Additional Training Sessions Research Articles

Ankle Fracture Gait Training Through Musical Feedback: Case Study

BACKGROUND: Trimalleolar ankle fractures often result in mobility and gait impairments. To date, there is little consensus on the rehabilitation regimen. Biofeedback is an emerging approach that improves gait in different populations; here, we utilized novel customized musical biofeedback to retrain gait following trimalleolar ankle fracture. CASE PRESENTATION: A 56-year-old male sustained a right trimalleolar ankle fracture and underwent surgical fixation, followed by immobilization, progressive weight bearing, and a regular physical therapy regimen. Additional gait training sessions were provided with musical feedback from pressure-sensing insoles to provide accurate cues to encourage medialized load pressure and prevent avoidance behavior. OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP: Mobility, functionality, stance phase, stride length, total force distribution, and plantar pressure improved after training. DISCUSSION: This is the first study on gait training after ankle fracture using customized pressure-based biofeedback with music to normalize plantar pressure and push-off phase.

Evaluation of dental students' learning curve in intraligamentary anesthesia using different syringe systems: A prospective crossover study.

This prospective crossover preclinical trial aimed to evaluate the learning curve of dental students in successfully administering intraligamentary anesthesia (ILA) using three different syringe systems. Dental students performed ILA using three devices in two separate sessions, each targeting mandibular and/or maxillary premolars. The devices included two manual systems (pistol-type and lever-based) and one computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system (CCLAD). The primary research parameter was the success rate of anesthesia, defined as the percentage of successful ILA administrations confirmed by a negative response to a cold test. Secondary parameters included pain experienced during needle penetration and injection, students' self-reported levels of mental tension and handling of the syringes, and any potential side effects. A total of 110 students performed ILA on 599 teeth during the study period. When comparing the CCLAD system to the manual syringes, the CCLAD system exhibited a significantly higher overall success rate in the first session (92.5% vs. 77.4%; p<0.001), potentially due to its precise control of anesthetic flow and pressure, which likely facilitated more effective anesthetic delivery. However, when examining the individual manual techniques, no significant difference was found between the pistol-type manual and the CCLAD system (p=0.66). All techniques' success rate increased from the first to the second session (80.4% vs. 86.9%; p=0.0357). Additionally, penetration pain demonstrated a significant decrease across all techniques (p<0.01). Notably, students' anxiety levels decreased, and self-assurance increased significantly over the sessions. Undesired reversible side effects were documented in 10.9% of cases. These findings suggest that repeated practice of ILA, particularly with different syringe systems, enhances anesthetic success and psychological readiness for patient interaction. Additional training sessions may further improve proficiency.

Assessing the Efficacy of Lokomat Training in Pediatric Physiotherapy for Cerebral Palsy: A Progress Evaluation.

Background: Gait disturbances in children with cerebral palsy can increase the hindrance caused by loss of independence and social engagement. The Lokomat, developed by Hocoma, shows promise as a supplementary tool for gait rehabilitation. This study investigates the impact of Lokomat training on gait parameters and trends observed during training. Methods: A total of 26 children (13 male individuals) with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP), aged 4 to 23 years, were enrolled in the study. Patients participated in a standard comprehensive rehabilitation program with additional Lokomat training sessions. Gait function was assessed using the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) and the 10 m walking test (10mWT) at the beginning and end of the rehabilitation period. Changes in Lokomat parameters (step number, session duration, speed, body weight support, and guidance force) were also analysed. Results: The median duration of the 10mWT and TUG significantly decreased across the groups after the treatment program. The highest increases were observed for the number of steps taken. Across the entire cohort, the linear trend curves for distance and number of steps exhibited near-perpendicular alignment with the horizontal axis, suggesting significant improvement in these parameters. A consistent trend was noted for speed, with the trend line aligned parallel with the horizontal axis. Decreasing trends were observed for body weight support and guidance force. Conclusions: Therapy with the Lokomat functioning as the active gait orthosis can be used as a form of support to the standard rehabilitation protocol for patients with CP.

