Additive-free Paraffinic Mineral Oil Research Articles

DETERMINING ALTERNATIVES FOR METAL FORMING LUBRICANTS: A STUDY USING PLANE STRAIN COLD EXTRUSION PROCESS OF JIS-A1100 PURE ALUMINUM BILLET

Lubrication is very important in metal forming processes to control wear and friction at the interface between interacting surfaces. Non-renewable resources, such as plain mineral oils are widely used due to its ability to act as a supplier to wearing contacts; it may function as a film material or even sustain chemical transformations to become a film material. Since non-renewable resources can only last for more than a decade, renewable resources have been studied in order to find alternative lubricants that can present similar results in terms of extrusion load and product quality. Two renewable lubricants were analyzed (RBD palm olein and jatropha) together with an additive free paraffinic mineral oil, VG32, which acted as a reference lubricant. The experiment used a cold work plane strain extrusion apparatus that consists of a pair of taper die and a symmetrical work piece (billet). The billet material was made of annealed pure aluminum JIS-A1100 with radius of 5 mm in the deformation area. It was found that higher viscosity lubricants produced low extrusion load and friction during metal forming process with no major severe wear on product quality. Based on the results, it was proven that renewable resource based lubricants can be considered as a substitute for common lubricants used in the industry, since they present similar results with those currently applied in the industry.

Study of Alternative Lubricants for Cold Extrusion Process of A1100 Pure Aluminum

Lubrication in metal forming process is very important to control wear and friction at the interface between interacting surfaces. Non-renewable resources, such as mineral oil are widely used since a beginning due to its ability to act as a supplier to the wearing contact which functions as a film material or sustains chemical transformation to become a film material. Since it is will not last for a few more decades, renewable resources had been studied in order to find an alternative lubricant with presents similar results in terms of extrusion load and product quality. Two renewable lubricants were analyzed (Palm Kernel and Palm Stearin) together with additive free paraffinic mineral oil VG460 will act as a comparison lubricant. The experiment used a cold work plane strain extrusion apparatus consisting of a pair of taper die and a symmetrical work piece (billet). The billet material was annealed pure aluminum A1100 with radius of 5mm at the deformation area. It was found that palm Palm Kernel and Palm Stearin performed slightly high extrusion load, however they show no severe wear on product surface. Based on the results, it is proven that renewable based lubricants can be considered as a substitute to common mineral based lubricants used in the industry.

Effect of Surface Modification of Acetabular Cup with Embedded Micro-Pits on Friction Properties

This study describes an investigation of the effect on friction when an acetabular cup surface is embedded with micro-pits. The micro-pit is potentially a suitable structure to act as a lubricant reservoir, in order to reduce the level of friction present between the surfaces of a hip prosthesis. The experiments were carried out using a modified four-ball tribometer. Refined, Bleached and Deodorised (RBD) palm olein and additive-free paraffinic mineral oil were selected to provide lubrication. When the palm olein was applied to the acetabular surface, friction in the hip implant decreased. Severe damage on the acetabular surface resulted in lubricant-free test conditions. Meanwhile, the results of tests on the acetabular cup, with 10 to 40 embedded micro-pits on the surface, indicated that friction had decreased. Based on the experiments, surface modification of the acetabular cup with embedded micro-pits, could prolong the biomechanics of hip prostheses.

Evaluation of Paraffinic Mineral Oil as Lubricant in Cold Work Extrusion Process

In this paper, the effect of frictional constraint from the application of three different viscosity of additive free paraffinic mineral oil as lubricant were investigated by cold work forward plane strain extrusion experiments. The experiment used a cold work plane strain extrusion apparatus consist of a pair of taper die and a symmetrical workpiece (billet). The billet material was annealed pure aluminum A1100 with radius 5 mm in deformation area. The experimental result shows that the higher viscosity, will lead to lower friction effect to the deformed area, as well as product area.

Wear Behavior of Titanium Alloy Lubricated with Palm Olein as Bio-Lubricant Using Pin-On-Disk Tester

The wear mechanism of titanium alloy lubricated with fixed amount of palm olein was investigated using modified pin-on-disk tester. Titanium alloy has high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent mechanical properties such as superb corrosion resistance. This make titanium alloy was chosen for the critical or high temperature/pressure application such as turbine engine parts. Palm oil was chosen for the development of bio-lubricant to replace or minimize the usage mineral oil base lubricant. Palm oil is a vegetable oil which is non-toxic to human and has high decomposition rate. These factors give advantages to palm oil to be produce as an industrial lubricant. The experimental works were performed using a pin-on-disk tribotester, using titanium as the material for both flat ended pin and grooved disk. The test were implemented by dripping 5ml of RBD palm olein as a lubricating oil on the sliding surface at constant speed, which was 0.5m/s using different loads, which were 5N, 20N, 40N and 80N. In this study, the wear rate of the pin and friction coefficient were investigated. The weight loss and surface roughness before and after experiment were analyzed. All the results obtained were compared to commercial hydraulic oil and additive-free paraffinic mineral oil. From the analysis, the friction coefficient acquired with lubrication of RBD palm olein was the lowest compared to commercial hydraulic oil and additive-free paraffinic mineral oil at all loads applied. It could be concluded that RBD palm olein has good lubricity performance and has the capability to be developed as a lubricant.

Wear Behaviour of Palm Olein at Different Operating Temperature

One of the main disadvantages of vegetable oil as an industrial lubricant is its poor performance at high temperature. In this experimental work, the performance of refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein was tested at different operating temperatures using four-ball tribometer, following the procedure of ASTM D 4172. The result produced by RBD palm olein was compared with the result by additive free paraffinic mineral oil. The result showed that the RBD palm olein had lower coefficient of friction compared to the paraffinic mineral oil. However, the wear scars on the ball bearings surface lubricated with RBD palm olein were larger compared to those lubricated with paraffinic mineral oil.

