Additive Manufacturing Specimens Research Articles

Crack Control in Additive Manufacturing by Leveraging Process Parameters and Lattice Design

This study investigates the design of additive manufacturing for controlled crack propagation using process parameters and lattice structures. We examine two lattice types—octet-truss (OT) and diamond (DM)—fabricated via powder bed fusion with Ti-6Al-4V. Lattice structures are designed with varying densities (10%, 30%, and 50%) and process using two different laser energies. Using additive-manufactured specimens, Charpy impact tests are conducted to evaluate the fracture behavior and impact energy levels of the specimens. Results show that the type of the lattice structures, the density of the lattice structures, and laser energy significantly influence crack propagation patterns and impact energy. OT exhibits straighter crack paths, while DM demonstrates more random fracture patterns. Higher-density lattices and increased laser energy generally improve the impact energy. DM consistently outperformed OT in the impact energy for angle specimens, while OT showed superior performance in stair specimens. Finally, a case study demonstrates the potential for combining OT and DM structures to guide crack propagation along predetermined paths, offering a novel approach to protect critical components during product failure.

Vibration behaviour of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg specimens

Abstract Additive manufacturing is in continuous development, and the obtained components still have some shortcomings. The vast majority of mechanical characterizations are performed on polymer materials, using in particular the material extrusion process, while metallic components face not negligible deficiencies. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the vibration behaviour of selective laser melting (SLM) 3D printed specimens. The specimens were printed “on-edge” from AlSi10Mg aluminium alloys and subjected to fatigue tests. By using an electrodynamic shaker, controller, acceleration transducer, and laser vibrometer, the tests have been performed and the data analysed. After the tests, a correlation was obtained by using a finite element analysis (FEA). The damping coefficients (alpha and beta) are obtained from the experimental data. These coefficients are then used to check the accuracy of each FEA model. The results reveal the correlation between structural damping and anisotropy of additive manufacturing specimens, and their impact on high-cycle fatigue performance.

Corrosion behavior of additively manufactured FeCrAl in out-of-pile light water reactor environments

Iron-Chromium-Aluminum (FeCrAl) alloys are candidate materials for the cladding of light water reactor (LWR) fuels. The FeCrAl alloys in general range in Cr composition from 12% (C26M) to 21% (APMT). In this work, the general corrosion behavior of Additively Manufactured (AM) C26M coupons was compared to the behavior of traditional Powder Metallurgy (PM) coupons. Immersion testing were conducted for 12 months at 288 °C and 330 °C in pure water containing either oxygen or hydrogen. Results show that the mass change of AM specimens in hydrogenated water was like the mass change of PM specimens. In oxygenated water, the mass change of AM coupons was higher and less reproducible than for the PM coupons. Porosity in the AM specimens makes their behavior less predictable in high-temperature water.

Influence of base designs on the manufacturing accuracy of vat-polymerized diagnostic casts using two different technologies

