Addition Of Paraffin Research Articles

PRODUCTION OF PARTICLEBOARD PANELS FROM WOOD OF Ochroma pyramidale

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of the species O. pyramidale for the production of particleboards. The trees, aged 6 years, came from the Municipality of Mira Estrela/SP state. The logs were peeled and processed in an industrial chopper to obtain particles. Eight treatments were carried out, varying the levels of paraffin emulsion (0, 1, 1.5 and 2%), and the levels of urea formaldehyde adhesives (10 and 12%). The particles went through a drying process until they reached 4% moisture. For pressing the panels, the parameters temperature of 160°C, specific pressure of 30 kgf/cm² and time of 10 minutes were used. The panels were tested by physical tests and mechanical tests, all following the procedures of the following standards: D-1037 (ASTM, 2006) for density, water determination and thickness increase and internal connection; DIN 52362 (1982) for parallel static bending. As a result, it was concluded that the increased addition of paraffin to the panels resulted in an improvement in their dimensional stability. The treatment that added 12% urea formaldehyde adhesive and 1.5% paraffin achieved superior results in mechanical properties, equivalent to 10390.91kgf cm-2 for the separation modulus, 101.46kgf cm-2 for the rupture modulus. The O. pyramidale particleboards reached the minimum values of 1.4 kgf/cm² for internal bonding and 56 kgf/cm² for the modulus of rupture required by CS 235-66 (1968), thus becoming a potential species for the production of particleboard panels.

Green building material with superior thermal insulation and energy storage properties fabricated by Paraffin and foam cement composite

In the field of architecture and construction, foam cement has been gradually gaining popularity due to its outstanding attributes of reduced weight, carbon footprint, and potential thermal insulation effects. However, relying solely on the thermal insulation provided by the foam in foam cement lacks the capability to store and release heat. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed by directly incorporating paraffin into foam cement with non-continuous pores, creating a phase change foam cement. The addition of paraffin to foam cement, facilitated by the presence of surfactants in foam, allows the paraffin to disperse. In contrast, if paraffin is directly added to cement without the foam, it tends to aggregate. The internal pore structure, thermal performance, phase change temperature, and relaxation distributions were investigated through equipment such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal conductivity meter, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and H1 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Results indicate that paraffin/foam cement plays a dual function, effectively storing and releasing energy, significantly enhancing its thermal insulation performance. Particularly, the incorporation of 10 vol% paraffin content results in a notable 21.8 % reduction in the thermal conductivity, for foam cement with a density of 600 kg/m3. This is attributed to the heat storage capability of the phase-change paraffin, which absorbs heat as the surrounding temperature rises, synergistically collaborating with the foam. This presents a novel perspective for the development of green and energy-efficient building materials, contributing to the realization of sustainable energy utilization in the construction industry.

How does adulteration of wax foundation affect phenoloxidase and lysozyme activities as selected parameters of immunity in Apis mellifera?

The adulteration of wax foundation is, for many reasons, a growing problem of modern beekeeping not only in Europe but also around the world. Wax foundation contaminated with stearin addition leads to a brood die-off, while paraffin addition negatively affects the strength of combs. It is tenable that such adulterated wax foundation reduces bees' immunity. The aim of the study was to determine the activities of two bee immune enzymes, lysozyme and phenoloxidase, in the haemolymph of worker bees which had emerged from combs with wax foundations contaminated with stearin or paraffin. Combs built with stearin- or paraffin-adulterated wax (both adulterants at concentrations of 10%, 30% or 50%) or pure wax (0% adulterated) foundations were placed in the colonies, one for each adulterant and percentage. The workers were marked upon emergence from these combs and those bees were introduced into one strong colony per adulterant and percentage. Phenoloxidase and lysozyme activities were determined in the haemolymph of 1-, 7- and 14-day-old workers. The higher the concentrations of stearin and paraffin in the wax foundation, the lower the phenoloxidase activities were. These activities increased with the bee age. In contrast, the trends in lysozymes were opposite. Paraffin seems to be less toxic than stearin. Adulteration of wax foundation with even a small amount of stearin or paraffin has negative effects on the functioning of the bee.

