Additional Characterization Research Articles

Türkiye’den Salmo cinsine ait iki türün karşılaştırmalı otolit morfolojisi

In this study, the morphology of the sagittal otolith of Salmo coruhensis Turan, Kottelat & Engin, 2010 and Salmo fahrettini Turan, Kalayci, Bektaş, Kaya & Bayçelebi, 2020 from Çam Stream (Artvin) and Terme Stream (Samsun) was described by images of scanning electron microscopy. Its shape and contour were also analyzed with shape indices, elliptic Fourier coefficients and wavelet transforms. As the study material, a total of 30 S. coruhensis sample and 20 S. fahrettini sample were obtained. Interspecies differences in otolith shape and morphometry were evaluated by principal components analysis, canonical discrimination analysis, and permutational multivariate analysis of variance. The two salmonid species studied were distinguished by both morphometric and shape analysis methods. However, wavelet transform was found to be more effective than shape indices and elliptic Fourier coefficients in species discrimination, with an overall classification success rate of 80%. Our results showed that saccular otolith morphology could be an additional diagnostic character for trout species differentiation.

Augmentation of Additional Arabic Dataset for Jawi Writing and Classification Using Deep Learning

This research aims to create an additional dataset containing Arabic characters for writing Jawi script and to train classification models using deep learning architectures such as InceptionV3 and ResNet34. The initial stage of the study involves digital image processing to obtain the additional Arabic character dataset from several sources, including HMBD, AHAWP, and HUCD, encompassing various connected and disconnected forms of Jawi script. Image processing includes steps such as preprocessing to enhance image quality, segmentation to separate Arabic characters from the background, and augmentation to increase dataset variability. Once the dataset is formed, we train the models using appropriate training data for each InceptionV3 and ResNet34 architecture. The classification evaluation results indicate that the model with ResNet34 architecture achieved the best performance with an accuracy of 96%. This model successfully recognizes Jawi script accurately and consistently, even for classes with similar shapes. The main contribution of this research is the availability of the additional Arabic character dataset that can be utilized for Jawi script recognition and performance assessment of various deep learning models. The study also emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate architecture for specific character recognition tasks. The research findings affirm that the model with ResNet34 architecture has excellent capability in recognizing the additional Arabic characters for writing Jawi. The results of this research have the potential to support further developments in Jawi character recognition applications and provide valuable insights for researchers in the field of character recognition sourced from Arabic characters. Dataset augmentation results can be accessed at https://singkat.usk.ac.id/g/En0skCKGAR

A new record of genus Synedrus Graham, 1956 with description of male of Synedrus kasparyani Tselikh, 2013 from India

The genus Synedrus Graham, 1956 is recorded from India for the first time. The male of Synedrus kasparyani Tselikh, 2013 is described. Additional characters and images of female are also provided.

Morphological and molecular evidence for considering Xylocopa nigrocincta as the senior synonym of Xylocopa suspecta (Apidae: Xylocopini)

Xylocopa nigrocincta Smith, 1854, and Xylocopa suspecta Moure & Camargo, 1988, are two nominal species within the subgenus Neoxylocopa and have a sympatric geographic distribution in South America. While X. nigrocincta is recognized by the presence of reddish metasomatic bands, X. suspecta is entirely black. Although morphologically distinct in terms of metasomal band colour, other morphological characters suggest that both species could be the same evolutionary entity and therefore synonymous. The aim of this research was to review both nigrocincta and suspecta morphotypes using an integrative approach (morphological and molecular) to evaluate if they are truly two different evolutionary lineages. Females of both species were obtained from field collections and museums, representing a large part of their morphotype distribution. Additional diagnostic characters of the external morphology were investigated, such as metasomal band colour, metasomal punctuation, wing colours, and apical regions of the basitibial plate. Mitochondrial gene sequences (COI and CytB) were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. Our results showed that both nigrocincta and suspecta morphotypes are undistinguished based on morphology, although the metasomal band colour, together with the geographic distribution, revealed the presence of three distinct morphogroups, including an intermediate one with a variable number of reddish bands. Nonetheless, the three morphogroups are not supported by molecular data and therefore represent intra-specific variations. In conclusion, our results do not support the hypothesis that the two nominal species are distinct evolutionary lineages, and we propose a synonym between X. nigrocincta and X. suspecta.

Revision of the cichlid fish genus Gnathochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika with the description of a new genus Jabarichromis gen. nov.

