Additional Electric Charge Research Articles

Lorentzian Taub-NUT spacetimes: Misner string charges and the first law

Motivated by recent activities in Lorentzian Taub-NUT space thermodynamics, we calculate conserved charges of these spacetimes. We find additional mass, nut, angular momentum, electric and magnetic charge densities distributed along Misner string. These additional charges are needed to account for the difference between the values of the above charges at horizon and at infinity. We propose an unconstrained thermodynamical treatment for Taub-NUT spaces, where we introduce the nut charge $n$ as a relevant thermodynamic quantity with its chemical potential \phi_n. The internal energy in this treatment is M-n\phi_n rather than the mass M. This approach leads to an entropy which is a quarter of the area of the horizon and all thermodynamic quantities satisfy the first law, Gibbs-Duhem relation as well as Smarr's relation. We found a general form of the first law where the quantities depend on an arbitrary parameter. Demanding that the first law is independent of this arbitrary parameter or invariant under electric-magnetic duality leads to a unique form which depends on Misner string electric and magnetic charges. Misner string charges play an essential role in the first law, without them the first law is not satisfied.

Variance of Voltages in a Lattice Coulomb Gas

We study the behavior of the variance of the difference of energies for putting an additional electric unit charge at two different locations in the two-dimensional lattice Coulomb gas in the high-temperature regime. For this, we exploit the duality between this model and a discrete Gaussian model. Our estimates follow from a spontaneous symmetry breaking in the latter model.

Maxwell’s electrodynamics including spin and chirality

Maxwell electrodynamics and its modification are derived using quaternionic formulation. Starting from the quaternionic Maxwell’s equation, all subsequent equations are derived in a very succinct way. The energy, momentum, and spin angular momentum conservation equations are defined for quaternionic electrodynamics. Using the modified electrodynamics, we formally derive London’s equations of superconductivity without recourse to Newton’s second law of motion. The modified electrodynamics allows a longitudinal scalar field to arise besides the transverse electromagnetic field. The influence of the scalar field is manifested in several phenomena we already encountered but we have incorporated such effects in the framework of Maxwell’s electrodynamics. The non-uniformity and inhomogeneity of the medium, in which the electromagnetic field exists, affects the electromagnetic properties of the system in the way how the scalar field vary in space and time. Two different scenarios for quantum massive electrodynamics are proposed. One of the scenarios reduces to axion electrodynamics which further reduces to Maxwell–Proca massive boson electrodynamics. A quantum massive electrodynamic is studied and found not to alter the beauty of Maxwell’s electrodynamics. Additional electric and magnetic charge densities are found to be induced with non-dissipative currents.

Supporting ionic conductivity of Li2CO3/K2CO3 molten carbonate electrolyte by using yttria stabilized zirconia matrix

It is proposed that dual conductive electrolytes have the potential to improve properties of MCFC by using oxygen ion conductors as matrix material, creating what is termed composite electrolyte. In this work we present the results of testing a novel type of electrolyte of molten carbonate fuel cell which consists of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia impregnated by Lithium/Potassium carbonates. Polarization curves were obtained for temperatures between 500 °C and 800 °C. Without very accurate measurements it is not easy to determine the additional electric charge provided by oxygen ions (O=). We made an attempt to build a mathematical model which takes into account both conductivities and, based on the model, estimated the ratio of electric charge provided by oxygen ions and carbonate ions.

The interaction of two rigid semi-cylinders over anisotropic piezoelectric materials by the generalized Almansi theorem

An exact contact model of anisotropic piezoelectric materials under the action of two rigid, perfectly conducting semi-cylinders is established. Applying the generalized Almansi theorem arrives at general solutions of related governing equations feasible for both distinctive and repeated eigenvalue cases. Differentiation of the surface vertical displacement and electric potential leads to a system of singular integral equations with a kernel of 1/(ζ2 − x2) type, which is exactly solved by defining proper variables. The surface stresses and the surface electric displacements are given explicitly for two rigid semi-cylinders, which meet the requirements set by the boundary conditions. The results for a single rigid, perfectly conducting cylinder can be covered by those of the two rigid semi-cylinders. The numerical results show how the interaction of two semi-cylinders affects the indentation behaviors and demonstrate that the surface in-plane stress and the surface electric displacement are unbounded at both the inner and outer edges due to the additional electric charge applied on the perfectly conducting semi-cylinder.