ПРОТИВОКОРРОЗИОННАЯ ЗАЩИТА СТАЛИ СОСТАВАМИ НА ОСНОВЕ БИТУМНОГО ПРАЙМЕРА

The use of anti-corrosion protection is necessary to extend the service life of agricultural equipment; bitumen compounds can traditionally be used for this purpose. The effectiveness of compositions based on a bitumen primer, into which white spirit solvent and a corrosion inhibitor were additionally introduced in an amount of 5 wt. %: CO-FFA, paraffin, Emulgin, has been studied. Studies have shown that the bitumen primer is frost-resistant, and the thickness of its coatings increases as expected when several layers are applied. Corrosion tests were carried out in a thermal and moisture chamber G-4, in a solution of 0.5 M NaCl and in a natural atmosphere (full-scale bench studies). According to the results of tests in the G-4 thermal and moisture chamber, all compositions, both in the presence of an inhibitor and without it, almost completely protect the steel surface. Corrosion test data in 0.5 M NaCl showed that the effectiveness of the bitumen primer is 75%, and the addition of paraffin, Emulgin or KO-SZhK to the additive increases the protective effect to 98, 94, 87%, respectively. The composition with the addition of paraffin turned out to be the most effective according to the results of full-scale bench tests (Z = 93%), as evidenced by the appearance of the plates after the experiment. It is recommended that production tests be carried out using the latest formulation.

Superhydrophobic Coating Based on Decorated Carbon Nanoparticles

A method is proposed for increasing the resistance of a superhydrophobic coating based on a CNT xerogel to frost deposition through the use of decorating nanoparticles. The effects of the addition of fullerenes, carbon nanoonions (CNOs), detonation nanodiamonds, silicon dioxide, and paraffin to the xerogel are tested. An increase in the resistance of the coating to the deposition of condensate in the form of frost is revealed. The addition of fullerene C60 leads to the best results. Increasing the resistance to icing allows us to spend less power on heating the surface during short cold snaps, bypassing the anti-icing properties of the protective superhydrophobic layer. However, the application of this approach shows a deterioration in the resistance of the coating to the penetration of the spray. This is given a qualitative explanation and measures to combat it are proposed. No effect of the additives on the mechanical properties of the coating or its resistance to damage is detected. In additon, decorating additives affect the formation of the coating relief. With this, it is possible to influence the stochastic processes of the formation of roughness during the drying of the xerogel.

Co‐crystallization behaviors and thermo‐physical properties of SSPCM consisting of an extra low melt viscosity HDPE and paraffin waxes

AbstractShape stabilized phase change materials (SSPCMs) consisting of an extra low melt viscosity high‐density polyethylene (lv‐HDPE) and paraffin waxes (PW) were fabricated using a twin screw extruder. Thermal and mechanical properties of these composites were assessed. The latent heats (ΔH) of the SSPCMs fabricated were up to 78 J g−1. Co‐crystallization between lv‐HDPE and paraffin waxes increased with increasing wax content. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis confirmed the paraffin wax having a higher melting point (H‐PW, Tm ranging from 56 to 58°C) plasticized the lv‐HDPE, decreasing both its crystalline content and melting temperature. Static mechanical testing, disregarding the form of deformation (tension, flexural, and compression), showed addition of paraffin waxes resulted in a diminution of all mechanical properties of lv‐HDPE, but the properties of the composites with H‐PW were good in comparison to those with a lower melting point wax (L‐PW, Tm ranging from 18 to 23°C). Evidences from Cole–Cole plots obtained from oscillatory rheology experiments showed there was no interaction between lv‐HDPE and H‐PW, inducing a heterogeneous blend in contrast to the more homogeneous lv‐HDPE/L‐PW composites.