Statement of problemDiagnostic casts can incorporate different base designs and be manufactured using different vat-polymerization technologies. However, the influence of the interrelation between the base design and the 3D printing technology on the casts' final accuracy remains unclear. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the influence of different base designs of 3D printed casts on the accuracy of 2 vat-polymerization technologies. Material and methodsA digital maxillary cast was obtained and used to generate 3 different base designs: solid (S group), honeycombed (HC group), and hollow (H group). The HC and H groups were subdivided based on the wall thickness of the cast design, resulting in 2 subgroups with thicknesses of 1 mm (HC1 and H1) and 2 mm (HC2 and H2) (N=100, n=10). Eleven reference cubes were added to each specimen for subsequent measurements. Specimens were manufactured by using 2 vat-polymerization 3D printers: Nextdent 5100 (ND group) and Sonic Mini 4K (SM4K group) and a resin material suitable for both 3D printers (Nextdent Model 2.0). A coordinate measuring machine quantified the linear and 3-dimensional discrepancies between the digital cast and each reference specimen. Trueness was defined as the average absolute dimensional discrepancy between the virtual cast and the specimens produced through additive manufacturing (AM), while precision was delineated as the standard deviation in dimensional discrepancies between the digital cast and the AM specimens. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparison tests (α=.05). ResultsFor the NextDent group the trueness ranged from 21.83 µm to 28.35 µm, and the precision ranged from 17.82 µm to 37.70 µm. For the Phrozen group, the trueness ranged from 45.15 µm to 64.51 µm, and the precision ranged from 33.51 µm to 48.92 µm. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences on the x-, y-, and z-axes and in the 3D discrepancy (all P<.001). On the x-axis, the Mann-Whitney U test showed significant differences for the Phrozen group between the H-2 and H-1 groups (P=.001), H-2 and S groups (P<.001), and HC-2 and S groups (P=.012). On the y-axis, significant differences were found in the Phrozen group between the H-2 and H-1 groups (P=.001), the H-2 and S, H-1 and HC-1, and HC-1 and S groups (P<.001), the H-1 and HC-2 groups (P=.007), and the HC-2 and S groups (P=.009). The NextDent group exhibited significant differences, particularly among the HC-1 and H-2 groups (P=.004), H-1 (P=.020), and HC-2 (P=.001) groups; and on the z-axis significant differences were found in the Phrozen group between the H-2 and H-1 and S groups and the HC-2 group and H-1 and S groups (both P<.001). In the NextDent group, significant differences were found between the H-2 and HC-2 (P=.047) and HC-1 (P=.028) groups. For the 3D discrepancy analysis, significant differences were found in the Phrozen group between the H-2 and H-1 and S groups (P<.001), the H-1 and HC-2 groups (P=.001), the S and HC-1 and HC-2 groups (P<.001), and the H-1 and HC-1 groups (P=.002). In the NextDent group, significant differences were observed between the H-2 and HC-1 groups (P=.012). ConclusionsThe accuracy of digital casts depends on the manufacturing trinomial and base design of the casts. The honeycomb and hollow based designs provided the highest accuracy in the NextDent and Phrozen groups respectively for the material polymer tested. All specimens fell in the clinically acceptable range.

The Effect of Heat Treatment and Build Orientation on the Susceptibility of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additively Manufactured Alloy 625 to Crevice Corrosion

This study aimed to determine the optimal heat treatment and build orientation to minimize the susceptibility of additively manufactured (AM) Alloy 625 to crevice corrosion. To accomplish this, metal-to-metal and acrylic-to-metal remote crevice assembly (RCA) experiments were performed for as-made (NT) AM, stress-relieved (SR) AM, solution-annealed AM, and solution plus stabilization-annealed AM Alloy 625 in two different build orientations. Current vs. time data from metal-to-metal RCA experiments were analyzed using commercially available statistical analysis software used to perform analysis of variance. While there was a lack of statistical evidence that build orientation affects crevice corrosion susceptibility, there was strong evidence heat treatment affects crevice corrosion susceptibility. Specifically, according to Tukey’s Multiple Comparison, alloys that were heat treated had a statistically significant lower charge passed as compared to the NT specimens. This finding was consistent with measured penetration depth where NT AM specimens had the largest maximum penetration depth. In contrast, acrylic-to-metal RCAs were used to calculate crevice corrosion current density (rate) and repassivation potential. While current densities for the AM materials were comparable, the forward motion of the active crevice corrosion front on the NT and SR specimens was found to be slow, resulting in high damage accumulation locally. Both metal-to-metal and acrylic-to-metal RCA results are discussed within the context of nonhomogenized microstructures associated with AM.

Rapid fatigue evaluation of additive manufactured specimens: Application to stainless steel AISI 316L obtained by laser metal powder bed fusion

Laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing is a promising technology for manufacturing components in many industrial applications. These components are often subjected to cycling loading and there are concerns about their fatigue performance due to inherent anisotropy, defects, and surface roughness. However, conventional fatigue assessment is time-consuming and expensive. Consequently, several attempts have been made in the last decades to reduce the time and cost associated with these tests by introducing the concept of rapid fatigue testing. Most of these accelerated methods necessitate advanced laboratory equipment and high-precision tests. Recently, a novel approach to rapid fatigue assessment, the stiffness method, has emerged, based on evaluating damage accumulation during the test. This method has been successfully applied and validated across a wide range of wrought metal sheets. In this study, the stiffness method is deployed to evaluate the fatigue performance of additively manufactured stainless steel AISI316L. The results are compared with predictions of the empirical model based on Murakami's approach and the conventional staircase method. A good agreement is obtained between both approaches, showing the stiffness method can estimate the fatigue limit of additive manufacturing specimens in a reliable, fast, and cost-effective way while using a significantly reduced number of tests.