The cichlid species flock from Lake Tanganyika is a well-studied system for evolutionary biology research because its species assemblage shows a high degree of endemism and is a product of adaptive radiation. While our understanding of the evolutionary history of Lake Tanganyika cichlids has advanced tremendously over the past decades, their taxonomy received considerably less attention, despite numerous taxonomic misplacements (e.g., polyphyletic genera and species) that have been revealed by phylogenetic studies. One prominent example of a polyphyletic genus is Gnathochromis, which includes two distantly related species, belonging to two different tribes. To resolve this issue, here we present a taxonomic revision based on an extensive morphological dataset obtained from a comprehensive taxon sampling including 587 specimens from 63 taxa. We introduce a new monotypic genus, Jabarichromis gen. nov. for Gnathochromis pfefferi, a member of the tribe Tropheini, thereby separating it from the type species of Gnathochromis, G. permaxillaris. As a result, the genus Gnathochromis, which belongs to the tribe Limnochromini, is rendered monophyletic. Further, we provide an additional character to distinguish the recently described genus Shuja, which also belongs to the Tropheini, from its former mostly riverine congeners.

Correlation measures of binary sequences using additive characters

Correlation measures of binary sequences using additive characters

Fine Morphological Study of the Myrmecina graminicola (Latreille, 1802) Male, With First Description of External Genitalia in the Genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmecinae)

The genus Myrmecina was described basing on males of M. graminicola. Though representing the caste type, males were sufficiently described in only two out of 105 species known in the genus. However, the morphology of the male external genitalia remained undescribed. Re‐examining by SEM the male of M. graminicola, we describe and illustrate in detail for the first time the external genitalia, redefining and updating the morphological male diagnosis of the genus. We also analyze the overall morphology, illustrating additional peculiar characters of this species as follows: (i) a very distinctive stipital groove in the dorsolateral stipes; (ii) a developed uncinate‐shaped mesoscutellar arm; (iii) the antennal cleaning; and (iv) the absence of meso‐ and metatibial spurs. This morphological study will be useful as a base for further morphological descriptions of the males in other species of the same genus to support correct taxonomic identifications.

Several classes of new projective three-weight or four-weight linear codes and their applications in $ s $-sum sets

In this paper, let $ q $ be a power of a prime, we construct several classes of new projective three-weight or four-weight linear codes over $ \mathbb{F}_q $ from the defining sets construction, and determine their weight distributions by using additive character sums. Especially, these codes are suitable for applications in secret sharing schemes. Furthermore, basing on two classes of projective three-weight codes, we construct some $ s $-sum sets for any odd $ s>1 $.

A SHORT STORY OF "HUKUMAN TERBAIK (THE BEST PUNISHMENT)" BY DYAH WAHYUNINGSIH: A STRUCTURALISM STUDY

"Hukuman Terbaik" by Dyah Wahyuningsih is a short story that contains social criticism of the rampant betrayal that begins with a struggle. The purpose of this research is to describe the intrinsic structure and genetic structure of the short story "Hukuman Terbaik" by Dyah Wahyuningsih. This research was conducted using descriptive qualitative research method with the help of structuralism study approach. The findings show that structurally the short story "Hukuman Terbaik" has complete intrinsic elements such as theme, character and characterisation, plot, setting, time setting, social setting, and point of view. Meanwhile, the genetic structure found is such as humanitarian facts and the author's worldview. The human facts in this short story illustrate the social reality between Samiran and other additional characters that build strength in conveying the current state of life of Samiran. The author's worldview focuses on criticism of the reality, according to which the depiction of punishment through dialogue or expressions delivered is ultimately to convey the appropriate punishment for a traitor. Keywords: Short story, structuralism-genetics, betrayal, punishment.

Intraspecific Variability in Trionymus aberrans Goux, 1938 (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) with Description of the Second-Instar Nymph.

The morphological characteristics of adult females of Trionymus aberrans Goux, 1938 (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) collected from post-industrial wastelands and other habitats in Poland and other countries were studied. Distinctive morphological variations were observed in the specimens from post-industrial wastelands in Poland. Scanning electron micrographs of the morphological characters of T. aberrans are provided. The presence of unusual pores, each with four loculi, was demonstrated for the first time in a species of Pseudococcidae. The importance of introducing additional morphological characters into the species description is discussed. New data on the frequency and host preferences of T. aberrans are also provided. This research is the first long-term study on scale insect species in post-industrial wastelands. The second-instar nymph of T. aberrans is described and illustrated and the presence of translucent pores on the hind coxae of this developmental stage is reported for the first time.