Structural Study of Paraffin-Stabilized Methylammonium Lead Bromide Magic-Sized Clusters

Metal halide perovskites, such as methylammonium lead bromide, have recently attracted considerable attention due to their interesting and useful photoelectric properties. Here, two types of methylammonium lead bromide magic-sized clusters (MSCs), passivated with oleylamine and oleic acid, were synthesized using ligand-assisted reprecipitation (LARP) and heated LARP (HLARP) methods. The optical properties of these MSCs were characterized using UV–vis electronic absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. The HLARP synthesis resulted in a two-fold increase in the PL quantum yield of the MSCs to 76%. The stability of the MSCs was tested using time-dependent PL spectroscopy. LARP MSCs in solution degraded completely after 14 days under ambient conditions, while HLARP MSCs lasted for 26 days. To stabilize them, the MSCs were added to a non-coordinating matrix, paraffin. Both MSCs showed significantly improved resistance to water with the addition of paraffin. Solid LARP MSCs lost all luminescence with and without the addition of paraffin by about 3 h. Solid HLARP MSCs without paraffin started to aggregate after 3 h, but paraffin stabilized HLARP MSC films were stable for 8 days. This improved stability in solid state form allowed for accurate, nonaggregated analysis using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the HLARP MSCs show an additional peak at 147 cm–1 compared to LARP MSCs, which is attributed to methylammonium. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirm that MSCs have a quasi-crystalline orthorhombic structure.

Improvement of tribo-active behavior of g-C3N4 nanosheets using m-LaVO4 nanoparticles

The tribological properties of the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets are far better than morphologically similar reduced graphene oxide. Further improvement of the tribological behavior of g-C3N4 nanosheet was intended by introducing lanthanum orthovanadate nanoparticles in the monoclinic phase (m-LaVO4). The HR-SEM and TEM/HR-TEM of the binary nanocomposite (g-C3N4/m-LaVO4) displayed dispersed m-LaVO4 nanoparticles throughout g-C3N4 nanosheets. The synthesized nano additives, nanosheets (g-C3N4), nanoparticles (m-LaVO4), and nanocomposite (g-C3N4/m-LaVO4) could be characterized using p-XRD and FT-IR. XPS analysis of the nanocomposite helped to determine the chemical states of elements. Tribological tests were carried out on a four-ball tester using ASTM D4172 and ASTM D5183 test conditions at 0.05 % w/v optimized concentration of the additives in paraffin oil (PO), which is 4–5 times lower than the available literature reports regarding nanocomposites of g-C3N4 nanosheets. The results revealed a significant decrease in friction/wear and a remarkable improvement in the load-bearing capacity of the nanocomposite as compared to g-C3N4 nanosheets and m-LaVO4 nanoparticles. The morphological examination of the worn steel surface through AFM and SEM supported the observed tribological data. EDX analysis of the tribofilm verified the elemental composition, whereas the XPS yielded the chemical states of the constituent elements. The highly advanced tribological activity of the nanocomposite has been ascribed to the synergy between noncovalently interacting nanoparticles (m-LaVO4) and nanosheets (g-C3N4). The possible lubrication mechanism has also been depicted.

ЗАЩИТНАЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ МАСЛЯНЫХ КОМПОЗИЦИЙ С ПАРАФИНОМ

The effectiveness of compositions based on fresh M10G2k and used motor oil (MMO) with the addition of paraffin 1-10 wt. % for the protection of carbon steel was investigated in this work. Preservative compositions were prepared by dissolving paraffin in oils with heating. The protective coating on the metal was formed during the day. Kinematic viscosity was measured by the Brookfield method on a rotational viscometer. Studies have shown that paraffin has a thickening effect. Empirical equations were obtained, which are a special case of the Reynolds-Filonov equation, describing the viscosity-temperature dependences for compositions based on fresh and used engine oil and paraffin with a high reliability of linear approximation in the temperature range of 20 - 60 0C. The resulting equations make it possible to determine the kinematic viscosity of the compositions at various paraffin concentrations in a given temperature range. Electrochemical studies have shown that the introduction of paraffin increases the protective effectiveness of both fresh and used engine oil. The protective effectiveness of compositions based on used engine oil is higher. With an increase in the concentration of paraffin, the protective effectiveness of the compositions increases. The best results were obtained for compositions of 10 wt. % paraffin in MMO. Gravimetric studies confirmed the obtained results. Some discrepancies in the values obtained by gravimetric and electrochemical methods are explained by the different duration of the experiments.

