Additional Setae Research Articles

Re-description of the female of Kampimodromus langei Wainstein and Arutunjan (Acari: Phytoseiidae) based on normal and abnormal specimens, with the first description of its male

Kampimodromus langei Wainstein and Arutunjan (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is reported for the first time for the Turkish fauna. It is re-described and illustrated, based on normal and abnormal female specimens from material collected from Quercus cerris L. var. cerris (Fagaceae) trees in Samsun Province on the north coast of Turkey. In addition, the male is described for the first time in this study. Our examination of a series of female specimens of K. langei showed no remarkable differences compared to its original description and subsequent redescriptions. However, on both sides of a female specimen, we observed an additional dorsal seta inserted at the location of seta S1 known from other groups of Mesostigmata closely related to phytoseiid mites. The dorsal shield of the abnormal specimen is also illustrated and its setal measurements are provided. To the best of our knowledge of phytoseiids, the extra seta has been reported only for Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) laurae Wainstein. The possibility of the more rearward location of anterior dorsal setae z6 and s6 which is known for some phytoseiid species, as well as the presence of extra seta/e on other species of phytoseiid mites, are also briefly discussed.

A new European species of Ceratophysella (Collembola, Hypogastruridae) revealed by morphological data and DNA barcodes.

A new species, Ceratophysella stachi, from Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, and Ukraine is described based on morphological data and DNA barcodes. It belongs to a small European group of species with type B chaetotaxy and strong tegumentary granulation with distinct fields of coarse granules: C. granulata Stach, 1949, C. lawrencei (Gisin, 1963), C. neomeridionalis (Nosek & Červek, 1970), C. scotica (Carpenter & Evans, 1899), and C. silvatica Rusek, 1964. It differs from all of them in the chaetotaxy of lateral parts of thoracic terga II–III (setae m6 present and one additional seta outside lateral sensillum m7 present or absent) that is exceptional within the whole C. armata-group. Notes on closely related species C. granulata are also given.

Description of the Larval Stages of Hydrocanthus socius Sahlberg, 1844 (Coleoptera: Noteridae) with Chaetotaxy Analysis

The three larval instars of Hydrocanthus socius Sahlberg, 1844 are described and illustrated for the first time, including morphometric and chaetotaxic analyses of the cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment, and urogomphus. Larvae of this species can be separated from those of Hydrocanthus sharpiZimmermann, 1928 by the dorsal color pattern, H. sharpi being entirely brown, and H. socius testaceous with many small dark maculae. Regarding chaetotaxy, H. socius differs from H. sharpi in the length of seta MX11, the position of seta LA3, and the number of additional setae on trochanter. On the other hand, the second and the third instars of H. socius differ from those of H. sharpi in the number of secondary setae on the coxa.

A new species of Pereionotus (Amphipoda, Senticaudata, Phliantidae) from Pulau Tinggi, Sultan Iskandar Marine Park, Malaysia

A new species of Pereionotus Spence Bate & Westwood, 1861 from Pulau Tinggi, Sultan Iskandar Marine Park (SIMP) is described and the first record of the genus from Malaysia. It was collected from Kg. Tg. Balang, Pulau Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia (2°16'59.5"N, 104°07'21.9"E) and can be distinguished by having wide and dorsally truncate carinae of pereonites 2–7, maxillipedal palp as long as the outer plate, lacking additional robust seta in the middle of propodi of pereopods 1–4, and the absence of short robust setae on the anterodistal corner of merus and carpus of pereopods 6–7. An updated identification key for the 11 known species in the genus is also presented.

Description of the immature stages of the Neotropical whirligig beetle Gyrinus (Neogyrinus) rozei Ochs, 1953 (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) and first report of the parasitoid wasp Melanosmicra sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) on a Gyrinus species.

