Additional Water Supply Research Articles

Spatial abundance of microbial nitrogen-transforming genes and inorganic nitrogen in biocrusts along a transect of an arid sand dune in the Negev Desert

Nitrogen (N) is considered to be the second most limiting factor after water for biomass production in arid and semiarid ecosystems. Biological soil crusts (BSCs) play an important role as N providers, especially in sand dunes. In this study, we looked at the levels of inorganic N forms and the abundance of N-cycle-associated genes in five well-defined BSCs along a transect of a sand dune in the Negev Desert. Four of the crusts are cyanobacterial crusts (with crust A occupying the interdune and the south-facing slope, and the remaining crusts, B, C, D occupying the north-facing slope) and one moss-dominated crusts (E), inhabiting the interface between the north-facing footslope and the interdune, where it benefits from additional water supply by subsurface flow and runoff. Although all crusts contained comparable numbers of the nifH gene (a marker for N2 fixation), the accumulation of inorganic N forms followed the order A ≈ B < C ≈ D < E, with crust E characterized by exceptionally high levels of ammonium and nitrite. All crusts were dominated by bacterial ammonia oxidizers, while significant numbers of archaeal ammonia oxidizers were detected only in crust E. Likewise, the highest numbers of Nitrobacter spp. (nitrite oxidizers) were detected in crust E. All crusts were dominated by nirK-type denitrifiers over nirS ones. The accumulation of nitrite in crust E suggested a significant inhibition of nitrite oxidation, possibly due to oxygen limitation following subsurface flow. It is suggested that temporal disparity between aerobic and anaerobic conditions results in partial nitrification and the accumulation of ammonia and nitrite in crust E, being also responsible for the higher emission of nitrous oxide. Our findings show a close link between the abiotic conditions, crust type and N dynamics, thus highlighting the importance of small-scale hydrological processes in the N cycle of arid lands.

Strategy to Improvement Sustainability of Distinctively Local Snacks Based on Evaluation and Profile Mapping of SMEs Distinctively Local Snacks

<span lang='EN-AU'>SMEs snacks include in group industries which develop quite progressively in Indonesia. There are typical regional food or local food specialties which have been distinctively long-grown specifically in an area</span>, <span lang='EN-AU'>however there are also some food specialties which are area-based potentially developed. Therefore, efforts to develop and empower SMEs distinctively local snacks should be done to be able to increase its competitiveness in facing the globalization and the free market.</span><span lang='EN-AU'>The objective of Profile Mapping of SMEs is that the development of distinctively local snacks can be implemented in an integrated, focused way, and on target. If SMEs snacks get special attention with the pattern of development and directed policy, it will become the backbone of the rise of the real sector in the region. </span><span lang='EN-AU'> </span><span lang='EN-AU'>The study of profile mapping of SMEs distinctively local snacks is conducted by combining descriptive research method based on the results of field surveys combined with SWOT analysis Data processing and analysis with Profile Mapping of SMEs Snacks, Performance Analysis and Competitive Strategy of SMEs Snacks, SWOT Analysis, Strategy and Feasibility and concept Development models of SMEs Snacks. Bakpia becomes a top priority as a superior snack product from Jogjakarta (DIY), which can be further developed in the process of production and marketing. The attributes of main and additional ingredients, water supply, and production tools are still in average performance. In this case, the performance measure is based on the perception of bakpia producers in medium scale, while there are expectations on a high scale. Thus, there needs to be an increase in these attributes. After knowing the score of IFA, then a right strategy to be applied for SMEs position is a strategy of growth through horizontal integration which is an activity to expand SMEs by building in another location and increasing the variety of products and services. When referring to the SWOT matrix, there are several strategies that can be done in developing SMEs food products in the province of Jogjakarta. </span>

Conservation and management of fallow deer (Dama dama dama L.)on Lemnos Island, Greece

A small population of European fallow deer (Dama dama dama L.) was transferred to Myrina, Lemnos Island, Greece, in the early 1970s from the island of Rhodes. Since the Rhodian population may preserve a remarkable proportion of the original genetic diversity, it is necessary to preserve its offspring population. Our objective was to estimate population size, vegetation cover, and key stakeholder attitudes towards deer on the island, based on personal interviews. Following the visual inspection method, we estimated that there were 47 fallow deer in the fortress area (38 females, 3 males, and 6 fawns). For the total ground cover inventory we used the subplot sampling method. In most areas trees were either browsed or frayed, vegetation cover was insufficient, and dry mass amount was not adequate to support the entire ungulate population. However, lack of nutritious matter supply is covered by additional food and water supply provided by the Myrina municipality and volunteers. In general, the key stakeholders of Lemnos expressed a positive attitude towards fallow deer; however, all concluded that the deer population should be kept at its current size and restricted to the fortress peninsula to avoid potential vehicle collisions and damage to crops and gardens.