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ВВЕДЕНИЯ РЯДА ДОБАВОК В ОТРАБОТАННОЕ МОТОРОНОЕ МАСЛО ДЛЯ ЗАЩИТЫ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ В ПЕРИОД МЕЖСЕЗОННОГО ХРАНЕНИЯ

The search for effective conservation materials to protect agricultural machinery from atmospheric corrosion during off-season storage continues to be an urgent task. Compositions based on used engine synthetic oil with emulgin and paraffin additives at a concentration of 1–10 wt. % investigated for its solution. Preservative compositions were prepared by dissolving a multifunctional additive in used oil when heated. Corrosion and electrochemical tests were carried out on samples of steel St3, a protective film of the studied composition was formed within 15 minutes. The effectiveness of anti-corrosion protection of steel with these compositions was studied by gravimetric (tests in 0.5 M NaCl and a climatic chamber) and electrochemical methods. It is shown that in 0.5 M NaCl, the composition with paraffin at a maximum additive concentration of 10% provides a protective effect of more than 70%. The addition of emulgin at the same concentration is less effective. Paraffin-containing formulations provide protective effect values of over 90% in the absence of aggressive chloride ions under climate chamber conditions. The inhibition of the corrosion process under the films of the studied compositions occurs due to the shift of the corrosion potential to the anode region. The presence of the conservation composition does not change the mechanism of the corrosion process of steel in 0.5 M NaCl, since there is no sharp change in the Tafel slope coefficients of the cathode and anode sections of the polarization curves. According to impedance spectroscopy, it was found that the presence of paraffin in the film of used motor oil at a concentration of 5, 10 wt. % causes a decrease in the capacitance of the electrical double layer, as well as an increase in the charge transfer resistance in both the cathodic and anodic reactions. In addition, there is an increase in the diffusion resistance of the depolarizer oxidizer, which may indicate the effectiveness of shielding the metal surface. The results obtained showed the prospects for the use of compositions with paraffin for further research as a conservation material for the protection of agricultural machinery.

Effects of paraffin additives, as phase change materials, on the behavior of a traditional lime mortar

This study refers to the inclusion of phase change materials (PCMs) in porous building materials as an alternative means of improving their thermal behavior, assessing the changes caused in their physical–mechanical and durability properties. Specifically, an organic paraffin wax was selected for direct incorporation into lime mortars using different concentrations by weight. The results show that PCMs improve the thermal properties of the mortar while reducing its accessible porosity. This increases the mortars’ resistance to water and soluble salts. However, excessive PCM content causes stresses within the mortar that can jeopardize its structure.

An efficient method for the rapid detection of industrial paraffin contamination levels in rice based on hyperspectral imaging

The addition of industrial paraffin to rice is an important food safety issue, which brings potential risks to human health. Therefore, an efficient and rapid method for detecting industrial paraffin in rice is an urgent requirement. In this study, rice samples from six regions in China were tested by hyperspectral imaging to detect industrial paraffin contamination levels (IPCLs). The local model predicted the IPCL using a local rice training dataset, and obtained excellent prediction results; however, the cross-transitivity analysis of these models showed that they can only be applied to local regions’ datasets. Further, the transfer of local models can help PLSR learn relevant features by transferring samples from the target dataset to be tested to the source dataset, and only required 40% of the off-site samples to supplement the source dataset to achieve an effective assessment of IPCL. Furthermore, the multi-source model is suitable for predicting the IPCL of rice in different regions simultaneously. Finally, the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) method is used to optimize the three aforementioned models. The optimized average correlation coefficients R are 0.9631, 0.8805, and 0.8542, respectively, and the optimized average RMSE are 0.067%, 0.121%, and 0.132%, respectively.