Powder characterisation and the impact on part performance in electron beam melted Ti6Al4V

Metallic powder for Additive Manufacturing (AM) typically varies between different batches, while being supplied to achieve the same customer specification. In order to reduce this variation and minimise waste, batches are often mixed together in both their virgin and used form. However, the properties of bulk components must have limited variance in order to be reliably used in an industrial setting. This manuscript is focused on the analysis of Grade 5 Ti6Al4V powders (3 virgin, plus 2 blends) and the associated mechanical properties of Electron Beam Melted (EBM) AM specimens. Measurements were performed in accordance with the principles defined in the MMPDS Handbook, ESDU database, and ASTM F2924. The tensile, and fatigue properties of the EBM specimens were found to be superior when compared with Ti6Al4V properties within these standards. This demonstrated that these powders are suitable for a wide range of commercial applications, and that these blended powders (including used powders) are able to achieve these requirements. Additionally, the results provide a systematic route for powder verification and highlight the importance of adhering to standardised principles and specifications to ensure quality and reliability in metallic AM materials.

Effect of Layer Addition on Residual Stresses of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Stainless Steel Specimens

Abstract Residual stresses have been characterized in four Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing specimens with neutron diffraction technique. First, two methods are investigated for obtaining the reference diffracted angle θ0 that is required for the computation of microstrains and, thus, the stresses; θ0 was obtained with two approaches. The first one required a strain-free specimen in order to get directly the reference diffracted angles θ0 in the three principal directions. The second one is based on the plane stress assumption to get θ0 indirectly by imposing that the normal stress was equal to zero. Both methods led to similar residual stress profiles for the one-layer specimen which validated this approach for all specimens without a strain-free specimen available. The second part of this work focused on the modification of the residual stresses in the specimen following the addition of a new deposit. The neutron diffraction measurements showed that the longitudinal stress was tensile in the heat-affected and fusion zones with a maximum value located at the parent material–layers interface where the thermal loadings were applied. A decrease of this maximum value from 257 MPa to 199 MPa appeared after deposition of a new layer which is due to some stress relaxation effect. Inside the parent material, a large zone presents compressive longitudinal stress up to −170 MPa. The bottom part of the parent material is under tensile stress likely due to its upward bending following the thermal contraction of the deposited layers during cooling to ambient temperature.

A Methodology for the Rapid Qualification of Additively Manufactured Materials Based on Pore Defect Structures

Additive manufacturing (AM) can create net or near-net-shaped components while simultaneously building the material microstructure, therefore closely coupling forming the material and shaping the part in contrast to traditional manufacturing with distinction between the two processes. While there are well-heralded benefits to AM, the widespread adoption of AM in fatigue-limited applications is hindered by defects such as porosity resulting from off-nominal process conditions. The vast number of AM process parameters and conditions make it challenging to capture variability in porosity that drives fatigue design allowables during qualification. Furthermore, geometric features such as overhangs and thin walls influence local heat conductivity and thereby impact local defects and microstructure. Consequently, qualifying AM material within parts in terms of material properties is not always a straightforward task. This article presents an approach for rapid qualification of AM fatigue-limited parts and includes three main aspects: (1) seeding pore defects of specific size, distribution, and morphology into AM specimens, (2) combining non-destructive and destructive techniques for material characterization and mechanical fatigue testing, and (3) conducting microstructure-based simulations of fatigue behavior resulting from specific pore defect and microstructure combinations. The proposed approach enables simulated data to be generated to validate and/or augment experimental fatigue data sets with the intent to reduce the number of tests needed and promote a more rapid route to AM material qualification. Additionally, this work suggests a closer coupling between material qualification and part certification for determining material properties at distinct regions within an AM part.

Effect of Hydrothermal Aging on the Flexural Strength and Microhardness of Materials Used for Additive or Subtractive Manufacturing of Definitive Restorations.