In most species of Gyrinidae, the immature stages are unknown, especially due to the difficulty in collecting the juveniles and assigning them to a particular species. Molecular association is a feasible technique that may solve this problem. Recent studies have used DNA sequence data, specifically the gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), to associate immature and adult stages, thus enabling the description of the former. The objectives of this study were (1) to describe and illustrate the immature stages of Gyrinus (Neogyrinus) rozei Ochs, 1953 including morphometric, chaetotaxic and bionomic information, and (2) to assess the usefulness of the gene COI to associate immatures and adults of Gyrinus. The studied specimens were collected in Roraima state, northern Brazil. The association of immature and adult stages was done either by rearing adults under laboratory conditions or by using DNA sequence data (COI). Eggs were described based on scanning electron microscopy; they are distinguished mainly by several features of chorion, micropyle and reticulation. Larvae of G. (N.) rozei can be distinguished from those of other Neotropical Gyrinidae by a combination of several characters, including the stipes with five robust hook-like additional setae on the dorsointernal margin, and the lacinia roughly hook-shaped. The pupa is similar to that of G. argentinus Steinhel, 1869, except for the number of setae on the body. The first record of the parasitoid wasp Melanosmicra sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) on a Gyrinus species is also provided.

New insects feeding on dinosaur feathers in mid-Cretaceous amber

Due to a lack of Mesozoic fossil records, the origins and early evolution of feather-feeding behaviors by insects are obscure. Here, we report ten nymph specimens of a new lineage of insect, Mesophthirus engeli gen et. sp. nov. within Mesophthiridae fam. nov. from the mid-Cretaceous (ca. 100 Mya) Myanmar (Burmese) amber. This new insect clade shows a series of ectoparasitic morphological characters such as tiny wingless body, head with strong chewing mouthparts, robust and short antennae having long setae, legs with only one single tarsal claw associated with two additional long setae, etc. Most significantly, these insects are preserved with partially damaged dinosaur feathers, the damage of which was probably made by these insects’ integument-feeding behaviors. This finding demonstrates that feather-feeding behaviors of insects originated at least in mid-Cretaceous, accompanying the radiation of feathered dinosaurs including early birds.

Morphology and Chaetotaxy of the Instars of Hydrocanthus sharpi Zimmermann, 1928 (Coleoptera: Noteridae)

The three instars of Hydrocanthus sharpi Zimmermann, 1928 are described and illustrated, including morphometric and chaetotaxic analyses of the cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment, and urogomphus. Larvae of Hydrocanthus Say, 1823 are diagnosed by the following combination of characters: elongate body; posterior tentorial pits not contiguous to occipital foramen; antennomere 4 2–3 times shorter than antennomere 3; non-serrate inner mandibular margin; siphon short, slightly protruding; urogomphi not fused along inner margin. Hydrocanthus differs in chaetotaxy from Suphis Aubé, 1836 by the position of frontoclypeal seta FR10, antennal seta AN3, and maxillary sensilla MX11 and MXj, the presence of several additional setae on the trochanter, the absence of seta MX16 on the maxilla, of seta AB2 on abdominal segment VIII, and of pore MXd on the galea, the length of labial seta LA2 and of urogomphal seta UR4, and the shape of tarsal setae TA3, TA4, TA5, and TA6.

Hydrotrupes chinensis Nilsson, 2003 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae): new records, (re)description of adult and larva, and notes on its biology

Hydrotrupes chinensis Nilsson, 2003 described from the holotype collected in Anhui Province, China, is newly recorded from three localities in Guangdong Province, ca. 750 km southwest from the type locality. The species seems to inhabit hygropetric habitats exclusively, with diurnal larvae and nocturnal adults hidden under stones or in cracks in rock during the day; when disturbed, the adults readily jumped off the rock surface. The adult is redescribed. The larvae are described and illustrated for the first time, with detailed morphometric and chaetotaxic analyses of the cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment, and urogomphi. Whereas similar morphologically to the Nearctic endemic Hydrotrupes palpalis Sharp, 1882, the first instar larva of H. chinensis distinguishes by presence of six lamellae clypeales, two additional spine-like setae both on the last abdominal segment and urogomphomere 1, and the strongly developed egg bursters.

Diagnostic characters of three nymphal instars and morphological features of adult Collard-dove louse Columbicola bacillus (Phthiraptera : Insecta)

The morphological features of three instars of nymphs and adults of Columbicola bacillus (Ischnocera: Phthiraptera) collected from Collard-dove Streptopelia decaocto were studied. Present report furnishes Second instar nymph can be separated from first instar due to appearance of additional seta on pterothorax on seventh to eight adominal segments. Third instars can be distinguished from second instar due to appearance of pleural seta on abdominal segment seventh to ninth.