The Synthesis and Wear Behavior of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Ag Nanocomposites as Additives in Liquid Paraffin

The Synthesis and Wear Behavior of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Ag Nanocomposites as Additives in Liquid Paraffin

Experimental investigation on immersion liquid cooled battery thermal management system with phase change epoxy sealant

To improve the working performance of the lithium-ion batteryin continuous operation under waterconditions, a novel immersion liquid cooled battery thermal management system (BTMS) with epoxy sealant based composite phase change (ESPE) is designed forlithium-ion batteries. Considering the traditional liquid cooling systems with complex auxiliary equipment, the battery module with ESPE exhibits an excellent cooling effectiveness and displays long-term corrosion resistance performance. The thermal performances of epoxy sealantwith or without the addition of paraffin, expanded graphite are compared, respectively. The experimental results indicate that ESPE exhibits excellent waterproof and thermal management performance. Even during 3C charge and discharge cycle, the maximum temperature and the maximum temperature difference can be maintained at 42 °C and 2 °C, respectively. With these prominent performances, the designed BTMS with respect to excellent waterproof and prominent thermal management performances can significantly reduce the unnecessary power consumption of liquid cooling and provide insights into the passive BTMS.

Effects of Paraffin Additives, as a Phase Change Materials, on the Behaviour of a Traditional Lime Mortar

Effects of Paraffin Additives, as a Phase Change Materials, on the Behaviour of a Traditional Lime Mortar

Facile synthesis of ZIF-67 derived dodecahedral C/NiCO2S4 with broadband microwave absorption performance.

The increasing hazard of electromagnetic radiation prompts people to pursue absorbing materials with better performance. However, absorbing materials with a single loss mechanism usually is unable to obtain better absorbing performance due to low impedance matching or high filling ratio. Therefore, this work proposes a C/NiCo2S4 (CNCS) material with both dielectric loss/magnetic loss to achieve efficient absorption of electromagnetic waves. The simple preparation of CNCS materials was achieved through the etching of the ZIF-67 template by nickel nitrate and the subsequent hydrothermal vulcanization process. Its unique prismatic dodecahedron hollow structure promotes multiple scattering of electromagnetic waves. The attachment of the magnetic NiCo2S4 particles on the surface of the carbon template further promotes the interface polarization and dipole polarization, which is equivalent to the formation of a resistance-rich microcircuit and enhances the effect of the conductance loss on electromagnetic waves. At 2-18 GHz, the CNCS-2 with 30% paraffin addition achieves an effective bandwidth of 5.54 GHz at a matching thickness of 1.7 mm, and has a maximum reflection loss of -36.44 dB at 1.5 mm. By adjusting the thickness of the material matching layer (1-3 mm), an effective bandwidth of up to 13.48 GHz can be achieved, perfectly covering the X-band and Ku-band. Based on the simple preparation process of the material, the special hollow structure and the multiple loss mechanisms for electromagnetic waves, we believe that CNCS can become a strong competitor for high-efficiency broadband absorbers.

Performance test of greenhouse effect (GHE) vent dryer with the addition of paraffin as a heat storage medium

Green House Effect (GHE) vent dryer is a kind of dryer design by utilizing solar energy as a drying energy source. Adding paraffin as a heat storage medium is one solution so that the GHE vent dryer can operate when the solar energy has dimmed. The purpose of this study was to test the performance of heat storage media using paraffin as a heat storage medium. 9 kg of paraffin was prepared, put into 9 copper pipes and placed in the absorber chamber. The data measured were the temperature in the drying room (T1=room 1, T2=room 2 and T3=room 3), the temperature of the absorber room, the temperature of the outlet, ambient temperature, air velocity and solar radiation. The results showed that the average ambient temperature ranged from 30°C to 40°C. Meanwhile, the average temperature in the GHE vent dryer ranges from 69°C to 71°C. The drying air flow velocity in the environment reaches 1.3 m/s and on the ventilator 1.1 m/s. During the study, data on solar radiation was also obtained on average reaching 6.6 W.h/m2. The final conclusion of this study shows that the use of paraffin as a heat storage medium in the GHE vent dryer is able to maintain the temperature in the drying chamber for 4 to 5 hours when solar radiation is not present.