To evaluate the flexural strength (FS) and microhardness of various CAD/CAM restorative materials intended for definitive use. The effect of hydrothermal aging on the mechanical properties of these materials was also investigated. A total of 210 bar-shaped specimens (17 × 4 × 1.5 mm ± 0.02 mm) were fabricated via either subtractive manufacturing (SM) methods-reinforced composite resin (SM-CR), polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (SM-PICN), fine-structured feldspathic ceramic (SMFC), nanographene-reinforced polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA; SM-GPMMA), PMMAbased resin (SM-PMMA)-or additive manufacturing (AM) methods with urethane acrylate-based resins (AM-UA1 and AM-UA2). Specimens were then divided into two subgroups (nonaged or hydrothermal aging; n = 15). A three-point flexural strength test was performed, and five specimens from the nonaged group were submitted to microhardness testing. Specimens were subjected to 10,000 thermal cycles, and the measurements were repeated. Regardless of aging, SM-CR had the highest FS (P < .001), followed by SM-GPMMA (P ≤ .042). In nonaged groups, AM-UA2 had a lower FS than all other materials except SM-FC (P = 1.000). In hydrothermal aging groups, AM specimens had lower FS values than other materials, except SM-PMMA. With regard to microhardness, there was no significant difference found between any of the tested materials (P ≥ .945) in the nonaged and hydrothermal aging groups. The effect of hydrothermal aging on FS varied depending on the type of restorative material. Regardless of aging condition, SM-CR showed the highest FS values, whereas SM-FC had the highest microhardness. Hydrothermal aging had no significant influence on the microhardness of the tested materials.

Orientation effects on the fracture behaviour of additively manufactured stainless steel 316L subjected to high cyclic fatigue

In this paper, stainless steel 316L (SS316L) bars were additively manufactured (AM) in three orientations (Z – vertical, XY – horizontal, ZX45 – midway between vertical and horizontal) by using the Laser Powder Bed Fusion Melting (LPBF-M) method. The AM specimens were subjected to load control fatigue testing under full tension and compression (R = -1) at stress amplitudes ± 350, ±400 and ± 450 MPa. The XY and ZX45 printing orientations were found to significantly improve service life. Although similar strain response was found for each orientation when the same stress amplitude was applied, slightly different fracture mechanisms were identified during the post-mortem surface observations.

Infrared imaging surface roughness criticality assessment of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured specimens

Infrared imaging surface roughness criticality assessment of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured specimens

A comparison of high strain rate response and adiabatic shear band formation in additively and traditionally manufactured Inconel 718

3D printing of Inconel 718 has been increasingly commercialized, as such research comparing the mechanical properties of additively manufactured (AM) and traditionally manufactured (TM) components in both quasi-static and high rate regimes should be conducted. Herein, the high strain rate material response, as well as the formation of adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) in AM and TM Inconel 718 are studied using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. A top-hat cylindrical specimen geometry was used to convert the compressive load to shear and conduct high rate shear tests in the SHPB. The quasi-static and high rate stress-strain data reported herein indicates that TM components have at least a 70 MPa higher compressive yield strength. Interestingly, the AM specimens were more susceptible to ASB formation than their TM counterparts. The critical shear strain at which an ASB forms was higher for the TM specimens compared to the AM specimens. This was attributed to the TM material having a higher critical stress for dynamic recrystallization initiation, which is required to ASB formation. The microstructures of the shear zone in the top-hat specimens were examined using an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Dynamic recrystallization was observed at the center of the shear affected zone (SAZ) using TEM from material lifted out from the ASB. Due to the plastic deformation in the shear region, the material strain hardens and therefore has a higher hardness than the bulk material. At the center of the shear region, a peak in nano-hardness of 585 HV was recorded on the ASB. The outcome of this research will lead to the prevention, containment, and control of shear instability in AM structures.

