Addition Of Surface Active Agents Research Articles

Anodic Oxidation of Hydrocarbons

The anodic oxidation of ethylene in 1.5M sulfuric acid at 80 °C has been shown to occur at a gold‐coated platinum electrode with a Tafel slope of 0.083V. The effect of variation of the weight of electrodeposited gold and also of temperature were studied. The products were carbon dioxide, acetone, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde, the Faradaic efficiency of conversion to carbon dioxide being 20% at 0.79V (vs. NHE). The addition of surface active agents to the electrolyte tended to increase the overpotential for ethylene oxidation at platinum and gold electrodes. The effect was particularly pronounced in the case of cetyl pyridinium bromide, probably because of preferential adsorption of bromide ions on the electrodes. Partial anodic oxidation of acetylene in 1.5M sulfuric acid was observed at the gold electrode at 80°C.Much less oxidation was observed for methane and ethane.

Methods of intensifying the sintering of kaolinitic clay

We studied how combined additives improve the sintering of Kirov kaolinite clay. An addition of surface-active agent in the form HAlA still pot residue, and SAlA still pot residue, increased the densification during pressing and more intensively improved the sintering of Kirov kaolinite clay with combined incorporation with talc-magnesite.

Some Observations on Size and Biological Activity of Spray Deposits Produced by Various Formulations of Copper Oxychloride

Summary Chemical estimations and biological assays, using Botrytis fabae, of spray deposits on beans (Vacia faba) in the laboratory have shown that the amount of an initial spray deposit of copper oxychloride is dependent on the volume of application used per unit area and the concentration of copper in the spray liquid. The addition of 0.1% of an anionic surfactant (dioctyl sodium sulpho-succinate) greatly reduced the amount of these initial deposits although another anionic surfactant did not. In the laboratory trials the fungitoxicity of the spray deposit was related to the actual copper levels initially present. In general, the addition of surfactants improved the fungitoxicity of the initial deposit. The addition of surface-active agents did not materially affect the rain-resistance of the spray deposits, while their presence in emulsions of PVA, PVC and PVB gave an improved biological performance. All three polymeric materials greatly improved the tenacity of copper oxychloride spray deposits withou...

Role of growth regulators in the uptake and metabolism of s-triazine herbicide by tea leaves.

IN many cases the effectiveness of herbicides has been increased by the addition of surface active agents to the spray1–4, but little information is available about the effects of growth regulators on the uptake and metabolism of herbicides by foliage. The object of this work was to investigate the role of gibberellic acid (GA3) and indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the absorption, diffusion, transloca-tion, and metabolism of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (propazine) by the upper and lower surfaces of tea leaves, Camellia sinensis.

NATURE OF THE LABILE IMMUNOGENIC SUBSTANCE IN THE PARTICULATE FRACTION ISOLATED FROM MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.

Youmans, Anne S. (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.), and Guy P. Youmans. Nature of the labile immunogenic substance in the particulate fraction isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol. 88:1030-1037. 1964.-Deoxyribonuclease had no effect on the immunogenic activity of the labile particulate fraction isolated from ruptured viable cells of the H37Ra strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but decreased the ropiness of the ruptured cellular mass. Ribonuclease, in a high concentration, decreased the immunogenic activity slightly. Addition of yeast ribonucleic acid to particulate fraction incubated at 37 C prevented the decrease in immunogenic activity which normally occurs at this temperature, suggesting that endogenous ribonuclease may be involved in the reduction of activity. Differential centrifugation by the use of Brodie's (1962) method showed that the particles which sedimented at 56,550 x g were immunogenically active. Experiments were done to determine whether the integrity of the structure of the particle was necessary for immunogenic activity. It was found that sonic oscillation, freezing and thawing several times, the addition of surface-active agents (sodium lauryl sulfate or deoxycholate), and preparation of the particulate fraction in hypotonic solutions either decreased or destroyed immunogenic activity. This strengthens the evidence that a structural unit is necessary for activity. In addition, both a waxy sediment and the smallest particles which sedimented only at 144,000 x g were highly immunogenic if incorporated into Freund's incomplete adjuvant. In the absence of adjuvant, neither produced any immunity.

Schotten‐baumann esterification of poly(vinyl alcohol). I.

AbstractThe esterification of poly(vinyl alcohol) by SCHOTTEN‐BAUMANN reaction gave poly(vinyl cinnamate). The proposed method is that cinnamoyl chloride dissolved in the mixture of toluene and methyl ethyl ketone is added to the aqueous mixture of poly(vinyl alcohol) and sodium or potassium hydroxide at low temperatures. Produced poly(vinyl cinnamate) is dissolved in the organic layer. This reaction differs from other SCHOTTEN‐BAUMANN reactions such as the interfacial polycondensation and the production of phenyl benzoate in the point that weak alkalis, for example sodium or potassium carbonate and bicarbonate, etc., have no effects. This fact suggests that the ionization of the hydroxyl groups of poly(vinyl alcohol) plays an important role in the esterification. The addition of surface active agents lowers the yield of the product. The explanation is that the esterification of hemi‐esterified poly(vinyl alcohol) at the late period of the reaction proceeds in the organic solvent layer and the detergents aid only the hydrolysis of chloride.