Long-term memory in &lt;i&gt;Thrips tabaci&lt;/i&gt; (Thysanoptera, Thripidae)

Microinsects are capable of associative learning and memory retention despite significant reduction in the number and size of neurons. Previously, the capabilities of Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) for associative learning and the formation of short-term memory have been demonstrated. In this study, an additional training session was added, as well as a time interval between them. Increasing the number of training sessions and spacing these out over time allowed us to demonstrate the persistence of memory traces for up to 24 hours. Thus, for the first time, the presence of consolidated forms of memory in the order Thysanoptera has been revealed.

Effects of intensified training with insufficient recovery on joint level and single muscle fibre mechanical function: the role of myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity.

Intense exercise training with insufficient recovery time is associated with reductions in neuromuscular performance. However, it is unclear how single muscle fibre mechanical function and myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity contribute to these impairments. We investigated the effects of overload training on joint-level neuromuscular performance and cellular-level mechanical function. Fourteen athletes (4 female and 10 male) underwent a 3-week intensified training protocol consisting of up to 150% of their regular training hours with three additional high-intensity training sessions per week. Neuromuscular performance of the knee extensors was assessed via maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force, electrically evoked twitch contractions, and a force-frequency relationship. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis to assess single fibre mechanical function. Neither MVC force nor twitch parameters were altered following training (all p>0.05), but a rightward shift in the force-frequency curve was observed with average reduction in force of 6%-27% across frequencies 5-20Hz (all p<0.05). In single fibres, maximal force output was not reduced following training, but there was a rightward shift in the force-pCa curve driven by a 6% reduction in Ca2+ sensitivity (p<0.05). These data indicate intensified training leads to impaired Ca2+ sensitivity at the single fibre level, which in part explains impaired neuromuscular function at the joint level during lower frequencies of activation. This is an important consideration for athletes, as performance is often assessed at maximal levels of activation, and these underlying impairments in force generation may be less obvious.

Study on the treatment of dysphagia after stroke with electromyographic biofeedback intensive training.

Dysphagia, or swallowing disorder, is a common complication following stroke, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Electromyographic biofeedback (EMGBF) therapy has emerged as a potential rehabilitation technique to improve swallowing function, but its efficacy in comparison with conventional treatments remains to be further explored. To investigate the effects of different treatment intensities of EMGBF on swallowing function and motor speed after stroke. The participants were divided into three groups, all of which received routine neurological drug therapy and motor function rehabilitation training. On the basis of routine swallowing disorder training, the EMGBF group received additional EMGBF training, while the enhanced EMGBF group received two additional training sessions. Four weeks before and after treatment, the degree of swallowing disorder was evaluated using the degree of swallowing disorder score (VGF) and the Rosenbek penetration-aspiration scale (PAS). Initially, there was no significant difference in VGF and PAS scores among the groups (P > 0.05). After four weeks, all groups showed significant improvement in both VGF scores and PAS scores. Furthermore, the standardized swallowing assessment and videofluoroscopic dysphagia scale scores also improved significantly post-treatment, indicating enhanced swallowing function and motor function of the hyoid-bone laryngeal complex, particularly in the intensive EMGBF group. EMGBF training is more effective than traditional swallowing training in improving swallowing function and the movement rate of the hyoid laryngeal complex in patients with post-stroke dysphagia.

Can The Pitch Dimension Influence the Physical Fitness Adaptations Induced by Small-Sided Training Programs Added to Regular In-Field Training? A Randomized Controlled Study in Youth Soccer Players.