Comparison of In-situ Nondestructive Testing and Ex-situ Methods in Additive Manufactured Specimens for Internal Feature Detection

ABSTRACT The effectiveness and repeatability of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies has been often measured through rigorous testing, both in-situ and ex-situ. In-situ nondestructive testing (NDT) has been used to understand the AM process and detect anomalies during the build. Ex-situ testing has been used for material characterization and internal defect detection. In this work, in-situ NDT and ex-situ testing methods are compared as applied to a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) process to detect defects that have formed internally in the part. Intentionally embedded features and defects are monitored and analyzed in-situ and ex-situ. Results from an automated image-based real-time defect detection system, an ultrasound ex-situ system, and a tensile testing system are compared to detect defects and their effects on mechanical properties. Real-time image-based defect detection is found to effectively spot defects as they form and allow the potential for implementing defect correction methods, while ex-situ tensile testing can be used as a form of validation to in-situ results.

Effect of Material Thickness and Coffee Thermocycling on the Color Stability and Translucency of Additively and Subtractively Manufactured Resin-Based Materials for Definitive Restorations.

To evaluate the effect of material thickness and coffee thermocycling on the optical properties of definitive resin-based materials created via additive manufacturing (AM) and subtractive manufacturing (SM). Specimens were prepared in three thicknesses (1, 1.5, and 2 mm) from three AM (3D-CB, 3D-TH, and 3D-CT) and two SM (G-CAM and VE) resin-based materials (n = 15 per material and thickness combination). Color coordinates of each specimen were measured after polishing and after 10,000 cycles of coffee thermocycling. Color differences (ΔE00s) and relative translucency parameter (RTP) values were calculated. After logarithmic transformation, ΔE00 values were analyzed with two-way ANOVA, while RTP values were analyzed with generalized linear model test (α = .05). 3D-TH had the highest pooled ΔE00 and G-CAM had the lowest (P ≤ .004). 3D-CB had higher pooled ΔE00 than VE and 3D-CT (P ≤ .002). For the SM group, the 1.5-mm and 2-mm 3DCT specimens and 1-mm 3D-TH specimens had lower ΔE00 than 1.5-mm and 2-mm 3D-TH specimens (P ≤ .036). Most of the AM specimens and 1-mm VE specimens had higher ΔE00 than 2-mm G-CAM specimens (P ≤ .029). Further, most AM specimens had higher ΔE00 than 1.5-mm G-CAM specimens (P ≤ .006). RTP values increased in order of 3D-CT, G-CAM, VE, 3D-CB, and 3D-TH specimens (P < .001). Increased thickness and coffee thermocycling mostly reduced RTP (P < .001). 3D-TH typically had higher color change values than SM specimens, while G-CAM typically had lower color change values than AM specimens. Only the 1.5-mm and 2-mm 3D-TH specimens had unacceptable color changes. Thickness and coffee thermocycling mostly reduced the translucency.

Differences in Oxidation Behavior of Conventionally Cast and Additively Manufactured Co-Base Alloy MAR-M-509

AbstractHigh-temperature oxidation behavior of conventionally cast and additively manufactured (AM) Co-base alloy MAR-M-509 was compared in the present study. The specimens were exposed in air at 1000 °C and characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy/wavelength dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX/WDX) and electron backscatter diffraction as well as transmission electron microscopy. Substantial differences in the oxidation processes of two alloy versions were observed. Faster oxidation of the cast alloy was mainly induced by (1) oxidation of coarse primary carbides, (2) internal oxidation and nitridation processes and (3) incorporation of other alloy constituents (e.g., Co, Ni, W) into the Cr-oxide scale. AM specimens, in contrast, formed a more homogeneous, thinner and better adherent external oxide scale. The results are discussed in terms of differences in the chemical composition and alloy microstructure, including the grain size distribution in the material and the morphology of the strengthening precipitate phases.

Anisotropic and elastoplastic mode‐I fracture toughnesses of three additively manufactured polymers fabricated via material extrusion and powder bed fusion

AbstractTwo types of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, fused filament fabrication (FFF) and selective laser sintering (SLS), were employed to fabricate specimens from three widely used AM polymers: polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and polyamide (PA): the first two using FFF and PA using SLS. The single‐edge notch bending (SENB) test was employed to measure the mode‐I fracture toughnesses of bulk and AM specimens in three directions relative to the printing direction. Unlike their bulk counterparts, AM polymers exhibited anisotropic fracture toughness. The degree of anisotropy in FFF‐PLA was much larger than FFF‐ABS and SLS‐PA. The smallest fracture toughness value for each AM polymer was achieved along the transverse printing direction. Different AM techniques affect fracture toughness differently. For instance, FFF is shown to increase PLA's plastic deformation, while SLS reduces PA's ductility. The decrease in fracture toughness is consistently observed when transitioning from bulk polymers to AM ones, reaching as much as 75%. This study provides insights into the fracture toughness of AM parts made via popular plastics, which are crucial for designing structural parts using FFF and SLS processes.