Genetic and morphological differentiation within Euphorbia japygica (Euphorbiaceae) suggests divergence of populations from the south-eastern Apennine Peninsula

Abstract The Mediterranean Basin is a hotspot of animal and plant diversity. Contrary to the Balkan and Iberian Peninsulas that were subject of many phylogeographic studies in past decades, the Apennine Peninsula and, in particular, the diversification of its flora has been neglected in contemporary phylogenetic studies. The few available studies showed a complex pattern of north–south differentiation of genetic diversity in Italy, both among the Alps, the Apuan Alps, and the Apennines, as well as within the Apennines. Here, we explore phylogeographic patterns within recently described Euphorbia adriatica, distributed in the central and northern Apennine Peninsula, the southern margin of the Eastern Alps and the north-western Balkan Peninsula, and its relationship to the southern Italian E. japygica. Our integrative approach using nuclear ITS sequences, amplified fragment length polymorphisms, relative genome size estimation combined with chromosome counting, as well as multivariate morphometrics inferred a weak genetic differentiation that only partly corresponds to the morphological differentiation. Whereas all southern populations have hairy capsules characteristic for E. japygica, only those in south-eastern Italy (Puglia and Basilicata) are genetically divergent. There are, however, additional morphological characters that differentiate them from other populations. Our data are thus in favour of recognizing a single species, E. japygica, which includes E. adriatica that should be treated as a subspecies, named E. japygica subsp. prostrata. We provide a revised taxonomic treatment for E. japygica, including the typification. Our study shows the necessity of further in-depth investigations of diversification of Italian biota.

Xalqaro yengil sanoat atamalarini tarjima qilishda obrazli transliteratsiya usulidan foydalanish

Transliteration is the official literal translation of a term in a foreign language using the alphabet of the target language; literal imitation of another term form. Transliteration differs from practical transcription in its simplicity and the ability to add additional characters

A Detailed Study of Leaf and Pollen Micromorphology of Some Species of Parietaria and Its Systematic Implication (Urticaceae)

Parietaria L. is a genus comprised of 20 species distributed throughout temperate and subtropical areas of the world. The leaf and pollen characters of four species of Parietaria from different locations in Iran were investigated with light and scanning electron microscopy, in order to assess their diagnostic significance to provide additional evidence on species delimitation. All pollen grains were small in size and found to be porate. Most of the pollen characters, such as shape and sculpturing of pollen grains, exine diameter, were overlapped between species and indicated limited taxonomic value. The pore and annulus diameter could be provided additional taxonomic characters that can be used for species delimitation in the genus. Moreover, the leaf epidermis provided new qualitative data (laminar hydathodes, bladder-based trichomes) that could delimit the species. The characters like twin stomata and laminar hydathode observed in P. officinalis were reported for the first time in this genus.

Character sums over elements of extensions of finite fields with restricted coordinates

We obtain nontrivial bounds for character sums with multiplicative and additive characters over finite fields over elements with restricted coordinate expansion. In particular, we obtain a nontrivial estimate for such a sum over a finite field analogue of the Cantor set.

Strengthening Character Education in Children Through the Play Process and Learning Traditional Games

FKIP Kindergarten is a Kindergarten with Accreditation B, and its address is at Jl. Inong Balee, PPG Dormitory, Kopelma Darussalam Village, Syiah Kuala District, Banda Aceh City, Aceh Province. The number of students in Kindergarten FKIP is 148 students and 16 teachers. FKIP Kindergarten has games in the schoolyard, but the focus of the games is more dominant on improving motor skills so that the increase in affective abilities becomes less honed. This dedication focuses on building children's character and increasing numeracy literacy through fun things. The method used in this service program is the direct instruction method, namely the service team consisting of 3 lecturers and 2 students assisted by partners, namely kindergarten teachers. With the giant snakes and ladders game, kindergarten students get an emphasis on character, literacy, and numeracy through games, so that character emphasis becomes easier to apply. The snakes and ladders provided have been specifically designed with additional characters and literacy and numeracy materials.

HABITUS COMPARASION, GROWTH PATTERN AND CONDITION OF CONVICT CICHLID (Amatitlania nigrofasciata GUNTHER, 1986) IN THREE LAKES ECOSYSTEMS IN BALI

Convict cichlid (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) belonging to the Cichilidae family has inhabited in Tamblingan Lake, Buyan Lake and Beratan Lake. The existence of this fish species is suspected due to accidental introduction activities. The aims of this study ware to reveal differences in habitus, growth patterns and conditions of convict cichlid in the three lakes on the island of Bali. Samples of convict cichlid were taken by bubu traps, that placed in the littoral zone of the lake. 19 morphometric characters were measured using a digital caliper, then each fish sample was weighed. The growth pattern and condition of convict cichlid are known by using the equation of the length-weight relationship and the condition factor. There were 888 individuals of convict cichlid caught during this study, consisted of 385 fish from Tamblingan Lake, 371 fish from Buyan Lake, and 132 fish from Beratan Lake. Moreover, 108 fish consisting of 36 fish from each lake were further analyzed by measuring 17 additional morphometric characters. The results of measuring the morphometric characters of the observed convict cichlid had different variations for the characters of head length and predorsal length. There was diversity for several morphometric characters of the convict cichlid in Buyan Lake which are a collaboration of characters between the convict cichlid in Tamblingan Lake and in Beratan Lake, namely on the basic characteristics of the anal fin, dorsal fin base, body length, postorbital length, and tail height. The growth pattern of this species in the three lakes was negative allometric and the condition of this fish species was in good condition with the average value of condition factor ranging from 0.95–1.05.