Two‐phase critical flow of steam‐water mixtures

AbstractCritical flow of two‐phase steam‐water mixtures in annuli has been studied, with a cylindrical test section 0.574 in. in diameter with an axially centered rod, 0.137 or 0.375 in. O.D., as a pressure probe. Pressure taps on the wall and the center rod permitted an accurate determination of the pressure profile over the entire length of the section, and, in cases where a movable probe was used, a short distance into the downstream exhaust chamber. Results were correlated by plotting the ratio of the observed critical mass velocity to the theoretical critical mass velocity for homogeneous flow as a function of quality.Exit pressures were found to be lower than most values previously reported. The ratio GO/GTh was found to be independent of the probe diameter, the manner of upstream steam‐water mixing, and, for test sections greater than 9 in. in length, the test section length. Since probe diameter had no observable effect on GO/GTH, the correlation may be applicable to full bore pipes near 1/2 in. in diameter. In the range of qualities from 2 to 15% the critical GO/GTH ratio was depressed with increasing exit (throat) pressure, but at other qualities no pressure dependency was noted. The effect of changing the downstream exhaust chamber pressure was found to influence the exit pressure but to have little effect on the observed critical mass velocity. Addition of surface active agents to the steam‐water mixture did not affect the mass velocity but did result in increased exit pressure.

The measurement of velocities in thin films of liquid

Velocity measurements have been made in thin films of liquid both in the wavy and wave-free régimes and in the entry region. It was found that in almost all cases the velocity profile was very nearly parabolic. The addition of surface active agents to the liquid at Reynolds numbers corresponding to wavy flow suppressed both the waves and the velocity fluctuations. The rate of acceleration of the liquid film to the steady state conditions was shown theoretically to be determined mainly by surface tension. This was confirmed experimentally.

NaCl-Acetate Turbidity Test: A Simple Method for the Estimation of Egg Yolk-Like Proteins in the Plasma of Laying Hens and of Estrogen-Treated Roosters

SEVERAL turbidity tests have been reported for the clinical diagnosis of the liver dysfunction in man (MacLagan, 1944; Kunkel and Hoagland, 1947; Kunkel et al., 1948). These tests were based upon the reactions between the reagents and the plasma or serum of patients which contained disease specific proteins. By measuring the produced turbidity against a standard, the pathological state of the liver could be classified according to the turbidity units. In addition to the disease specific proteins, most of these reactions were reported to be greatly influenced by the plasma lipids, because the precipitates obtained by centrifugation contained considerable amounts of lipids not different from those usually found in normal plasma. The loss of turbidity by the delipidation of plasma or by the additions of surface active agents, such as Tween-80, also indicated that lipids were essential factors for these turbidity tests.In the laying hen and the estrogen treated-rooster, …

In Vivo (Dairy Calves) and in Vitro Studies with Surface-Active Agents1,2

Summary The feeding of several surface-active agents had no significant influence on the growth rates of dairy calves when fed either in a milk replacement diet or in a concentrate mixture. Moreover, the detergents had no consistent effect on hay and concentrate consumption, incidence of diarrhea, fecal pH, blood plasma fat levels, or on hemoglobin, erythrocyte, leucocyte and differential leucocyte values of the blood. The addition of surface-active agents and of penicillin to distilled water and to rumen fluid caused relatively large reductions in surface tension, whereas aureomycin and terramycin had no appreciable influence on the surface tension of these liquids.

Sulfathiazolの創傷面よりの吸收に關する實驗的研究

Ten per cent of sulfathiazol was mixed into three kinds of ointment base respectively, i.e. lanolin-vaselin, hydrophilic ointment and propylene glycol-carbowax, to each of which was also added the non-ionic surface active agent, Span 60 or G 2162 (Atlas). The ointment, thus prepared, was applied on the wound surface on the back of rabbits and kept for 6 hours. The amount of sulfathiazol in urine and blood was then chemically measured and compared with the resultin the case without addition of surface active agents. Result : (1) Span 60 has no effect on the absorption of sulfathiazol when mixed into the oily base (that is, lanolin-vaselin), while G 2162 causes the increase only when applied in the form of the same base ointment, the sulfa-drug of which is, however, not less than 0.5 per cent. (2) The absorption of sulfathiazol contained in the hydrophilic ointment is increased by the addion of G 2162, and by Span 60 it is unaffected, if any, a little. (2) In the case of the propylene glycol base oitment both of surface active agents cause almost no effect.

Nucleate Boiling on Horizpntal Heating Surface (4th Report) : Effect of Surface Tension of Liquids

We investigated the effect of surface tension of liquids on the heat transfer in nucleate boiling by means of addition of surface active agents (saponin and sodium oleate) in distilled water. And we obtained the following relations independent of the addition of surface active agents ; α(σ/γ)-1/2∝n1/3 Δθ∝n-1/6q2/3 where α=coefficient of heat transfer. σ=surface tension of liquid. γ=specific weight of liquid. n=number of vapour columns. Δθ=the temperature difference between the surface of heating surface and boilling liquid. q=heat flux.

Control of Continuous Processes

Experiments designed to determine the variables which affect the ab sorption and retention of Hevea latex in fibrous batting revealed that the following are of para mount importance: (a) total non volatile content of the bath; (b) wetting time and its control through the addition of surface-ac tive agents; and (c) squeeze-roll pressure. Although the use of Hevea latex for treating batting is not a common textile-mill process, it is believed that the following resumé of the experiments will be of interest to all textile men con cerned with the control of continu ous operations in which a web of material is immersed in a saturat ing bath, subjected to pressure be tween rolls, and dried.