Experimental scatter of the fatigue response of additively manufactured components: a statistical method based on the Profile Likelihood

The fatigue response of additively manufactured (AM) specimens is mainly driven by manufacturing defects, like pores and lack of fusion defects, which are mainly responsible for the large variability of fatigue data in the S–N plot. The analysis of the results of AM tests can be therefore complex: for example, the influence of a specific factor, e.g. the building direction, can be concealed by the experimental variability. Accordingly, appropriate statistical methodologies should be employed to safely and properly analyze the results of fatigue tests on AM specimens. In the present paper, a statistical methodology for the analysis of the AM fatigue test results is proposed. The approach is based on shifting the experimental failures to a reference number of cycles starting from the estimated P–S–N curves. The experimental variability of the fatigue strength at the reference number of cycles is also considered by estimating the profile likelihood function. This methodology has been validated with literature datasets and has proven its effectiveness in dealing with the experimental scatter typical of AM fatigue test results.

Modeling of distributed defects and a proposed fatigue interaction criterion for additively manufactured metal parts

Additively manufactured (AM) metallic components are known to contain distributed geometric discontinuities both internally and at surface. Their effects on fatigue behaviors of AM parts or components need to be better understood for developing cost-effective AM process qualification and part performance certification procedures for safety-critical applications. In this investigation, a rapid fracture mechanic modeling technique is adopted for evaluating the interactions of multiple crack-like defects and their effects on fatigue behaviors of AM test specimens. The parametric study is performed by varying the spacing between defects and the orientations of the defects with respect to the loading direction as well as their proximity to unnotched and notched test specimens. Then, the interactions of defects are examined, and the criterion for treating multiple cracks as a single equivalent crack is presented and compared with existing interaction criteria, e.g., those by ASME XI and BS 7910. Based on the findings of this study, a proposed approach for treating multiple crack-like defects, particularly in highly stressed regions, e.g., near a notch location is presented. Available fatigue test data from unnotched and notched AM specimens have also been analyzed to validate the proposed approach.

Weldability of 316L Parts Produced by Metal Additive Manufacturing

The processes of metal additive manufacturing (AM) are no longer confined to rapid prototyping applications and are seeing increasing use in many fields for the production of tools and finished products. The ability to design parts with practically zero waste, high precision, complex geometry, and on-demand fabrication are among the advantages of this manufacturing approach. One of the drawbacks of this technique is the productivity rate, as the parts are made layer by layer, which also increases the production cost. Moreover, even the working space is limited, especially for the powder bed fusion technique. In view of these disadvantages and in order to guarantee the profitability of this process, it should be oriented to the production of complex components that have a limited volume with a design adapted to additive manufacturing. One solution with which to circumvent these drawbacks is to combine the 3D printing process with conventional manufacturing processes. When designing products, one may choose to use additive manufacturing to create locally complex parts and assemble them with parts produced by conventional processes. On the other hand, and due to the limited AM printing chamber space, it may be necessary to print large parts in multiple smaller parts and then assemble them. In order to investigate the weldability of stainless steel 316L parts produced by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), the mechanical behavior of different welding assemblies is tested. Five configurations are studied: non-welded AM specimens, two AM parts welded together, one AM part and one laser cut part welded together, two laser-cut parts welded together, and non-welded laser cut specimens. Welding is performed using the Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding process (GMAW-P). Specimen strength is assessed through static and fatigue tests. The results demonstrate that 316L AM parts are weldable, and the tensile and fatigue properties of L-PBF 316L welded components and welded laser cut components are comparable. GMAW-P welding led to lower fatigue results for AM components than for other configurations, but the difference is not important. It was observed that welding defects may have a direct impact on mechanical properties.