissociative dynamic covalent bonds

More complex 3D structures were manufactured out of reversible covalent polymer networks using multi-material extrusion-based additive manufacturing. The rheological behaviour of reversible polymer networks based on the thermoreversible Diels-Alder reaction was optimized through the addition of different types of nanoclays and carbon black. The extrudability and deposition of the composites improved up to 5 wt% nanoclay, as the viscosity behaviour increased by an order of magnitude in the nozzle and by two orders of magnitude at the print bed temperature, without affecting the reversible gel transition temperature and the healing performance. An electrically conductive composite with 20 wt% carbon black and 1 wt% nanoclay could be printed using nozzle sizes down to 0.3 mm, resulting in higher resolution and accuracy than the pristine polymer networks. The percolating filler network enabled the printing of overhangs and hollow structures without the need for support material with perfect mechanical and electrical isotropy. Multi-material printing combining the electrically conductive and non-conductive composites enabled manufacturing self-healing deformation and force sensors that could recover their sensing performance upon damage healing at 90 °C for one hour.

Fabrication and characterization of sustainable composites from animal fibers reinforced unsaturated polyester resin

The research involves developing eco-friendly polymer composites by combining synthetic unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) with treated and untreated leather fibers (LF), cow hair fibers (CHF), and chicken feather fibers (CFF). By using these natural fibers instead of synthetic polymer, we aim to reduce the environmental impact while finding new purposes for waste materials from the poultry and tannery industries which would otherwise end up in garbage. The fibers were incorporated into the resin matrix at various weight percentages such as 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, and 15 % (w/w). Additionally, the properties of composites were improved by the addition of different types of inorganic nanoparticles, like CaCO3, Al2O3, and ZnO to the UPR matrix. These composites where inorganic materials were added as filler revealed better results than the neat composites. The composites showed the maximum overall mechanical properties in the bending modulus (BM), bending strength (BS), tensile modulus (TM), and tensile strength (TS) when 5 % of cow hair and chicken feather mixed fiber was used and ZnO was added as filler compared to the other composites. The highest values 4400.415, 68.91, 1788.74, and 34.95 N/mm2 of BM, BS, TM, and TS respectively, were found for the CFF + CHF + UPR + ZnO composite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) supported mechanical rather than chemical connections between fiber and UPR. Ionizing gamma radiation-modified fiber exhibited superior tensile characteristics when 5 % of cow hair and chicken feather mixed fiber was used.

Polyamide 6 microplastics as carriers led to changes in the fate of bisphenol A and dibutyl phthalate in drinking water distribution systems: The role of adsorption and interfacial partitioning

Microplastics (MPs) co-exist with plastic additives and other emerging pollutants in the drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). Due to their strong adsorption capacity, MPs may influence the occurrence of additives in DWDSs. The article investigated the occurrence of typical additives bisphenol A (BPA) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in DWDSs under the influence of polyamide 6 (PA6) MPs and further discussed the partitioning of BPA/DBP on PA6s, filling a research gap regarding the impact of adsorption between contaminants on their occurrence within DWDSs. In this study, adsorption experiments of BPA/DBP with PA6s and pipe scales were conducted and their interaction mechanisms were investigated. Competitive adsorption experiments of BPA/DBP were also carried out with site energy distribution theory (SEDT) calculations. The results demonstrated that PA6s might contribute to the accumulation of BPA/DBP on pipe scales. The adsorption efficiencies of BPA/DBP with both PA6s and pipe scales were 26.47 and 2.61 times higher than those with only pipe scales. It was noteworthy that BPA had a synergistic effect on the adsorption of DBP on PA6s, resulting in a 26.47 % increase in DBP adsorption. The article provides valuable insights for the compounding effect of different types of additives in water quality monitoring and evaluation.

ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРИ ПРИГОТУВАННЯ, ВМІСТУ ЕНЕРГОЗБЕРІГАЮЧОЇ ДОБАВКИ ТА АСФАЛЬТОБЕТОННОЇ КРИХТИ ПІД ЧАС ВИГОТОВЛЕННЯ ТЕПЛИХ АСФАЛЬТОБЕТОННИХ СУМІШЕЙ

