Additive Strategies Research Articles

But If It’s Not Music, What Is It? Defining Interstitial Artistic Practices

We often think of art as structured in art worlds. But what lies between art worlds? Do we find spaces of undefined practices, or are interstitial practices also clearly defined? For this text, we interviewed 11 French artists with sound-based practices who situate themselves in the spaces where music overlaps with the visual arts, instrument building, performance art, and poetry. How do these artists define themselves, given that the available labels do not satisfy them? How do they actually use established categories when they do not want to make their artistic practice conform to them? Three positioning strategies came up recurrently in our interviews: so-called negative, additive, and generic definitional strategies. We show here that each of these definitional strategies implies related artistic choices, which make it possible for these artists to both legitimize their sense of belonging to an interstitial space and to use this belonging as a powerful means to develop a unique identity. Beyond a simple, sometimes superficial, refusal to be labeled, the strategies we identify appear to be the true markers of “interstitial” artists and their careers within and around art worlds.

Acetate-Based Crystallization Kinetics Modulation of CsPbI2Br for Improved Photovoltaic Performance

Inorganic CsPbI2Br perovskite has emerged to be a promising candidate for photovoltaic materials, while developing additive engineering strategies to address the issues of defect induced crystallin...

Pan-caspase inhibitor F573 mitigates liver ischemia reperfusion injury in a murine model.

BackgroundLiver ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) remains a challenge in liver transplantation. A number of compounds have previously demonstrated efficacy in mitigating IRI. Herein, we applied three specific additive strategies to a mouse IRI screening model to determine their relative potencies in reducing such injury, with a view to future testing in a large animal and clinical ex situ normothermic perfusion setting: 1) F573, a pan-caspase inhibitor, 2) anti-inflammatory anakinra and etanrecept and 3) BMX-001, a mimetic of superoxide dismutase.MethodsA non-lethal liver ischemia model in mice was used. Additives in the treatment groups were given at fixed time points before induction of injury, compared to a vehicle group that received no therapeutic treatment. Mice were recovered for 6 hours following the ischemic insult, at which point blood and tissue samples were obtained. Plasma was processed for transaminase levels. Whole liver tissue samples were processed for histology, markers of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cytokine levels.ResultsIn an in vivo murine IRI model, the F573 treatment group demonstrated statistically lower alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (p = 0.01), less evidence of apoptosis (p = 0.03), and lower cytokine levels compared to vehicle. The etanercept with anakinra treatment group demonstrated significantly lower cytokine levels. The BMX-001 group demonstrated significantly decreased apoptosis (p = 0.01) evident on TUNEL staining.ConclusionsThe administration of pan-caspase inhibitor F573 in a murine in vivo model likely mitigates liver IRI based on decreased markers of cellular injury, decreased evidence of apoptosis, and improved cytokine profiles. Anakinra with etanercept, and BMX-001 did not demonstrate convincing efficacy at reducing IRI in this model, and likely need further optimization. The positive findings set rational groundwork for future translational studies of applying F573 during normothermic ex situ liver perfusion, with the aim of improving the quality of marginal grafts.

Assessment of pilot injection strategies and n-pentanol additive effects on engine performance and emissions

Biodiesel is a environmentally friendly, biodegradable and renewable alternative fuel, which is widely used around the world. However, the higher viscosity and NOX emissions are its main drawbacks. n-Pentanol has lower viscosity, higher oxygen content and volatility as compared with biodiesel, which is a promising additive for biodiesel/diesel blends. In this work, the influences of pilot injection (PI) strategies included pilot-main interval (PMI) and pilot injection rate (PIR), and n-pentanol additive on emission characteristics and combustion behaviors of a diesel engine at medium load were investigated. The three test fuels including diesel (D100), a mixture of 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel (BD20), and 20% n-pentanol, 16% biodiesel and 64% diesel (BDP20), respectively. The results indicated that, compared with single injection (SI), the peak of main injection heat release rate reduced and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased when using PI strategies. Adding n-pentanol to biodiesel/diesel (BD) blends resulted in an increase in maximum in-cylinder pressure, but BTE decreased. After utilizing PI strategies, the NOX emissions decreased significantly, but the soot, CO and THC emissions increased. As the PIR and PMI increased, the accumulation mode particles and total particle mass concentrations increased. Compared with SI, the ratio of sub-25 nm particles of BDP20 decreased with the use of PI strategies. The combination of n-pentanol additive and small PMI strategies could achieve lower total particles number concentration and smaller geometric mean diameter when compared with pure diesel.