NOVEL EPDM/PARAFFIN FOAMS FOR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT The thermomechanical behavior of ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) foams filled with different concentrations of a paraffin (melting temperature of 21 °C) are investigated for the first time. Samples were prepared by melt compounding and hot pressing, and the effects of two different foaming agents such as Expancel® 909DU80 (E) and Hostatron® P0168 (H) were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and density measurements highlighted that the use of E foaming agent led to foams with a closed-cell morphology and a mean pore size of about 20 μm, whereas foams expanded with H were characterized by a mixed closed-/open-cell porosity with a larger cell size (of about 100 μm) and a less uniform pore distribution. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis demonstrated that the produced foams were endowed with noticeable thermal energy storage properties (up to 67 J/g with a paraffin amount of 50 wt%). The corresponding thermal parameters were found in the range of 15–50 J/cm3, which were directly dependent on the paraffin content in both heating and cooling. The drop in the maximum tensile stress at elevated paraffin contents observed in the tensile impact tests at 23 °C was counterbalanced by a noticeable enhancement of the deformation at break and of the absorbed impact energy. Tensile tests performed at 0 °C demonstrated that the addition of paraffin within the foams was responsible for a substantial increase in stiffness, whereas at 40 °C, it plays a plasticizing effect.

Production and Characterization of TES-EPDM Foams With Paraffin for Thermal Management Applications

New materials capable of storing thermal energy in view of building applications have been developed from the foaming of ethylene-propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber with the addition of paraffin as a phase change material (PCM) at a melting temperature of about 21°C. Considering that the EPDM foams prepared by using traditional chemical blowing agents are generally characterized by a rather elevated environmental load, the salt leaching technique has been selected (and optimized) for the production of an EPDM foam with geometrical density of 0.41 g/cm3. It has been demonstrated that the produced foams were capable of retaining up to 62 wt% of paraffin after a 38-days leaking test. The role of the absorption of paraffin on the thermal and mechanical properties of the produced foams has been investigated. The effective thermal energy of the PCM content (PCMeff) measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was 52% both in the heating and cooling scans. Shore A test, compression set (CS) test, and quasi-static compression test above and below the thermal transition of the selected PCM have been performed, and a strong dependence of materials in respect to the testing temperature has been observed, with paraffin acting as a hardener above its melting point and as a softener below its melting point. Moreover, the evaluation of the thermal energy storage (TES) performance of the foams by monitoring their surface temperature during a heating/cooling process revealed that the time required from the samples to reach the set temperature due to the presence of paraffin was three times higher in comparison to the reference sample without paraffin. Moreover, in the plateau due to paraffin melting/crystallization, heating/cooling rates of around 0.4°C/min have been found, which are much lower with respect to that of a reference sample (>1.5°C/min). Thermal efficiency and thermal intervals for the application of EPDM/paraffin have been determined in a most accurate manner and therefore have been performed DSC at a heating/cooling rate of 1°C/min. These TES-EPDM foams exhibited a thermal capacity of 120–128 J/g with an operative interval in the range from −20°C to 40°C. The produced foams were capable of maintaining their geometry after being subjected to 240 heating/cooling cycles between 0 and 40°C, and their residual TES capacity was higher than 90% for all the samples (about 95% for the materials tested on aluminum substrate). The most interesting properties for TES applications were found for the produced foamsviasalt leaching with 60–80 microns NaCl.

Procena metoda za oblaganje višečestičnih supstrata topljenjem - oblaganje u pateni vs. oblaganje u bubnju

Hot-melt coating (HMC) is an alternative, solvent-free coating method generally used to modify substrate release rate and/or mask its unpleasant taste. The aim of this study was to assess two HMC methods (pan-coating and mortar-coating) by assaying functional properties of the coated material. The selected substrates included highly soluble sodium chloride (model substance) and caffeine (bitter drug), and the coating agent was glycerol distearate without/with the addition of liquid paraffin. Experiments with sodium chloride revealed that pan-coating yielded particles of more regular shape, while mortar-coating yielded samples of more uniform coating layer. The flowability of the coated material depended on the particle size. Sustained sodium chloride release was achieved for all mortar-coated and some pan-coated samples. The analysis of the results indicated mortar-coating as a preferable HMC method for caffeine coating. The resulting caffeine yield in the coated samples was high (99%), the material showed satisfactory mechanical properties and drug release from the coated particles was sustained. Overall, the obtained results suggest that both pan-and mortar-coating can be used to sustain the release of drugs with unpleasant taste, but mortar-coating can be considered as a more simple and practical method that can be potentially used in compounding pharmacies.