Gyretes Brullé (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) from Brazil: Morphology of eggs and early instars.

Taxonomic information regarding Gyrinidae is mostly based on adults, especially due to the difficulty in collecting immatures and assigning them to a particular species. Association between immatures and adults is sometimes difficult because closely related species can be found in the same habitat. To solve this problem a feasible technique is rearing under laboratory conditions. However, this method is challenging because larval survival rate is usually low, and emulation of natural conditions is difficult. Molecular techniques, especially the use of the COI gene, have been applied to identify species and to associate different life stages. However, in some species groups this marker has not been successful in distinguishing closely related species. The objectives of this study are to describe the egg and the first two instars of Gyretes nubilus Ochs, 1965 and the egg of G. minax Ochs, 1967 and to evaluate the utility of COI to associate immatures and adults. The association of these immature stages with adults was done either rearing adults under laboratory conditions or by using DNA sequence data (COI), corroborating the utility of this molecular marker to associate immature and adults in Gyretes. These immature stages are described, including chaetotaxic analysis of larvae for the first time for the genus Gyretes Brullé, 1835. The eggs are described based on scanning electron microscopy. The eggs are similar to those of other Gyrinidae genera in having a micropylar region in the anterior pole and a longitudinal fissure, and by the absence of an aeropyle, but they differ mainly in characters related to chorionic structure and reticulation. Larvae of Gyretes can be distinguished from those of the other Neotropical Gyrinidae genera by a combination of several characters, including the frontoclypeal seta FR3 short, presence of three conspicuous additional setae on lateral region of parietal (contiguous to stemmata), and posterior margin of lacinia smooth, with apex not indented.

Two new species of the subgenus Papillacarus (Oribatida, Lohmanniidae, Papillacarus) from China.

Two new species of Lohmanniidae, Papillacarus (Papillacarus) retinervius sp. nov. from soil in Hainan Province, South China and Papillacarus (Papillacarus) mammilatus sp. nov. from moss and soil in Guizhou Province, Southwest China are described and illustrated. Papillacarus (P.) retinervius sp. nov. is most similar to Papillacarus (P.) polygonatus (Ermilov Anichkin, 2011), however, it can be distinguished from the latter by the following characterstics: 20-21 pairs of additional neotrichal setae, setae d2, e2, h1, p1 shorter, as long as d1, epimeral setal formula 10-8-4-3. Papillacarus (P.) mammilatus sp. nov. is most similar to Papillacarus (P.) angulatus (Wallwork, 1962), however, it can be distinguished from the latter by the following characterstics: transverse bands S3 complete, eight pairs of subcapitular setae, epimeral setal formula 10-6-3-4.

Two new littoral species of the genus Anurida Laboulbène, 1865 (Collembola, Neanuridae) from the Pacific coast of Asia.

Two new littoral species of the genus Anurida, viz. A. kyshyensis sp. nov. and A. abashiriensis sp. nov., have been described from the eastern coasts of Chukchi Peninsula (Russia) and Hokkaido Island (Japan), respectively. The former species is most similar to sympatric A. similis Fjellberg, 1985 and A. martynovae Fjellberg, 1985 differing from both of them due to the permanent presence of additional lateral setae on thorax and 3+3 axial setae on Abd.4. A. abashiriensis sp. nov., having unique mandibles and hypertrophic elongate maxillae with long lamellae, is hard to compare with any known species of Anurida and allied genera.

First larval description and chaetotaxic analysis of the neotropical whirligig beetle genus Enhydrus Laporte (Coleoptera, Gyrinidae)