Small-sided games (SSGs) are frequently utilized in training settings to elicit specific stimuli that can promote physical fitness adaptations over time. However, various task constraints, such as pitch dimensions, can significantly influence both the acute external and internal load responses. Thus, understanding the impact of different pitch dimensions on physical fitness adaptations is crucial. This study sought to compare the physical adaptations induced by an SSG-based program utilizing more elongated pitches (SSGlw2; length-to-width ratio: 2.0) versus less elongated pitches (SSGwl1; length-to-width ratio: 1.0) on the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIRT), and 30-meter sprint. This study employed a randomized controlled design. Forty-eight male soccer players (16.4 ± 0.6 years) participated. These players were randomly allocated to two experimental groups (N = 16, SSGlw1; N = 16, SSGlw2) and underwent two weekly additional training sessions over an 8-week period, while a group of 16 players continued with their regular in-field sessions as a control group. Evaluations were conducted before and after the intervention period. Significant interactions time u group were observed in regards YYIRT (F = 15.857; p < 0.001; = 0.413) and 30-m sprint test (p < 0.001). Between-group differences on YYIRT were found in post-intervention (p < 0.001), on which SSGlw2 (p < 0.001) and SSGlw1 (p < 0.001) were significantly greater in comparison to control group. Additionally, between-group differences on 30-m sprint were found in post-intervention (p < 0.001), on which SSGlw2 was significantly better than SSGlw1 (p < 0.001) and control group (p < 0.001). Coaches are advised to prioritize the use of more elongated pitch sizes to promote adaptations in sprint performance, while still acknowledging that aerobic capacity improvements remain significant compared to other pitch shapes.

Jumping Interval Training: An Effective Training Method for Enhancing Anaerobic, Aerobic, and Jumping Performances in Aerobic Gymnastics.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of jumping interval training (JIT) and running high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the aerobic, anaerobic and jumping performances of youth female aerobic gymnasts. A randomized controlled study was conducted over an 8-week period, involving 73 youth female athletes (16.2 ± 1.3 years old) of aerobic gymnastics. The study comprised two experimental groups (JIT and HIIT) and a control group. Participants in the experimental groups engaged in two additional training sessions per week alongside their regular training regimen, while the control group followed their usual training routine. Before and after the intervention period, gymnasts were assessed for their performance in the countermovement jump test (CMJ), the specific aerobic gymnastics anaerobic test (SAGAT) and the 20-m multistage fitness test. Significant interactions time × group were found in SAGAT (p < 0.001; = 0.495), CMJ (p < 0.001; = 0.338) and 20-m multistage fitness test (p < 0.001; = 0.500). The time × group analysis post-intervention revealed significantly lower scores in SAGAT for the control group compared to the JIT (p = 0.003) and HIIT (p = 0.034). Additionally, significantly higher scores were observed for the JIT group in the CMJ test compared to the HIIT (p = 0.020) and control (p = 0.028) groups following the intervention. Finally, the 20 m multistage fitness test post-intervention revealed significantly lower scores for the control group compared to JIT (p < 0.001) and HIIT (p < 0.001). Both JIT and HIIT are recommended training strategies to adopt in aerobic gymnastics for significantly improving the aerobic and anaerobic performances of athletes. However, JIT may be particularly relevant to use as it offers additional benefits in improving vertical jumping performances.

Adjunctive hiking bouts during 8weeks regular sailing training improves cardiorespiratory and muscular responses during hiking emulation in highly trained sailors.

To investigate the effects of 8-week hiking bench training on cardiorespiratory and muscular responses of highly trained sailors during hiking emulation. Twenty-four sailors were assigned into two groups: the hiking bench training group (HTG, n=12) and the control group (CG, n=12). Both groups maintained their regular training with the HTG performed two additional hiking bench training sessions per week for 8weeks, while the CG performed an equivalent duration of on-water sailing training. Physiological responses were assessed by performing four successive 3-min hiking bouts on a sailing emulation ergometer before and after the 8-week training period. Comparing the pretest, both groups exhibited a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max) and maximal heart rate (%HRmax); the HTG experienced a greater decrease in %VO2max in bouts 2 and 3. The root mean square (RMS) of rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), rectus abdominis (RA), and external oblique decreased significantly (p<0.05), whereas the mean power frequency (MPF) of RF, VL, and RA exhibited an increasing trend. The RMS of RF and RA in HTG were lower than those in CG in the initial three bouts; VL and EA in HTG were lower than those in CG in bouts 1 and 2 (p<0.05). The MPF of RA in HTG was significantly increased in bouts 2, 3, and 4 (p<0.05). Eight-week hiking bench training could improve hiking economy and the activation of lower limb and trunk muscles delaying the onset of fatigue in sailors.