Reclaimed water for the Tarragona petrochemical park

The Camp de Tarragona Water Reuse Project is an emblematic example of how regional water scarcity can be overcome by considering reclaimed secondary effluent, which would otherwise be disposed of in the Mediterranean Sea, as an essential component of integrated water resources management. An advanced water reclamation plant (AWRP) was completed in 2011 to reclaim municipal secondary effluent from Tarragona and Vilaseca-Salou wastewater treatment plants. The reclaimed effluent is used for cooling and process water at the nearby Tarragona petrochemical park. The AWRP's current (2014) capacity is 19,000 m3/d (Phase I), and further expansions are planned to produce 29,000 m3/d (Phase II) and 55,000 m3/d (Phase III) in coming years. This locally available additional water supply will replace surface water supplies currently transferred from the Ebro River for use at the petrochemical park; as a result, an equivalent volume of surface water will be available for urban water supply in the coastal areas of Tarragona province. By developing this new and locally available water supply source, industrial growth in a water scarce region has been supported, while promoting local industry's sustainability. This industrial water reuse project provided 0.20 hm3 of water from September to December 2012, its first operational year, and 1.37 hm3 in 2013. The paper presents and discusses the planning, design, construction and operation phases of this water reclamation and reuse project, including start-up and commissioning, facilities preservation protocols from construction completion to servicing start-up, and the operational, management and economic arrangements adopted to provide a reliable source of reclaimed water for cooling water systems and demineralized water for boiler feed at the Tarragona petrochemical park and a nearby cogeneration power plant.

Toward an architecture for integrated gas district cooling with data center control to reduce CO2 emission

Gas District Cooling (GDC) provides electricity and chilled water to facilities with relatively low running cost and has the potential to reduce CO2 emission as it can make effective use of wasted energy. However, the present CO2 emission tends to be higher than expected due to the chilled water supply–demand gap. To efficiently manage the gap, this paper introduces a novel chilled water supply–demand gap model and proposes an integrated GDC and Data Center (DC) control based on the model. The gap model, defined by GDC plant and DC controllable parameters, estimates the required additional chilled water supply. Then, DC and chillers in the plant are controlled based on the model to minimize the required additional supply. The analysis using GDC operational data in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS shows that the accuracy of the models depends on temperature differences between rooms and outdoor, and Steam Absorption Chillers (SAC) operations. Thus, the analysis suggests that the incorporation of room and outdoor temperature sensors in the DC, and the proper scheduling of SAC operation can improve the accuracy of the models. The improved accuracy will in turn allows the GDC operation to be better optimized, resulting in a reduced CO2 emission.

An assessment of global net irrigation water requirements from various water supply sources to sustain irrigation: rivers and reservoirs (1960–2050)

Abstract. Water supply sources for irrigation (e.g. rivers and reservoirs) are critically important for agricultural productivity. The current rapid increase in irrigation water use is considered unsustainable and threatens food production. In this study, we estimated the time-varying dependence of irrigation water requirements from water supply sources, with a particular focus on variations in irrigation area during past (1960–2001) and future (2002–2050) periods using the global water resources model, H08. The H08 model can simulate water requirements on a daily basis at a resolution of 1.0° × 1.0° latitude and longitude. The sources of irrigation water requirements in the past simulations were specified using four categories: rivers (RIV), large reservoirs (LR) with a storage capacity greater than 1.0 × 109 m3, medium-size reservoirs (MSR) with storage capacities ranging from 1.0 × 109 m3 to 3.0 × 106 m3, and non-local non-renewable blue water (NNBW). The simulated results from 1960 to 2001 showed that RIV, MSR and NNBW increased significantly from the 1960s to the early 1990s globally, but LR increased at a relatively low rate. After the early 1990s, the increase in RIV declined as it approached a critical limit, due to the continued expansion of irrigation area. MSR and NNBW increased significantly, during the same time period, following the expansion of the irrigation area and the increased storage capacity of the medium-size reservoirs. We also estimated future irrigation water requirements from the above four water supply sources and an additional water supply source (ADD) in three future simulation designs; irrigation area change, climate change, and changes in both irrigation area and climate. ADD was defined as a future increase in NNBW. After the 2020s, MSR was predicted to approach the critical limit, and ADD would account for 11–23% of the total requirements in the 2040s.