The larva of the whirligig beetle Enhydrus sulcatus (Wiedemann, 1821) is described and illustrated for the first time, including detailed morphometric and chaetotaxic analyses of the cephalic capsule, head appendages and legs. Larvae of Enhydrus Laporte, 1834 exhibit the characters traditionally recognized as autapomorphies of the family Gyrinidae: well developed cardo, completely divided prementum, presence of lateral abdominal tracheal gills, and presence of four terminal hooks on the pygopod. The egg bursters located on the parietal, the presence of an additional sensorial plate on the third antennomere, and a well developed lacinia may also represent autapomorphies of the family. Enhydrus larvae share with those of the other known Dineutini genera the presence of numerous minute additional setae on the mandible, the presence of additional setae on the cardo, the submedial position of the coxal seta CO12, the absence of the trochanteral seta TR2, and the presence of numerous pore-like additional structures on the ultimate maxillary and labial palpomeres. On the other hand, Enhydrus can be distinguished from the other known dineutine genera by the presence of pore-like additional structures on the basal maxillary and labial palpomeres, the presence of ventral spinulae on the pygopod, and the bare tracheal gills, among other characters.

Cladistic analysis and description of three new species of the Chilean genus Nanophareus (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Pachylinae)

Three new species of the Chilean Pachylinae genus, Nanophareus Roewer, 1929 are described: N. bicornutus sp. nov. (Valle de Aconcagua, Zapallar, V Región de Valparaíso), N. maipu sp. nov. (La Rinconada, Quebrada de la Plata, Maipu, Región Metropolitana-Santiago), and N. polyhastatus sp. nov. (El Abanico, VIII Región de Bio-Bío). These three new species were included in a cladistic analysis that resulted in two equally most parsimonious trees (238 steps, C.I. = 0.38; R.I. = 0.51), corroborating the monophyly of Nanophareus. The proposed synapomorphies for Nanophareus remain largely unchanged: an external row of enlarged tubercles inserted amongst small ones on the lateral margin of dorsal scutum; the ventro-basal margin of the pedipalpal tibia curved at 90° in lateral view; and retrolateral seta on pedipalpal tibia with an apically bifid socket (socket and seta longer than pedipalpal tibia length), with additional small setae distally. The sister group of Nanophareus, as well as its subfamilial placement, are still unsettled issues that are here further discussed.

Larval morphology and chaetotaxy of Macrogyrus oblongus (Boisduval, 1835) (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae)

ABSTRACTThe larvae of the grooved whirligig beetle Macrogyrus oblongus (Boisduval, 1835) are described and illustrated including detailed morphometric and chaetotaxic analyses of selected structures. Larvae of Macrogyrus Régimbart, 1882 exhibit the characters traditionally recognised as autapomorphies of the Gyrinidae. The first instars bear egg bursters on the parietal, a potential additional autapomorphy. Putative larval autapomorphies of the tribe Dineutini are the presence of additional setae on the mandible, the absence of the seta TR2, and the presence of pore-like additional structures on the ultimate palpomeres. Macrogyrus larvae differ from those of the other known dineutine genera (Andogyrus Ochs, 1924 and Dineutus MacLeay, 1825) in the absence of a neck constriction and in the distal position of the pore LAc. Other useful characters to distinguish genera within Dineutini are the presence or absence of additional setae on the cardo and coxa, and the posterior margin of the lacinia dentate or smooth.

Larval Morphology and Biology of the New Zealand-Chilean GeneraCylomissusBroun andAnticuraSpangler (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Rygmodinae)

Abstract Larval morphology of the monotypic rygmodine genera Anticura Spangler, 1979 from Chile and Cylomissus Broun, 1903 from New Zealand is described, based on field-collected larvae associated with adults and authenticated by CO1 and 18S DNA sequences. General morphology and chaetotaxy of the head capsule is described and illustrated for all three instars of Anticura flinti Spangler, 1979 and the first and third instar of Cylomissus glabratus Broun, 1903. Both genera are similar in larval morphology, sharing several unique larval characters (e.g., bidentate nasale in the first instar, presence of numerous additional setae on parietale in the first instar), which support their close phylogenetic relationship and provides morphological support for the transfer of Anticura to the Rygmodinae. The presence of numerous additional setae on the parietale of all instars and characteristic chaetotaxy of the maxillary stipes are hypothesized as potential larval synapomorphies of the subfamily Rygmodinae. Field o...