Effects of pine oil additive and pilot injection strategies on energy distribution, combustion and emissions in a diesel engine at low-load condition

Pine oil is mainly produced from the pine tree, which has some prominent fuel-related properties, such as lower boiling point and viscosity than those of the pure diesel. Particularly, its low heating value is similar to that of diesel. In addition, pine oil and diesel can be mixed in any ratio, and the engine can directly burn the pine oil/diesel mixtures without any further modification. Therefore, pine oil is considered to be a promising additive to diesel fuel. However, when pine oil is fueled in a diesel engine via single injection the engine NOX emissions deteriorate. In this present study, the effects of pilot injection (PI) strategies, including pilot injection rate (PIR) and pilot-main interval (PMI) on energy distribution, emissions and combustion were explored in a diesel engine fueling with diesel/pine oil mixtures at low-load condition. Three test fuels were pure diesel (denoted as P0), a mixture of 80% diesel and 20% pine oil (denoted as P20), and 60% diesel and 40% pine oil (denoted as P40), respectively. The results showed that, after utilizing the PI strategies, the peaks of in-cylinder pressure of the three fuels increased compared to single injection, while the maximum pressure rise rates decreased along with an increase in the break thermal efficiency (BTE). After blending pine oil in pure diesel, both the soot and CO emissions were reduced, although the NOX and THC emissions slightly increased. The small PMI strategies could reduce the energy loss of THC, CO emissions and friction, and improve BTE. However, the soot emission increased. At low-load condition, when fueling with P20 blended fuel and using small PMI strategies, the system could achieve higher thermal efficiency and lower soot-NOX emissions than the strategy employing pure diesel.

Efficient Methylamine-Containing Antisolvent Strategy to Fabricate High-Efficiency and Stable FA0.85Cs0.15Pb(Br0.15I2.85) Perovskite Solar Cells.

Antisolvent and additive strategies are significantly positive to improve the crystal quality, device performance, and long-term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In addition, the high-quality perovskite thin films could be prepared by the methylamine (MA) gas-induced defect-healing process. However, until now, the research on adding MA into the antisolvent, which may take the advantages of two efficiently modified strategies, is still not systematically studied. Here, we add the MA additive into the chlorobenzene antisolvent to fabricate the FA0.85Cs0.15Pb(Br0.15I2.85) films and achieve the high-quality light-absorbing layers with the preferred orientation of (101). The use of an antisolvent, with an appropriate amount of MA in chlorobenzene, leads to extremely uniform and dense perovskite layers with a better hydrophobic performance and enables the fabrication of remarkably improved solar cells with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.6% for a champion cell. This strategy shows an encouraging improvement of more than 13.95% compared with the traditional antisolvent strategy. The high-efficiency devices could maintain more than 95 or 88% of their initial PCEs after 500 h under continuous light soaking or thermal aging in the dark at 85 °C in a N2-filled glove box, respectively. These results provide an important progress in the realization of highly efficient and stable PSCs.