Introduction. The article investigates the effect of the preparation temperature, the amount of energy-saving additive and the amount of asphalt crumb on the physical and mechanical properties of warm asphalt mixtures. The method of experimental and statistical modeling was used in the study, and mathematical models describing the dependence of water saturation and compressive strength of asphalt concrete were developed. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, the areas of optimal values of the preparation temperature, the amount of energy-saving additive, and the amount of asphalt crumb during the production of warm asphalt mixtures were determined. In this case, the resulting mixture meets the standard requirements for hot fine-grained asphalt mixtures in terms of physical and mechanical properties. Problem statement. Studies by the authors of [1] have shown that when preparing an asphalt mixture, it is very important to take into account changes in the properties of bitumen, which is the main component that characterizes the behavior of asphalt concrete. In the preparation of warm asphalt mixtures, it is advisable to use energy-saving additives, the introduction of which provides relatively new chemical effects that improve the workability, mobility and energy saving of mixtures made at lower temperatures than traditional hot mixtures. At the same time, due to the large number of different types of additives, there is no accurate quantitative data on the dependence of asphalt concrete properties on the content of additives at different amounts of bitumen for different types of asphalt mixtures.

Analisis Swelling Clay di Formasi Telisa Untuk Perencanaan Lumpur Pemboran Skala Laboratorium

In the exploration stage, there is a well drilling operation process aimed at making holes in locations identified as having oil/gas. At the time of the drilling, it does not always run well so that it can cause problems that interfere with drilling operations such as swelling clay, sloughing shale, caving shale, and differential pipe sticking which may be due to the formation lithology penetrating thick shale formations, so that these problems can slow the penetration rate and increase the cost of drilling operations. Then the swelling clay analysis was carried out to overcome this problem. This study aims to determine the reactivity of cuttings by identifying the clay content in the Telisa Formation and planning the drilling mud to be used, so that it is suitable if it penetrates the Telisa Formation so that clay Swelling does not occur. There are 3 different types of water base mud, namely 7% KCL Polymer PHPA, 7% KCL Polymer Polyamine, and 7% KCL Polymer Soltex. This method is carried out in a laboratory test by conducting several Density, Yield Point, Plastic Viscosity, Gel Strength, MBT (Methylene Blue Test) and LSM (Linear Swelling Meter) tests. The results of the 7% KCl Polymer PHPA mud test were Density 9.9 ppg, Plastic Viscosity 20 cp, Yield Point 18 lb/100 ft2, MBT 15 meq, and LSM 29.5 meq/100 gr. In the 7% KCl Polymer Polyamine mud test, namely Density 9.8 ppg, Plastic Viscosity 19 cp, Yield Point 18 lb/100 ft2, MBT 12.5 meq, and LSM 24.375 meq/100 gr. In the 7% KCl Polymer Soltex mud test, namely Density 9.7 ppg, Plastic Viscosity 20 cp, Yield Point 17 lb/100 ft2, MBT 10 meq and LSM 19.5 meq/100 gr. There are different values on the properties of the mud in each test using 3 different types of additives.

Effect of Fiber and Insect Powder Addition on Selected Organoleptic and Nutritional Characteristics of Gluten-Free Bread

A wide range of gluten-free bakery products are already available on the market. However, they often have a low proportion of fiber and inferior sensory properties when compared to classic baked goods. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the addition of different types of fiber and insect powder on selected organoleptic and nutritional properties of gluten-free pieces of bread and to reformulate a recipe for gluten-free bread. Twenty experimental samples were prepared with different types and percentages of fiber, either alone or in combination. Sensory analysis, instrumental texture analysis, and chemical analyses, including predicted glycemic index, were carried out. A total of 16 of the 24 fiber-enriched samples received an average or slightly above-average rating. The samples containing the fiber mixture without insect powder and the sample containing 9% flaxseed performed best in the overall evaluation. The combination of different types of plant fibers simultaneously with the incorporation of insect powder in a low concentration appears to be advantageous, both from the viewpoint of sensory acceptability and also from the viewpoint of the potential for increasing the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity. This study lists the sensorially acceptable range of fiber concentrations, which can be a guide for the bakery industry.

Forage type and additive effects on fermentation quality and biorefinery performance of silages

AbstractThe concept of a green biorefinery has recently gained interest and can be defined as a process where green biomass is processed to a variety of products. Most green biorefineries rely on fresh green biomass as the feedstock, but using a stable ensiled biomass could provide benefits. We evaluated the effects of silage additive treatments on silage fermentation quality and performance in a laboratory scale liquid–solid separation to simulate the first step of a green biorefinery. In Experiment 1, red clover and fresh and wilted grass were ensiled without additive or treated with a lactic acid bacteria inoculant or a formic acid based additive. In Experiment 2, grass or red clover were treated with a fibrolytic enzyme, formic acid or a combination of them, and a control without additive was also included. Silage fermentation quality was improved by additive use. Biomass dry matter concentration was negatively related to liquid yield, but effects of additive treatments on the biorefinery performance were minor and inconsistent between different forages. Optimizing agronomic and feedstock conservation management plays an important role for the success and sustainability of the biorefinery process. Good silage management practices with minimal losses during storage should be targeted, but no clear patterns in biorefinery outputs were observed in the current study when different types of additives were used in grass and clover silage production.