A battle ends, but the fight for water in Oklahoma continues

As the lifeblood of land and communities, water will forever remain at the center of people’s lives in the arid Southwestern United States and, given the scarcity of water resources, at the center of their disputes. In Oklahoma, disputes over water seem unending with entities in North Texas seeking access to desperately needed water supplies in the Red River Basin, and Indian Nations claiming tribal rights to water in southeastern Oklahoma. Given the recent decision in Tarrant Regional Water District v. Herrmann, Oklahoma seems to have at least settled, for the time being, one dispute, leaving North Texas entities looking to develop additional water supplies elsewhere. But, Oklahoma’s battle with the Chocktaw and Chickasaw Nations over rights to water in southeastern Oklahoma appears to just be heating up as drought conditions do the same. Citation: Thornton SR. 2014. A battle ends, but the fight for water in Oklahoma continues. Texas Water Journal. 5(1):24-35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v5i1.7004.

Water Markets: A New Tool for Securing Urban Water Supplies?

City water planners are finding it increasingly difficult to secure additional water supplies in many water‐short regions. Although overall water use in the United States has been relatively stable since the 1980s, urban water demands ‐ driven by population growth and expanding economic production ‐ continue to rise in many cities, outstripping gains in water use efficiency and other demand‐management strategies. The ability to acquire new water supplies by purchasing permanent water rights or leasing water on a temporary basis is providing new options for city water planners in some parts of the world, including the western United States.

Rain water harvesting as additional water supply for multi-storey buildings in Arba Minch, Ethiopia

During the last years, multi-story buildings (MSBs) have been introduced in Arba Minch and other Ethiopian cities as condominium houses. Constructed at the edge of the city boundaries, they have a standardized design including flush toilets. The water supply scheme in place can hardly cope with the water demand inside the new buildings. Shortage of water causes many problems in bathing, washing and flushing toilets. These unhygienic conditions are inducing toilet blockage, smells in the houses, infection which can lead to a negative effect on health. The more people are moving into these condominium houses, the more these problems arise. The objective of this paper is to study the feasibility of rainwater harvesting (RWH) as additional water supply for MSBs. Two MSBs were selected as a pilot plot in Bekele Mola site. In this case, flashing toilet by rainwater could save 33 m3/month of potable water. That means we can reduce the use of potable water for non-potable-water needs by 42 L/household/d. This RWH system is recovering only 19.5% of water demand and 84% of flushing water demand with maximum 130 habitants at the pilot buildings. The supply is limited by the amount of rainfall and the size of the catchment area. In addition, the installation price is relatively high.

Minewater 2.0 Project in Heerlen the Netherlands: Transformation of a Geothermal Mine Water Pilot Project into a Full Scale Hybrid Sustainable Energy Infrastructure for Heating and Cooling

In the last 10 years numerous research and commercial initiatives have been undertaken in Europe to develop abandoned coal mining fields into low-temperature resources. One of the most successful is the Minewater project of the municipality of Heerlen, the Netherlands, where a low-temperature district heating system was launched in operation in October 2008, under the European Interreg IIIB NWE programme and the 6th Framework Program project EC-REMINING-lowex. The Minewater project is now being upgraded from a straight forward pilot system to a full-scale hybrid sustainable energy structure called Minewater 2.0. A totally new concept which becomes an essential part of the Sustainable Energy Structure Plan of Heerlen and has the following landmarks:•Energy exchange instead of energy supply: cluster grids for energy exchange between buildings and the existing mine water grid for energy exchange between cluster grids.•Energy storage and regeneration in mine water reservoirs instead of depletion.•Addition of poly-generation: bio-CHP, solar energy, feed in of waste heat (data centres and industry), cooling towers for peak cold demands.•Enlargement hydraulic and thermal capacity mine water grid through improving well pumps, pressure boosting systems and reuse of the existing mine water return pipe for additional supply and disposal of hot mine water.•Fully automatic and demand-driven supply of hot and cold mine water through usage of pressurized buffer systems at the extraction wells and sophisticated injections valves at the injection wells.•All geographically dispersed mine water installations at buildings, clusters and wells are equipped with sophisticated process control units that communicate with a Central Monitoring System (CMS) through the internet. A very new application in the build environment.The first phase of the Minewater 2.0 project is in operation since June 2013. In November 2013 at the congress we will be able to share the first experiences.