Molecular dynamics study on the glass forming process of asphalt

Abstract Glass transition temperature (Tg) is a significant parameter that determines the viscoelastic properties of asphalt. However, the understanding of glass transition process of asphalt is ambiguous, especially at the molecular level. In this paper, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were used to help understanding the glass forming process from the viewpoint of glass forming liquid. The temperature dependence of volumetric properties, such as free volume, fractional free volume, specific volume and coefficients of volume thermal expansion etc., for AAA-1 asphalt were computed. Results show that there are two transition temperatures with temperature decreasing from 575 K to 50 K, i.e., one is Tg at ca. 250 K, the other is ca. 400 K. The non-Arrhenius type temperature dependence of viscosity and the breakdown of Stokes-Einstein relation imply that the transition at ca. 400 K is responsible to the liquid–liquid transition of asphalt from viscoelastic liquid to Newtonian fluid. Furthermore, molecular trajectory demonstrated that at ca. 400 K, AAA-1 asphalt system experienced the transition from non-ergodic local thermal vibrations and restricted movement to temperature-independent ergodic movement, and this observation verified that the liquid–liquid transition of asphalt did occur at ca. 400 K. Namely, at temperatures higher than 400 K, the rearrangement process of asphalt colloid cage is a temperature-independent ά-relaxation, and in the temperature range from 400 K to 250 K, the relaxation associated with diffusional movement is a slow α-relaxation, i.e., structure relaxation of glass transition, and at temperatures lower than 250 K, asphalt is truly frozen glassy. Moreover, the good agreement between the rheological experiments and simulation results demonstrated that the MD results are reliable. This paper helps understanding microscopic picture of glass forming asphalt and its relaxation mechanisms with temperature, which could enable new additives and new additive strategies to modify asphalt and facilitate crude oil exploitation, transportation and refining processes, etc.

Tailoring anisotropic thermal conductivity by varying filler particle organization in nickel-polydimethylsiloxane composites

Anisotropic properties can be imparted to composite materials by arranging filler particles along specific directions inside the polymer matrix. These anisotropic patterns can be produced through dynamic field-assisted assembly of the filler particles during additive manufacturing. Using finite element analysis, we explore how chainlike arrangements of nickel particles embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane matrix modify bulk thermal conductivities in the axial and transverse directions. The axial conductivity increases up to nine times of the matrix conductivity with increasing filler volume fraction. While the axial conductivity decreases with increasing interparticle spacing, the transverse conductivity is uninfluenced. When particles within a chain are arranged in a zigzag pattern, increasing the interparticle zigzag angle decreases axial conductivity but increases transverse conductivity. As that angle increases to ∼55 º, the axial conductivity approaches a minimum, while the transverse conductivity approaches its maximum. An empirical model that includes effects of interparticle spacing and zigzag angle to predict the anisotropic thermal conductivity of a composite containing particle chains is presented. These results are relevant for the material design of particulate-reinforced polymer composites for advanced field-assisted additive manufacturing strategies.

Abstract B145: Identification of tumor cell intrinsic immune evasion mechanisms

Abstract The ability of cells of the immune system, in particular CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells, to kill tumor cells in vivo is now being exploited in the clinic with the advent of immunotherapy. While these therapies are effective in a subset of patients the emergence of tumor resistance is now being observed in the clinic. Several studies have investigated tumour evasion from CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell directed killing; however, it is not known if the same mechanisms apply for the tumor cells to evade NK cells. For instance, one major pathway of CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell resistance is via alteration of the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway which could in theory allow the tumor cells to become more sensitive to NK cell mediated killing due to “loss of self.” We have investigated tumor cell intrinsic NK cell resistance and sensitivity pathways using genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 loss of function in vitro screens. These screens have confirmed the essential role of cell adhesion via ICAM1 in enabling tumor cell killing by NK cells. We have also identified other novel pathways that could be manipulated to enhance tumor cell cytotoxicity and the development of alternative and/or additive therapeutic strategies in the clinic. Citation Format: Carmen Ballesteros Reviriego, Anneliese O. Speak, Gemma Turner, Vivek Iyer, Leopold Parts, David J. Adams. Identification of tumor cell intrinsic immune evasion mechanisms [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B145.