Phylogenetic Placement of the GenusSternhydrus(Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Cybistrini) Based on Larval Morphology, With Description ofS. atratus

The phylogenetic relationships of the Australasian diving beetle genus Sternhydrus Brinck, 1945 were studied based on a cladistic analysis of 16 taxa and 112 morphological larval characters. Larvae of S. atratus (F., 1801) were described and illustrated in detail with particular emphasis on morphometry and chaetotaxy. Primary chaetotaxy were unknown for the genus. The results supported the inclusion of Sternhydrus in a clade of Australian Cybistrini genera along with Onychohydrus Schaum and White, 1847 and Spencerhydrus Sharp, 1882 based on four synapomorphies: presence of additional pores on antennomere 1, tibial seta TI7 short and spine-like, and urogomphi longer than broad, included in the nonsclerotized ventrodistal area surrounding the anus. A sister group relationship of Sternhydrus and Onychohydrus is suggested by two synapomorphies: lateral projections of frontoclypeus serrate, and row of additional anteroventral setae on meso- and metatarsus composed of several thin setae of variable length. The genus Sternhydrus is characterized by two autapomorphies: presence of both spine-like and hair-like additional setae on the ventral surface of the femur, and absence of primary pores on the urogomphus.

A new subgenus and three new species of oribatid mites of the genus Yoshiobodes (Acari, Oribatida, Carabodidae) from Vietnam.

A new subgenus and three new species of oribatid mites of the genus Yoshiobodes, Yoshiobodes (Dongnaiobodes) subgen. nov., Y. (D.) hexasetosus sp. nov., Y. (D.) biconcavus sp. nov. and Y. (Yoshiobodes) neotrichorostralis sp. nov., are described from southern Vietnam. Yoshiobodes (Dongnaiobodes) subgen. nov. differs from the other subgenera, Yoshiobodes (Yoshiobodes) and Yoshiobodes (Berndobodes), by the presence of five to six pairs of genital setae (versus four). Yoshiobodes (D.) hexasetosus sp. nov. differs from Yoshiobodes (D.) biconcavus sp. nov. by the absence of two large concavities in humeral regions of the notogaster and the presence of short, clavate sensilli (versus concavities well developed, sensilli long, thickened, setiform). Yoshiobodes (Y.) neotrichorostralis sp. nov. differs from the other species of the subgenus by the presence of three additional pairs of setae on the lateral sides of the rostrum and the foveolate ornamentation on the notogaster (versus additional setae absent, surface tuberculate). The new generic diagnosis and an identification key to all known species of Yoshiobodes are given. Yoshiobodes ornatus Mahunka, 1987 is proposed as "nomen nudum". Austrocarabodes (Austrocarabodes) polytrichus Balogh & Mahunka, 1978 combined in the subgenus Austrocarabodes (Uluguroides): A. (U.) polytrichus comb. nov..

Revision of the GenusAndinentulus(Protura: Acerentomidae: Berberentulinae), with a Key to South and Central American Acerentomidae Species

AbstractThe species Acerentulus rapoportiCondé, 1963 is redescribed, transferred to genus AndinentulusTuxen, 1984, and synonymized with Andinentulus ebbeiTuxen, 1984 on the basis of type series. Andinentulus rapoporti (Condé, 1963) comb. nov. is characterized by very long and sword-shaped foretarsal sensillum a' sensillum b that is half the length of sensillum c, presence of additional seta d6 on the head, absence of seta P1a on abdominal tergites I–VI, and short oblong accessory setae on tergites I–VI. The differences between the genus Andinentulus and morphologically similar genera, which have three setae on the abdominal legs, are discussed. A key to South and Central American Acerentomidae species and their distribution in America is provided. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequence (barcode) is provided for several specimens of the species and compared with other proturan barcodes with a phylogenetic analysis.

A new species of Neocarus Chamberlin & Mulaik, 1942 (Opilioacarida, Opilioacaridae) from Brazil, with remarks on its postlarval development

Neocarus proteus sp. n., is described from caves and the surrounding epigean environment of ferruginous outcrops (Cangas) in Minas Gerais, Brazil. In addition, some notes about development in this species are presented. Neocarus proteus is the only species in the genus that has smooth or barbed genital setae and that carries coronidia on the basitarsi, tibiae and genua of legs II–III. Females carry additional setae with rounded tips on the subcapitulum, and are, on average, larger than males. This distinct sexual dimorphism appears in the tritonymphal instar and is maintained in the adults.