(R)Unicode: Encoding and Sustainability Issues in Runology

In this article, the basic premises of reading a runic inscription and transferring the data into digital formats are discussed. Particular attention will be on the Runic block in the Unicode standard for digital character encoding, which currently does not suit the needs of the academic runological community. The proposed solution builds upon the existing standard without adding unnecessary additional characters, but with the ability to encode form-variants on top of the base character while retaining backwards compatibility, an approach from which other archaic scripts like Cuneiform or Khitan that suffer of similar encoding issues, could also benefit.

Performance evaluation of pre-sowing seed treatments using bio-agents in transplanted aromatic rice under organic conditions

In order to minimize the effect of lower productivity issues in terms of organic rice cultivation particularly for the small and marginal farmers of the state of Assam, the present research was undertaken with an objective of improving early seedling growth characteristics in organic rice cultivation using user friendly bio-formulations in the form of seed treatment. Locally prepared five organic bio-formulations particularly Organic-Metajal, Organic-Trichojal, Organic-Beauverijal, Azospirillum spp. and BIO Phos liquid PSB formulation were used as seed treatment on a high yielding aromatic rice variety "Keteki Joha" in order to evaluate the early seedling growth characters in addition to estimating the enzymatic activity by alpha amylase and lipid peroxidation under laboratory conditions. Among all the bio-agents, Org-Trichojal(T3) was found to be most effective in terms of achieving highest percentage of early vigour and seedling growth. Seed treatment with Org-Metajal (T2) and Org-Trichojal (T3)showed higher activity of alpha-amylase and lowest activity for peroxidise which had also reflected the better performance in germination and vigour indicators. While on the other hand, bio-formulations including Org-Metajal (T2).Organic-Beauverijal, Azospirillum spp. and BIO Phos were also found to be effective in improving growth as compared to the control.

Two New Shellear Species (Gonorhynchiformes: Kneriidae), from the Luansa River (Upper Congo Basin): Hidden Diversity Revealed by Integrative Taxonomy

Two new Kneria species, K. luansaensis sp. nov. and K. maxi sp. nov., are described from the Luansa River, a left bank tributary of the lower Luapula in the Bangweulu–Mweru ecoregion, based on an integrative approach using morphological and COI barcoding evidence. While K. luansaensis sp. nov. occurs from the source of the Luansa further downstream to above the last of the three Sanshifolo Falls, K. maxi sp. nov. only occurs downstream of all these three major falls. In Kneria, males of about ≥ 33 mm LS have an opercular and a postopercular organ. The number of lamellae on the latter seems to contain some alpha-taxonomic information, although this requires further study as allometric changes occur at about ≤ 45 mm LS. Additional external morphological characters differ between sexes, i.e., the (i) pectoral fin width (wider in males than females), (ii) dorsal fin height (longer in males than females), and (iii) length of the longest ray of the lower caudal fin lobe (longer in males than females). Agriculture, fishing with ichthyotoxines, and logging are the most pressing threats on the Luansa and thus to both the new species. Their discovery in one of the rivers of the Kundelungu Plateau and its surroundings located outside the present-day boundaries of the Kundelungu National Park highlights the need for a refined and improved protection strategy for this freshwater key biodiversity area.

The variance of a restricted sum-of-squares function over short intervals in [formula omitted

For B∈Fq[T] of degree 2n≥2, consider the number of ways of writing B=E2+γF2, where γ∈Fq⁎ is fixed, and E,F∈Fq[T] with degE=n and degF=m<n. We denote this restricted sum-of-squares function by Sγ;m(B). We obtain an exact formula for the variance of Sγ;m(B) over short intervals in Fq[T] where q is an odd prime power. Interestingly, when m+1≤n≤2m, the variance vanishes on some (not all) short intervals, which is in contrast to the standard function that counts representations as a sum of two squares. We use the method of additive characters and Hankel matrices that we previously used for the variance and correlations of the divisor function. In Section 2, we give a short overview of our approach. Section 3 gives new results relating to values of quadratic forms, over Fq, that are defined from Hankel matrices.