A Comprehensive Review of Biomass Gasification Reactor Technologies

Abstract: The biomass is abundantly available which could be used to generate producer gas using biomass gasification reactor. The objective of current research is to review the existing work in the field of biomass synthesis and its use in biomass gasification reactor. The sophisticated and cutting-edge process of biomass gasification has the potential to replace traditional fossil fuels. Despite the vast amount of knowledge available to us, it is crucial to make advancements in biomass technology. This comprehensive study provides a thorough analysis of biomass gasification, including its underlying technologies and the key factors that determine the production of valuable byproducts such as syngas, biofuels, biochar, electricity, heat, and fertilizer. Possible uses for these products involve fuel cells and power generation systems. The review also encompasses use of different types of additives, base materials and other materials in the development of biomass gasification reactor. The research findings of various scholars have shown that biomass gasification emerges as a key player in contributing to a sustainable and environmentally friendly future.

Non-shrink, self-flowing dry mortar with a compressive strength of over 80 MPa using fine blast furnace slag

Non-shrink self-flowing dry mortar is commonly used in Vietnam to repair hollow, damaged concrete structures, or fill structural gaps. The manufacturing of non-shrink self-flowing mortar requires the use of many different types of additives. In addition, it is difficult to combine them to meet both technical and economic requirements. This article presents the results of research on producing non-shrink self-flowing dry mortar using fine blast furnace slag with a compressive strength after 28 days of over 80MPa. The input materials were all selected in dry powder form. The water/mortar ratio was 0,13. The fine blast furnace slag contents used were 15%, 20%, and 25%, and the powdered polycarboxylate superplasticizer was used at a content of 0.23% compared to the binder. In practice, the amount of water and superplasticizer must be chosen to maintain stability for the workability of dry mortar. The experimental results on flow, compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, and shrinkage show that the non-shrink self-flowing dry mortar meets the requirements of packaged dry mortar.

Influence of Using Various Types of Steel Fibers of Recycled Concrete Aggregates on the Shear Behavior of RC Beams

This study aims to determine the efficiency of concrete containing multiple recycled materials, recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) and recycled steel fibers (RSFs), and compare it with conventional concrete. Natural coarse aggregate (NCA) in the concrete mix was partially replaced with 30% RCA to achieve a target compressive strength of 30 MPa after 28 days. Different types of fibers (steel fibers, RSFs, and mixed fibers) were added at varying percentages (1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) to improve the mechanical properties of the concrete mixes. The shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams containing RCA and different types of fibers was investigated. Ten concrete mixtures were designed, and 10 reinforced concrete beams were tested under a two‐point load to estimate the contribution of various fiber types to the shear resistance. The results indicate that the addition of different types of fibers significantly enhances compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of the concrete. Specifically, the improvement in compressive strength for RSFs was 38.9% at 1.5%, tensile strength improved by 21.1%, and flexural strength by 46.2% at the same fiber percentage, thereby improving the concrete’s ability to resist cracks through an increase in shear resistance.

Carbon quantum dots capped with metal ions for efficient optoelectronic applications

By controlling the addition of different types of divalent (e.g. Mn and Sr) or trivalent (e.g. Al, Ga and In) metal ions, we synthesized fluorescent C-dots with single or double emissions using a simple heating approach, and successfully applied them in optical and electrical applications.

Evaluating The Influence of Fines on the Characteristics of Pervious Concrete

Pervious concrete, also known as no-fines, gap-graded or porous concrete has an interconnected pore structure that freely allows the passage of water to flow through, thereby draining all or most of the water falling on its surface. This concrete can be used as paving material to reduce the storm water runoff to the drainage system and minimize water logging problems. In general, the porosity is achieved by omitting fine aggregate completely. But this results in a low strength concrete which cannot be used for most pavement applications. In this study, pervious concrete mixes have been formulated with a limited quantity of fines (10% and 20%) and the strength and permeability properties have been investigated for various types of fines (quarry dust, river sand and M-sand). While the strength of pervious concrete is increased considerably by adding fines to them, the permeability of the samples remains within the required range of 0.5 to 40mm/s. It has been observed that the addition of different types of fines had great influence in strength and permeability. The compressive strength increases with increase in fine content. Also, it is found that the compressive strength of cube with Quarry dust gives more strength compared to other fines.