Friction Characteristics of RBD Palm Olein Using Four-Ball Tribotester

In this study, the effect of load on the tribological performance of RBD palm olein is investigated using a four-ball wear tester according to the standard test of ASTM D4172. Tests were conducted with 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 kg normal loads. The experimental temperature and rotational speed were held constant at 75 °C and 1200 rpm, respectively. The test duration was 60 minutes in all cases. For each load, the tribological properties of RBD palm olein were compared with the properties of additive-free paraffinic mineral oil. The results focused on the frictional torque, wear scar diameter, friction coefficient and the flash temperature. Following the completion of the wear test experiments, the ball wear condition and lubricant properties were observed. These results show that RBD palm olein has a lower coefficient of friction than paraffinic mineral oil; however showed a high oxidation effect under high temperature work conditions.

The Effect of Sliding Speed on Friction and Wear of RBD Palm Olein

In this paper, the effect of sliding speed on the anti-friction of RBD palm olein was investigated using four-ball tribotester. The speeds were varied from 800 to 1400 rpm. The normal load was set to 40 kg and the test oil was heated up to 75 °C before the experiments. The result showed that palm olein has low friction coefficient compared to additive-free paraffinic mineral oil.

The Effect of Temperature on the Tribological Behavior of RBD Palm Stearin

The wide use of petroleum-based oils raises concerns with regard to pollution, and the rising of awareness of greenhouse gases has created a demand for the use of environmentally friendly and biodegradable lubricants for industrial applications. Vegetable oils are one of the bio-oils that have been promoted as a replacement for petroleum products, in part due to their environmentally friendly characteristics; they are nontoxic, biodegradable, and easy to dispose of. Many researchers have performed studies on sunflower oil, corn oil, and soy oil, but few have studied palm oil as a lubricant. Palm oil produced in a high-throughput manner could fulfill the demand for bio-based lubricants. In this study, the influence of temperature on friction and wear performance for refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm stearin and additive-free paraffinic mineral oil is presented. The experiments were conducted using a four-ball tribotester. Test temperatures of 55, 65, 75, and 85°C were used. The sliding speeds were set to 1,200 rpm. Experiments were run for 1 h under a 392.4 N load. The results of RBD palm stearin were compared with those of paraffinic mineral oil. The experimental results showed that the RBD palm stearin had better performance compared to paraffinic mineral oil in terms of reducing frictional constraints.

Tribological evaluation of refined, bleached and deodorized palm stearin using four-ball tribotester with different normal loads

The effects of the mechanical factors with applied loads on the tribological performance of refined, bleached and deodorised (RBD) palm stearin (PS) were studied using a four-ball tribotester. All the RBD PS results were simultaneously compared with the additive-free paraffinic mineral oil (PMO). The experiments were carried out using different loads with a constant speed in order to gain a better understanding of the mechanical processes that occurred during the experiment. For each experiment, the temperature was increased to 75 °C and was run for 1 h. In a mechanical system, lubricant plays an important role in reducing wear and friction. PS exists as a semi-solid at room temperature after the fractionation process from oil palm. Due to the increasing rate of pollution to the environment, vegetable oil was chosen as the test lubricant with regard to its biodegradability. Other advantages of vegetable oil are that it is more easily harvestable and non-toxic compared to petroleum-based oil, which made it a suitable candidate. From the experiment, RBD PS is found to have a better friction constraint reduction compared with additive-free PMO.

Experimental evaluation of palm oil as lubricant in cold forward extrusion process

Today, vegetable oil is much desired for its application as a lubricant in metal forming processes, because it is a renewable resource and has high biodegradability compared to mineral oil. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development for the European Union 301C (OECD) testing method, the biodegradability levels of vegetable oils are better compared to petroleum-based lubricants. Palm oil is used more often than other vegetable oils. Therefore, palm oil has the potential to fulfill the demand for vegetable-based lubricants. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the viability of palm oil when used as a lubricant in cold work such as the forward plane strain extrusion process. The performances of palm oil were compared with additive-free paraffinic mineral oil. Experimental work with a plane strain extrusion apparatus with a symmetrical workpiece was carried out at room temperature. The material of the workpiece is annealed pure aluminum A1100. The visioplasticity method was used to calculate the velocities and effective strain in the deformation zone of the workpiece. The results obtained from the experimental work showed that palm oil has satisfactory lubrication performances, as compared to paraffinic mineral oil, and has advantages in reducing the extrusion load.

Plasticity Analysis of Pure Aluminium Extruded with an RBD Palm Olein Lubricant

In this study, a cold-work plane strain extrusion apparatus was used to perform plasticity analysis of a work piece that was extruded using RBD palm olein as a cold metal forming lubricant. The experimental apparatus consists of a set of two taper dies with 45-degree die half angles and a billet (work piece). The experiments were carried out at room temperature, which was within the range of 28 to 32°C. The testing lubricant was refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBD palm olein). The billet material was annealed pure aluminium, Al 100. The experimental results focused on the extrusion force, surface roughness of both the deformation area and the product surface and sliding velocity. The grid lines, which were scribed on the billet, were used to observe and analyze the plastic flow in the material. The velocity distributions on the experimental surface of the billet were calculated using a visioplasticity method. Similar experimental and analytical investigations were carried out using additive-free paraffinic mineral oil and were compared to the investigation with RBD palm olein. The RBD palm olein showed a reduced extrusion force and a better quality surface roughness. The work piece that was extruded with RBD palm olein showed better plastic behavior as compared to those that were extruded with paraffinic mineral oil. It was confirmed that RBD palm olein shows satisfactory lubrication performance as compared to additive-free paraffinic mineral oil.