Roles of mucus adhesion and cohesion in cough clearance.

Clearance of intrapulmonary mucus by the high-velocity airflow generated by cough is the major rescue clearance mechanism in subjects with mucoobstructive diseases and failed cilial-dependent mucus clearance, e.g., subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Previous studies have investigated the mechanical forces generated at airway surfaces by cough but have not considered the effects of mucus biophysical properties on cough efficacy. Theoretically, mucus can be cleared by cough from the lung by an adhesive failure, i.e., breaking mucus-cell surface adhesive bonds and/or by cohesive failure, i.e., directly fracturing mucus. Utilizing peel-testing technologies, mucus-epithelial surface adhesive and mucus cohesive strengths were measured. Because both mucus concentration and pH have been reported to alter mucus biophysical properties in disease, the effects of mucus concentration and pH on adhesion and cohesion were compared. Both adhesive and cohesive strengths depended on mucus concentration, but neither on physiologically relevant changes in pH nor bicarbonate concentration. Mucus from bronchial epithelial cultures and patient sputum samples exhibited similar adhesive and cohesive properties. Notably, the magnitudes of both adhesive and cohesive strength exhibited similar velocity and concentration dependencies, suggesting that viscous dissipation of energy within mucus during cough determines the efficiency of cough clearance of diseased, hyperconcentrated, mucus. Calculations of airflow-induced shear forces on airway mucus related to mucus concentration predicted substantially reduced cough clearance in small versus large airways. Studies designed to improve cough clearance in subjects with mucoobstructive diseases identified reductions of mucus concentration and viscous dissipation as key therapeutic strategies.

Catch games: the impact of modeling decisions

We examine the guarantee levels of the players in a type of zero sum games. We show how these levels depend on the sigma algebras that are being employed on the players’ action spaces. We further argue that guarantee levels may therefore also depend on set theoretic considerations. Additionally, we calculate the guarantee levels for finitely additive strategies. The solutions of catch games essentially differ among these setups. We find optimal strategies for almost all cases.

E&P Notes (August 2018)