The Need for Savings of Water Resources in Chittoor District

Acquiring additional fresh water supplies is highly problematical. As a result the states attention has naturally turned to demand management in the hopes that increased efficiency of water use will produce sufficient savings to meet future water requirements. Advocates of demand management point to the successes in the energy sector of developed states where forecasts of rising energy demand were largely avoided by increased efficiency of energy use. Thus they struggle that physical water use efficiency can be increased by using less water per unit of output. Correspondingly, economic efficiency can be increased by reallocating water from lower valued to higher valued uses. Indeed, irrigated agriculture consumes over 80 per cent of the available water supplies, and the water use efficiency of a traditional gravity irrigation system is only about 40 per cent. But sprinkler irrigation systems are typically around 70 per cent efficient and drip irrigation system efficiency can be as high as 90 percent. Thus, it appears that at least one-half of the water currently used in irrigated agriculture could be saved through increased irrigation efficiency. But in the field of water, efficiency is a tricky concept. This paper discussed the need for savings of water resources as a special reference to Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh.

Cities of the Future: Where Will the Water Come From?

Thousands of cities around the world are experiencing water shortages on a regular basis. These water‐stressed cities are finding it extremely difficult and expensive to secure the additional water supplies needed to support their growth. Their best hope might be to form partnerships with farmers; by helping to reduce water consumption on farms, water can be freed up for use in the city. Urban water conservation is important as well.

Analysis of economics and safety to cope with station blackout in PWR

Design and operation options that can reduce both the initiating event frequency and the accident mitigation probability were addressed in an integrated framework to cope with station blackout. The safety, engineering cost, water delivery cost and testing/maintenance cost of each option were quantitatively evaluated to calculate the cost variation and to find an optimal point in the reference reactor, OPR1000. Design variables that represent additional emergency water supply, diverse emergency diesel generator, and surveillance test period modification were investigated. Based on these design variables, we applied the developed formula to quantify cost items, which were presented as changes of the economics and the safety. A case study was provided to illustrate the change of the total cost. Different risk aversion factors that represent different attitudes of the public were also investigated. The result shows that the costs and benefits of various complicated options can be effectively addressed with the proposed risk-informed decision making framework.

Tapped out: how can cities secure their water future?

Cities around the world are struggling to access additional water supplies to support their continued growth because their freshwater sources are becoming exhausted. Half of all cities with populations greater than 100,000 are located in water-scarce basins, and in these basins agricultural water consumption accounts for more than 90% of all freshwater depletions. In this paper we review the water development histories of four major cities: Adelaide, Phoenix, San Antonio and San Diego. We identify a similar pattern of water development in these cities, which begins with the exhaustion of local surface and groundwater supplies, continues with importation of water from other basins, and then turns to recycling of wastewater or stormwater, or desalination of either seawater or brackish groundwater. Demand management through water conservation has mitigated, to varying degrees, the timing of water-system expansions and the extent to which cities rely on new sources of supply. This typical water development pattern in cities is undesirable from a sustainability perspective, as it is usually associated with serious ecological and social impacts as well as sub-optimal cost effectiveness. We highlight case examples and opportunities to invest in water conservation measures, particularly through urban–rural partnerships under which cities work with farmers to implement irrigation conservation measures, thereby freeing up water for ecological restoration and use by cities.