Teletherapy as an Alternate Model for Therapeutic Interventions for Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities in a Low-resource Setting in Jharkhand, India

Abstract Background: This project was a collaboration between a community-based organization in rural India and a professional organization providing training and teletherapy support. The objective was to address the human resource gaps in rural areas for delivering therapeutic interventions to children with neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDD) in low-resource settings. Objective: To empower health workers in rural areas with the skills necessary to provide need-based therapeutic interventi ons to children with developmental disabilities through training and teletherapy. Methods: The project began with an initial training phase consisting of 10 online training sessions. This was followed by five additional need-based online training sessions over a 9-month period. Thirty-one children with NDD (15 girls and 16 boys) were enrolled and tracked using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). A total of 750 need-based therapy interventions, including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, were provided by professional therapists via teletherapy. Results: The children showed significant improvement in the functional goals set from baseline to midline and end line. A one-way repeated-measures ANOVA test revealed a significant positive impact of teletherapy on the functional goals planned for the sample (P &lt; 0.5). Conclusion: Teletherapy demonstrated a positive impact on achieving functional goals for children with NDD in rural Jharkhand. It is recommended as an effective model to address human resource gaps and provide family-centered therapeutic support in low-resource rural areas.

Improving the Quality of the External Audit and Their Role in the Audit Committees

The study reviews committees and their role in improving the external audit quality through examining a case study of Sudanese banks. The study problem can be formulated from the following questions: Is there a relation between the independence of the audit committees and the quality of the external audit process? The impact of the expertise and knowledge of the members of the review committees in improving the quality of the external audit the importance of scientific research in bridging the gap in the studies that dealt with the audit committees and linking them to the quality of external audit stems from the importance of the study of the vital role played by the review committees in strengthening the quality of external audit. The study's objective is to know the role of the review committees in improving the quality of the external audit and clarify the theoretical framework of the review committees. To achieve the study's objectives, the following hypotheses were formulated: There is a statistically significant relationship between the independence of the review committees and the improvement of the quality of the external audit. There is a statistically significant relationship between the experience and knowledge of the members of the review committees and the improvement of the quality of the external audit and external audit quality. The study adopted the descriptive analytical method using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The study of the selection of members of the Audit Committee by the shareholders and with the participation of the Board of Directors leads to the improvement of the quality of the external audit, the selection of members of the Committee from non-executive members leading to the improvement of the quality of external audit. The study concluded with some recommendations. It recommended that the Audit Committee be increased in the bank in additional training sessions to improve the quality of the external audit. Specific conditions must be specified to penalize the Audit Committee in the event of persistent participation in financial and administrative corruption affecting the quality of the external audit.

Four-week experimental plus 1-week taper period using live high train low does not alter muscle glycogen content.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 4-week live high train low (LHTL; FiO2 ~ 13.5%), intervention, followed by a tapering phase, on muscle glycogen concentration. Fourteen physically active males (28 ± 6years, 81.6 ± 15.4kg, 179 ± 5.2cm) were divided into a control group (CON; n = 5), and the group that performed the LHTL, which was exposed to hypoxia (LHTL; n = 9). The subjects trained using a one-legged knee extension exercise, which enabled four experimental conditions: leg training in hypoxia (TLHYP); leg control in hypoxia (CLHYP, n = 9); leg trained in normoxia (TLNOR, n = 5), and leg control in normoxia (CLNOR, n = 5). All participants performed 18 training sessions lasting between 20 and 45min [80-200% of intensity corresponding to the time to exhaustion (TTE) reached in the graded exercise test]. Additionally, participants spent approximately 10hday-1 in either a normobaric hypoxic environment (14.5% FiO2; ~ 3000m) or a control condition (i.e., staying in similar tents on ~ 530m). Thereafter, participants underwent a taper protocol consisting of six additional training sessions with a reduced training load. SpO2 was lower, and the hypoxic dose was higher in LHTL compared to CON (p < 0.001). After 4weeks, glycogen had increased significantly only in the TLNOR and TLHYP groups and remained elevated after the taper (p < 0.016). Time to exhaustion in the LHTL increased after both the 4-week training period and the taper compared to the baseline (p < 0.001). Although the 4-week training promoted substantial increases in muscle glycogen content, TTE increased in LHTL condition.

Can an Orthopedic Hip Fracture Simulator Advance Orthopedic Residents’ Hip Fracture Fixation Skills to an Expert Level?