E&P Notes ExxonMobil’s Eighth Discovery Off Guyana Adds Another Development Possibility Matt Zborowski, Technology Writer ExxonMobil said it has “encountered 78 m of high-quality, oil-bearing sandstone reservoir” near the Turbot discovery southeast of the Liza field offshore Guyana. The supermajor’s eighth discovery in the burgeoning oil province could bring about a new development opportunity in the southeast portion of the 26,800-sq-km Stabroek Block. The first phase of development drilling on Liza field began in May. The Longtail-1 discovery well was drilled to 5,504 m in 1,940 m of water by the Stena Carron drillship, which spudded the well on 25 May. It is the second discovery in that area after the Turbot discovery of late 2017. The two discoveries’ estimated recoverable resources total more than 500 million BOE, said ExxonMobil. GE To Spin Off Baker Hughes Pam Boschee, Senior Editor GE is spinning off Baker Hughes (BHGE) in its strategic plan for growth and shareholder value creation. It plans to focus on aviation, power, and renewable energy. GE CEO John Flannery said these areas share technologies, digital and additive strategies, and business models. The separation from Baker Hughes will take place over the next 2 to 3 years as part of GE’s effort to “make its corporate structure leaner and substantially reduce debt,” the company said in a statement. GE Oil and Gas merged with Baker Hughes in July 2017, with GE holding a 62.5% stake. BHGE’s revenue on an annualized basis is $22 billion. GE Healthcare will also be separated into a standalone company, which will begin immediately and progress over the next 12 to 18 months. The spinoffs of BHGE and GE Healthcare are part of GE’s efforts announced last fall to sell $20 billion worth of assets. The Big Unknowns for World’s Balancing Act of Supply and Demand Trent Jacobs, Digital Editor Last year was a dynamic one for both oil producers and consumers. For much of 2017, oil prices headed north but consumption still outgrew daily production—even as those totals were rising too. The net effect was seen as a positive for what has been a chaotic oil market in recent years. However, an annual report from BP’s economic group that studies market forces for the company has raised questions about what could disrupt this tenuous balance going forward. Driven by rising but still relatively low prices, 2017 saw world oil demand increase by an impressive 1.7 million B/D. This 1.8% increase stands above the 10-year average of 1.2% and marks the third year in a row that these figures have seen an uptick. Equinor Releases Subsurface and Production Data From NCS Field Stephen Whitfield, Senior Staff Writer For the first time, the general public will have complete access to the subsurface and production data from a field on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS). Equinor announced that it will disclose the data from Volve, a shallow-water oil field located in the southern part of the Norwegian North Sea approximately 125 miles west of Stavanger. Following its startup in February 2008, Volve’s production lasted for approximately 8 years. It was originally scheduled for 3 to 5 years of operation. At its peak, the field produced 56,000 BOPD, and a total of 63 million bbl of oil were produced before the field’s shutdown in September 2016. Equinor said that one of the goals of the data release is to allow students from relevant fields of study to train on real data sets. Equinor, ExxonMobil Rack Up More Brazilian Pre-Salt Acreage Matt Zborowski, Technology Writer Equinor secured interests in two of three blocks awarded 7 June during Brazil’s 4th pre-salt bid round, further expanding its footprint in the growing offshore province alongside ExxonMobil, Shell, BP, and Chevron. Three of four blocks were awarded overall, each of which will be operated by Petrobras. The state-owned firm has a right of first refusal to petition the government to operate all pre-salt blocks offered. The round received some $800 million in signing bonuses and $190 million in planned exploration investments. The Norwegian firm took a stake in the highly coveted Uirapuru block in the Santos Basin with partners ExxonMobil and Petrogal Brasil. Petrobras exercised its right to enter the consortium and will be the operator with a 30% interest. Equinor and Exxon-Mobil will each have a 28% stake, with Petrogal Brasil holding the remaining 14%.

(Invited) Advancement of Thin, Reinforced Membranes for High-Performing, Long-Lasting Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

After decades of research and development, commercialization of proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) vehicles is now a reality, and several production scale vehicles have been launched. GORE-SELECT® Membranes (GSMs) enable the Toyota Mirai (2015), Honda Clarity (2016), and Hyundai Nexo (2018)1. However, mass deployment of PEMFC vehicles is hindered by lack of hydrogen infrastructure and higher cost than internal combustion engines2. W. L. Gore and Associates, Inc. (Gore) is committed to supplying the fuel cell market with the highest performance and most durable membranes to support the lowest $/kW system. One approach to simultaneously increase power density and decrease membrane cost (by reducing material content) is to use thinner membranes, ca. 10 µm or less. Thin membranes facilitate high performance systems by means of higher proton conductance and faster water transport properties, yet durability remains a challenge. Gore is uniquely positioned to deliver high-strength reinforcement layers for the most mechanically durable thin membranes at high volume with superior uniformity. Expertise in engineering fluoropolymer composites has allowed Gore to develop thin membranes that mechanically outlast thicker membranes while exceeding performance, Figure 1. The remaining challenge to address is chemical durability. Higher gas permeance of thin membranes can result in increased radical generation through multiple mechanisms3. As shown in Figure 2, Gore is working to increase the selectivity of protons relative to gas crossover, which is critical for maintaining performance while extending chemical lifetime. Additionally, chemical degradation can be mitigated through advanced additive strategies. In this talk we discuss Gore’s understanding and advancements of thin membrane technology culminating with the introduction of new state-of-the-art membranes that break the cost / performance trade-off. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the Electrochemical Products team of W. L. Gore and Associates, Inc. REFERENCES W. L. Gore & Associates, (2018) https://www.gore.com/news-events/press-release/gore-s-fuel-cell-technology-helps-power-latest-hyundai-fuel-cell-vehicle.D. L. Greene and G. Duleep, Status and Prospects of the Global Automotive Fuel Cell Industry and Plans for Deployment of Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, (2013).M. Zaton, J. Rozière, and D. J. Jones, Sustain. Energy Fuels, 1, 409–438 (2017). Figure 1

Scanning Nanowelding Lithography for Rewritable One-Step Patterning of Sub-50 nm High-Aspect-Ratio Metal Nanostructures.