Public private partnerships in urban wastewater management: The Adelaide experience and lessons for Developing Countries

The concerns about the availability of freshwater to meet the demands of a growing population while sustaining a healthy natural environment are based on several factors: uncertainties as to the availability of supplies; the high costs of developing additional water supplies; the vulnerability of the resource and the problems of restoring and protecting valued surface and groundwater resources; the importance of reliable supplies of high-quality water for human and environmental health and economic development; and the shortcomings of our institutions for allocating scarce supplies in response to changing supply and demand conditions. Therefore water management authorities around the world are challenged with ensuring the quantity, quality, and allocation among the various uses of water are sustainable.This paper is based on the household survey of the irrigators using recycled water from the scheme to irrigate their crops in Virginia. The paper elicits their point of view on various issues related to wastewater usage and the rules-in-use governing wastewater management related to the scheme.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejdi.v13i0.7207 Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol.13 &amp; 14 2011, pp.34-50

Effects of increasing precipitation and nitrogen deposition on CH4 and N2O fluxes and ecosystem respiration in a degraded steppe in Inner Mongolia, China

Most rangelands in temperate semiarid steppes have degraded due to over-grazing. However, the exchanges of greenhouse gases (GHG) between the degraded steppes have been poorly studied. In this study we investigated the fluxes of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as ecosystem respiration during the growing season and their responses to simulated increases in water availability and nitrogen supply at a degraded steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Temporal variation of ecosystem respiration (i.e., CO2 flux) was dominated by the interaction of soil temperature and moisture, whereas N2O emissions were mainly dependent on soil moisture. The ambient degraded steppe (i.e., not receiving additional water and nitrogen supplies) was a sink of CH4 (−1.41±0.04kg C ha−1) and a source of N2O (0.17±0.09kgN ha−1) during the growing season, respectively. Increases in water and nitrogen supplies significantly stimulated N2O emissions by 65–94% (p<0.05) and promoted ecosystem respiration by 47–70% (p<0.01), but did not significantly change CH4 uptake during the growing season in degraded plots. This result indicates that soil source of N2O and ecosystem respiration in degraded semiarid steppe may be strengthened with increasing precipitation and atmospheric nitrogen deposition. However, this conclusion should be examined at the annual scale in future studies.

Guttation and the risk for honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.): a worst case semi-field scenario in maize with special consideration of impact on bee brood and brood development

Background: The possible risk of guttation for bees was investigated in two semi-field studies with maize treated with clothianidin. In a worst-case scenario set-up the effects on adult and brood mortality of bees with special consideration of the brood development of the bees were assessed. Results: Due to the weather conditions in the first experiment guttation occurred only once, which caused a high mortality and a brood-termination rate of up to 100 % in the worst-case scenario without additional water supply but no clear increase of mortality or brood termination was observed when water was supplied. In the second experiment guttation in maize occurred on 5 of 10 days. The mortality in treated variants with water supply and control variants with untreated seeds was on a similar level and within normal range. The brood-termination rate was in the control below 16 %, in the treatment from 16 to 43 %. Conclusion: In the first experiment in the variant with treated maize and no additional water supply, an artificial and extreme situation a high impact on mortality and also on the brood development was observed, indicating the sensitivity of the test system but representing an unrealistic worst case scenario. In variants with treated maize and additional water supply no clear effects on adult mortality and brood were observed in the first and the second experiment. Keywords: honey bees, guttation, pesticides, clothianidin, seed treatments, brood development

둑높이기 농업용저수지의 운영을 통한 하천 수질개선 효과 분석

최근 농업용저수지를 포함한 농촌지역 하천의 친수활동이 증가하면서 농촌수계의 경관, 수질 및 생태보전 등 환경에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있고, 이로 인해 농촌지역 용수수요 다변화와 물 부족 심화현상 등을 해결할 수 있는 수자원 개발의 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 이러한 측면에서 4대강 살리기 사업의 일환으로 추진되는 농업용저수지 둑높이기 사업은 추가로 필요한 농업용수뿐만 아니라 하천 수질개선을 위한 하천유지용수 확보를 위해 필요한 사업임에도 불구하고 운영계획 및 운영방안이 명확하지 않은 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 낙동강의 특정 소유역을 대상으로 농업용저수지 둑높이기 사업을 통해 확보할 수 있는 추가 저수량을 검토하였고 저수지 운영방안에 따라 하천유지용수로 방류할 경우 하류하천 수질개선효과를 평가하고자 하였다. 저수지 운영시나리오에 따른 추가적인 물공급량 확보는 하류하천 수량과 수질에 영향을 줄 것으로 예측되었으며 유량은1~8%의 증가효과와2~10%의수질개선효과를나타냈다. 특히, 저수지 운영상 2월에서 4월 사이에 추가로 방류를 실시할 수 있으며, 하천의 수량 및 수질 개선에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 농업용저수지의 수질은 지류하천뿐만 아니라 낙동강 본류 수질에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문에 저수지 수질개선 및 관리가 중요할 것으로 판단된다. In recent years, interest in river environment such as riparian landscape, water quality and ecological conservation has been growing with increasing recreation on agricultural river watershed. That caused the increase of necessity of water resources development, one of solutions for the diversification of agricultural water demand and shortages. In this respects, heightening irrigation dam, as a part of the 4-major river restoration project, is necessary to secure not only additional agricultural water but also instream flow for water quality improvement. However, operation plan of irrigation dam still not be clear. In this study, additional storage which secured through heightening irrigation dam was estimated using SWAT model. And instream flow effects on water quality of downstream were evaluated. The findings show that the additional water supply will contribute positively to water quantity and quality of downstream. The results show a 2~10% water quality improvement effect on nutrients, as well as an 1~8% water quantity increasing effect. In particular, additional storage can be effectively supplied from February to April by the reservoir operation. However, maintaining better water quality in irrigation reservoirs is important because the water quality of irrigation reservoirs can be negatively impacts the water quality in downstream of reservoirs.