This study was undertaken to evaluate hip fracture simulator training and orthopedic resident skill attainment. We hypothesized that after 6 training sessions, improvement in post-training scores in junior residents would exceed that of senior residents and that senior residents would attain expert level proficiency sooner. Thirty orthopedic residents from a single institution completed 6 training sessions. Sessions included a pretest, 9 training modules, and post-test. An expert score was obtained from the average scores of 8 trauma fellows and attending orthopedic traumatologists. The primary outcome measure was overall score. A single academic institution. Orthopedic residents (postgraduate years [PGYs] 1-5). Twenty-six residents completed the study. The mean overall post-training score was 87% of the expert level. Factors associated with post-training score changes were additional training sessions (4.2% improvement [p < 0.01]), time between training sessions (0.3% decrease [p = 0.05]) and PGY5 class (12.1% improvement [p = 0.03]). Fifty-four percent of residents attained the expert overall score. Expert score attainment was not associated with an additional year of training or case log volume. Post-training scores plateaued for the PGY1s and showed linear improvement for the PGY5s. Differences in trends between training levels suggest this simulator is a useful adjunct to a 5-year orthopedic residency training program.

Optimalisasi Pengelolaan Data Administrasi Masyarakat melalui Aplikasi AppSIMDUK (Studi Kasus RT 2 RW 5 Kelurahan Koto Luar Pauh Padang)

Rukun Tetangga (RT) is the smallest unit of government structure in Indonesia which is at the sub-district or village level. RT is an organisation responsible for providing services to the community at the local level. Each RT has duties and functions in terms of administration and services to residents in the surrounding environment. This community service activity attempts to implement the Village Government, Business and Financial Information System (AppSIMDUK) application in RT 2 RW 5 Koto Luar Subdistrict, Pauh Padang District. This activity is an endeavour to improve the local administration of community administrative data. Implementation methods include preliminary studies to understand requirements, application development, training and simulation of application use, implementation in the field, as well as monitoring and evaluation of activities. The results of this activity show that respondents, notably RT heads and appointed officers, gave positive responses to the use of the application. However, there are recommendations to provide additional training sessions or manuals to increase the efficacy of using the application. In addition, a number of respondents suggested aesthetic enhancements and the addition of community-related elements. Thus, the implementation of AppSIMDUK has the potential to improve the effectiveness of local government administration

The effect of training on sensitivity and stability of double fusion in Panum's limiting case.

Panum's limiting case is a phenomenon of monocular occlusion in binocular vision. This occurs when one object is occluded by the other object for one eye, but the two objects are both visiblefor the other eye. Although previous studies have found that vertical gradient of horizontal disparity and cue conflict are two important factors for double fusion, the effect of training on the sensitivity and stability of Panum's limiting case remains unknown. The current study trained 26 participants for 5 days with several of Panum's configurations (Gilliam, Frisby, and Wang series). The latency and duration of double fusion were recorded to examine the effects of training on sensitivity and stability of double fusion in Panum's limiting case. For each level of vertical gradient of horizontal disparity and cue conflict, the latency of double fusion decreased and the duration of double fusion increased with each additional training session. The results showed that vertical gradient of horizontal disparity and cue conflict interacted, and the duration of high cue conflict was significantly shorter than that of medium and low cue conflict for each level of vertical gradient of horizontal disparity. The findings suggest that there is an effect of training for vertical gradient of horizontal disparity and cue conflict in Panum's limiting case, and that the three factors jointly affect the sensitivity and stability of double fusion.

Endodontic access cavities: Fears and difficulties of Moroccan dental students related to teachers, self-confidence and technical protocol.

Fears and difficulties of Moroccan dental students regarding endodontic access cavity were evaluated among 3 items: (i) teachers, (ii) student confidence and (iii) access cavity protocol. A three Likert scale was used to rate 24 statements. Specific scores between 1 and 3 and mean scores between 0 and 1 were used to assess statements and items, respectively. Among 116 students, the mean score of difficulty related to teachers (0.48 ± 0.14) was significantly low (p < 0.001) compared to student confidence (0.69 ± 0.12) and cavity protocol (0.68 ± 0.08). The number of teachers was esteemed insufficient, additional training sessions were requested and maxillary teeth and molars were rated the most difficult with specific scores of 1.91 ± 0.80, 2.72 ± 0.61, 2.22 ± 0.67 and 2.47 ± 0.74, respectively. The highest specific score referred to the risk of making ledges (2.8 ± 0.56) or perforations (2.76 ± 0.59). Students expressed a lack of confidence, difficulty with upper molars and fears of making procedural errors.