The development of a new nanolithographic strategy, named scanning nanowelding lithography (SNWL), for the one-step fabrication of arbitrary high-aspect-ratio nanostructures of metal is reported in this study. Different from conventional pattern transfer and additive printing strategies which require subtraction or addition of materials, SNWL makes use of a sharp scanning tip to reshape metal thin films or existing nanostructures into desirable high-aspect-ratio patterns, through a cold-welding effect of metal at the nanoscale. As a consequence, SNWL can easily fabricate, in one step and at ambient conditions, sub-50 nm metal nanowalls with remarkable aspect ratio >5, which are found to be strong waveguide of light. More importantly, SNWL outweighs the existing strategies in terms of the unique ability to erase the as-made nanostructures and rewrite them into other shapes and orientations on-demand. Taking advantages of the serial and rewriting capabilities of SNWL, the smart information storage-erasure of Morse codes is demonstrated. SNWL is a promising method to construct arbitrary high-aspect-ratio nanostructure arrays that are highly desirable for biological, medical, optical, electronic, and information applications.

Investigating new curricular goals: what develops when first graders solve modelling tasks?

ABSTRACTChildren in a first-grade class who were taking their first steps in formal mathematical knowledge were given a sequence of five modelling tasks during their regular mathematics lessons. These tasks were different in nature from the problems they encountered in their textbooks. They are more complex and challenging, requiring analysis of the problem situation and decisions about the mathematics that could be used. The nature and implementation of the tasks involved new curricular goals and new problem solving norms aimed at developing children’s modelling competencies. The findings show that the children were able to accept the new norms that promoted situation analysis and realistic considerations. They increased their use of argumentation, utilised existing additive strategies and displayed some use of multiplicative structures which the children had not encountered formally yet.

3D Printing of Self‐Organizing Structural Elements for Advanced Functional Structures

AbstractA shape evolution approach based on the thermally activated self‐organization of 3D printed parts into minimal surface area structures is presented. With this strategy, the present communication opposes currently established additive manufacturing strategies aiming to stipulate each individual volumetric element (voxel) of a part. Instead, a 3D structure is roughly defined in a 3D printing process, with all its advantages, and an externally triggered self‐organization allows the formation of structural elements with a definition greatly exceeding the volumetric resolution of the printing process. For enabling the self‐organization of printed objects by viscous flow of material, functionally graded structures are printed as rigid frame and melting filler. This approach uniquely combines the freedom in design, provided by 3D printing, with the mathematical formulation of minimal surface structures and the knowledge of the physical potentials governing self‐organization, to overcome the paradigm which strictly correlates the geometrical definition of 3D printed parts to the volumetric resolution of the printing process. Moreover, a transient liquid phase allows local programming of functionalities, such as the alignment of functional particles, by means of electric or magnetic fields.

Ex situ liver perfusion: Organ preservation into the future.

In recent years, remarkable progress has occurred in the development of technologies to support ex situ liver perfusion. Building upon extensive preclinical studies in large animal models, pilot and randomized clinical trials have been initiated, and preliminary outcomes suggest more optimal protection of both standard and extended criteria liver grafts. There currently exists an incredible opportunity and need to further refine this technology, determine appropriate viability measures to predict usable liver grafts, and to explore potent protective additive strategies to further optimize the quality of extended criteria organs. These findings will have major bearing in expanding the limited liver donor pool, and may save lives where up to a quarter of listed patients die on wait-lists. Herein we offer a brief overview of the history and current status of ex situ liver perfusion, and discuss future directions that will likely have major impact on the practice of clinical liver transplantation.