다목적댐의 용수공급능력 재평가

댐이 위치하고 있는 유역에서도 신규 수자원 확보에 대한 필요성은 계속 제기되어왔고, 이에 따라 기존 댐에 대한 용수공급능력의 재평가의 필요성도 제기되어져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 댐의 하류 용수수요 증가에 따른 추가용수공급 가능 여부를 판단하기 위하여 다목적댐의 용수공급능력을 재평가하였고, 이에 따른 추가용수공급 가능량을 산정하였다. 대상댐은 낙동강의 안동댐 및 임하댐을 선정하였다. 저수지 운영모형으로는 표준운영률을 사용한 모형과 HEC-ResSim을 사용하였으며1979년부터 2008년까지 30년동안 저수지 단독운영을 실시하였다. 본연구에서 용수공급능력의 평가기준인 이수안 전도는 신뢰도 96.7%, 95.0%의 연단위 및 월단위 평가를 기준으로 설정하였다. 신뢰도 95.0%의 연단위 평가 시 안동댐의 경우 용수공급 가능량이 연간 893백만<TEX>$m^3$</TEX>로 산정되었고, 임하댐의 경우 연간 382백만<TEX>$m^3$</TEX>로 산정되어 안동댐 및 임하댐 모두 기본계획공급량에 비하여 용수공급능력이 부족한 것으로 나타났다. For a basin with existing reservoirs, the necessity of additional water demands has been proposed, as well as a reevaluation of existing reservoir yield has been proposed. The objective of this study is to reevaluate a multipurpose reservoir yield and to assess the possibility of additional water supply according to increase of downstream water demands. Andong and Imha Reservoirs are selected for reevaluation. The standard reservoir operation rule model and the HEC-ResSim model were used for reservoir simulation for 30 years (1979~2008). In this study, water supply reliability was set up as 96.7% and 95.0% with yearly and monthly evaluating unit. In case of 95% water supply reliability with yearly evaluating unit, water supply capability of Andong reservoir was evaluated as 893MCM and water supply capability of Imha reservoir was evaluated as 382MCM, and that results showed that water yields for both reservoirs are less than the original designed yields.

Hydro-Morphometric characterization of Wadi Khumal Basin, Western Coast of Saudi Arabia

The aim of this study is to assess the hydro-morphometric and flow characteristics (include: morphology, analysis of drainage patterns, and drainage morphometry) and its influence on hydrology of Wadi Khumal Basin, North Saudi Arabia, which is considered as an additional strategic future water supply for ground water reservoirs and for planning rainwater harvesting and watershed management. For detailed study we used Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data for preparing Digital Elevation Model (DEM), aspect grid and slope maps, Geographical information system (GIS) was used in evaluation of linear, areal and relief aspects of morphornetric parameters. The study reveals that the triangular shape of the Wadi Khumal Basin is mainly due to the guiding effect of Scarp-Radwa Mountains and to many of the thrusts, faults and dykes that appear in hard and massive metamorphic and igneous rocks which resists weathering processes to give that shape. Study adopted in hydrological analysis of the Khumal Basin on the model TR-55 to calculate storm runoff volume, peak rate of discharge, hydrographs, and storage volumes required for floodwater reservoirs, where a rainstorm were analyzed its 25 mm, Runoff hydrographs were constructed for four sub-basins of wadi Khumal.