Risk factors associated with gradual onset running-related injuries in 5770 ultramarathon race entrants - SAFER XXXII.

There is limited evidence available on contributing factors for gradual onset running-related injuries (GORRIs) in ultramarathon runners. The aim was to determine if selected risk factors were associated with a history of GORRIs in 90-km ultramarathon race entrants. Descriptive cross-sectional study. GORRI and medical data using an online pre-race medical screening tool was collected from 5770 consenting race entrants from the 2018 90-km Comrades Marathon. Selected risk factors associated with 12-months history of GORRIs (age, sex, training, chronic diseases and allergies) were analyzed using a multiple model (Poisson regression). Prevalence and prevalence ratios (PR, 95% CIs) are reported. The overall 12-month prevalence of GORRIs was 11.6% (95% CI: 10.8-12.5) and this was higher in females versus males (PR=1.6; 1.4-1.9) (P<0.0001). Novel independent risk factors associated with a history of GORRIs were: history of chronic disease (PR=1.3; P=0.0063); history of allergies (PR=1.7 increased risk for every disease; P<0.0001); fewer training sessions/week (PR=0.8 decreased risk for every two additional training sessions per week; P=0.0005); and increased number of years as a recreational runner (PR=1.1 increased risk per 5 years of running; P=0.0158). There is a complex interaction between the internal and external risk factors associated with GORRIs in 90-km distance runners. These data can inform injury prevention programs targeted at subgroups of ultradistance runners.

Cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I) for post-traumatic stress disorder: study protocol of an app-based randomised controlled trial

IntroductionPrevious studies indicate that computerised trainings implementing cognitive bias modification (CBM) for interpretation bias might be promising treatments for trauma-related cognitive distortions and symptoms. However, results are mixed, which might...

Students’ Perceptions on Communication Skills: A Case of EFL Learners at TTC Kirambo, Burera District, Rwanda.

In order to succeed in Rwanda’s and the rest of the world’s competitive and rising market economies, TTC Kirambo students must have good oral communication abilities in English language. Given that TTC Kirambo students often perform poorly in speaking English, the study was conducted to assess students’ perceptions on the importance of speaking abilities and the urgency of engaging in language-enhancement activities. Based on the data obtained from instruments, the findings show that the majority of students perceive English-speaking skills important. A sample of 38 participants comprising 30 students,4 English Tutors and 4 parents provided rich data analysed in the study. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and focus groups utilizing a qualitative approach technique. Responses to several questions reveal students’ perception on the value of oral communication skills, degree of oral communication, and the necessity of taking part in the extra coaching programs the college offers. Data collected demonstrates that participants are aware of the value of communication skills for achieving and surviving in the job market, developing one’s personality, and meeting social demands. It also demonstrates their need to attend additional language training sessions outside of their regular routine classes.

Impact of Proprioceptive Training on Postural Stability in Adolescent Male Soccer Players: A Single Group Preliminary Study

Football is one of the most popular team sports globally. Both amateur and professional footballers face the risk of injuries during training and matches. To mitigate this risk, a study was conducted focusing on training to improve postural stability – a crucial element in sports injury prevention. The study involved 20 boys aged 14–15 years, training at a professional football club, with a mean height of 172 cm and a body weight of 58.5 kg. The intervention comprised additional training sessions held twice a week over three months, utilizing the Delos Postural Proprietary System platform. Each training session lasted 15 minutes. As part of the study, the footballers underwent the ‘RIVA’ test, assessing postural stability with eyes closed and open before and after the intervention. The results revealed a statistically significant improvement in both trials, 4.3% and 2.1%, respectively. When compared with findings from other studies, it is reasonable to conclude that this form of additional training may contribute to a reduction in injuries, especially among young football players.