Examining Mathematics Classroom Interactions: Elevating Student Roles in Teaching and Learning

<p style="text-align:justify">This article introduces a model entitled, “Responsive Teaching through Problem Posing” or RTPP, that addresses a type of reform oriented mathematics teaching based on posing relevant problems, positioning students as experts of mathematics, and facilitating discourse. RTPP incorporates decades of research on students’ thinking in mathematics and more recent research on responsive teaching practices. Two classroom case studies are presented. A high school unit on functions is explored utilizing individual research on the part of the teacher to enact RTPP lessons. A middle school teacher enacts a RTPP lesson on proportions and utilizes this model to bridge students’ incorrect additive reasoning strategies with correct multiplicative reasoning strategies. The results showed that both teachers were able to elevate students’ roles in classroom discussions through implementation of RTPP. Individual research conducted by the high school teacher informed his RTPP approach while participation in professional development sessions with a classroom embedded component influenced the middle school teacher’s enactment of RTPP lessons. Both teachers used specific teacher moves within RTPP to relinquish their role as mathematics experts in order to elevate their students’ roles in classroom discussions. The RTPP cycle is offered as a potential model for studying mathematics teaching and learning across a variety of secondary mathematics classrooms.</p>

Precise Patterning of Large‐Scale TFT Arrays Based on Solution‐Processed Oxide Semiconductors: A Comparative Study of Additive and Subtractive Approaches

AbstractPrecise patterning of solution‐processed oxide semiconductors is critical for cost‐effective, large‐scale, and high throughput fabrication of circuits and display application. In this paper, demonstration and comparison are made using the additive and subtractive patterning strategies to precisely fabricate wafer‐scale thin film transistor arrays (1600 devices), which are based on high‐quality solution‐processed indium zinc oxide (IZO) and indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO). The IZO and IGZO TFTs exhibit field‐effect mobility up to 8.0 and 5.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 when using the additive method, whereas the highest mobility of 24.2 and 13.7 cm2 V−1 s−1 for IZO and IGZO TFTs is achieved when using the subtractive method. The X‐ray photoelectronic spectroscopy studies and quantitative 2D device simulations together reveal that good device performance is attributed to moderate shallow donor‐like states (providing electrons) from oxygen vacancy and few accepter‐like states (trapping electrons) resulted from the dense structural framework of MO bonds. After examining the uniformity and reliability of the devices, the solution‐patterned inverters are demonstrated using negative‐channel metal oxide semiconductors, which show full swing output transfer characteristics and thus provide a promising method for solution‐based fabrications of circuits.

Understanding the links between resilience and type-2 diabetes self-management: a qualitative study in South Australia

BackgroundResearch conducted by Ward, Muller, Tsourtos, et al. (Soc Sci Med 72(7):1140–1148, 2011) has led to the development of the psycho-social interactive model of resilience, which reveals the interaction between individual resilience factors (i.e. coping, confidence and self esteem) and external resilience environments (i.e. employment, supportive family environments and health promoting policies) in facilitating the development of resilience. This present study explored the utility of this model of resilience for understanding how people self-manage type-2 diabetes.MethodsData were collected via 14 semi-structured life-history interviews with women and men living with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Participants varied according to socio-demographics (gender, age, education level, income) and were recruited based on their self-reported management (or lack thereof) of T2DM.ResultsThe inter-play of internal traits and external resources with additive and subtractive resilience strategies were consistent with the psycho-social interactive model of resilience. Self-management was influenced by life history. Differences in self-management and material disadvantage were also identified. Alongside increased disadvantage are higher levels of external barriers to self-management practices.ConclusionsThis paper supports the concepts of additive and subtractive resilience strategies for use with diabetes populations; providing health professionals and policy makers with an increased understanding of how to recognize and foster patient resilience for the improvement of self-care, disease management and ultimately health outcomes.