AdS black holes from duality in gauged supergravity

We study and utilize duality transformations in a particular STU-model of four dimensional gauged supergravity. This model is a truncation of the de Wit-Nicolai N=8 theory and as such has a lift to eleven-dimensional supergravity on the seven-sphere. Our duality group is $U(1)^3$ and while it can be applied to any solution of this theory, we consider the known asymptotically AdS$_4$, supersymmetric black holes and focus on duality transformations which preserve supersymmetry. For static black holes we generalize the supersymmetric solutions of Cacciatori and Klemm from three magnetic charges to include two additional electric charges and argue that this is co-dimension one in the full space of supersymmetric static black holes in the STU-model. These new static black holes have nontrivial profiles for axions. For rotating black holes, we generalize the known two-parameter supersymmetric solution to include an additional parameter which represents scalar hair. When lifted to M-theory, these black holes correspond to the near horizon geometry of a stack of BPS rotating M2-branes, spinning on an $S^7$ which is fibered non-trivially over a Riemann surface.

Anomaly-induced charges in baryons

We show that quantum chiral anomaly of QCD in magnetic backgrounds induces a novel structure of electric charge inside baryons. To illustrate the anomaly effect, we employ the Skyrme model for baryons, with the anomaly-induced gauged Wess-Zumino term (\pi_0 + (multi-pion)) E_i B_i. Due to this term, the Skyrmions giving a local pion condensation ((\pi_0 + (multi-pion)) \neq 0) necessarily become a local charge source, in the background magnetic field B_i. We present detailed evaluation of the anomaly effects, and calculate the total induced charge, for various baryons in the magnetic field.

Validation of Frame-Transfer Correction of SELENE/LISM/MI

Since the visible detector of the Multiband Imager (MI) of the Lunar Imager/Spectrometer mounted on the Selenological and Engineering Explorer operates in a frame-transfer mode of a 2-D charge-coupled device, signals suffer from additional light exposure during the charge transfer, causing complicated artifacts. In this paper, we developed an iterative image-correction algorithm based on a model of multiband artifact phenomena. Using lunar images acquired while in orbit, we validated the correction performance based on a cross-comparison with near-infrared images of the MI obtained at a similar wavelength. Our correction algorithm corrected the additional electric charge of up to 10% of the obtained signal at the Apollo 16 site. Photometric and terrain corrections that include the effect of the observation angle were found to be important in precise cross-calibration.

Chiral Magnetic Wave at Finite Baryon Density and the Electric Quadrupole Moment of the Quark-Gluon Plasma

The chiral magnetic wave is a gapless collective excitation of quark-gluon plasma in the presence of an external magnetic field that stems from the interplay of chiral magnetic and chiral separation effects; it is composed of the waves of the electric and chiral charge densities coupled by the axial anomaly. We consider a chiral magnetic wave at finite baryon density and find that it induces the electric quadrupole moment of the quark-gluon plasma produced in heavy ion collisions: the "poles" of the produced fireball (pointing outside of the reaction plane) acquire additional positive electric charge, and the "equator" acquires additional negative charge. We point out that this electric quadrupole deformation lifts the degeneracy between the elliptic flows of positive and negative pions leading to v(2)(π(+))<v(2)(π(-)), and estimate the magnitude of the effect.

14N NQR Study of Polymorphism and Hydrogen Bonding in Molecular Complex Isonicotinamide−Oxalic Acid (2:1)

The complete (14)N nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectra have been measured in the two polymorphic crystalline phases of the molecular complex isonicotinamide-oxalic acid (2:1) by nuclear quadrupole double resonance. The observed NQR frequencies, quadrupole coupling constants, and asymmetry parameters (η) have been assigned to the two nitrogen positions (ring and amide) in a molecule on the basis of the intensity and multiplicity of the double resonance signals. The NQR data for the ring nitrogen in both polymorphic phases deviate from the correlation relations observed in substituted pyridines. This deviation is analyzed in a model, where it is assumed that an additional electric charge on the nitrogen atom changes the NQR parameters. The model suggests that this additional electric charge is negative so that the N···H-O hydrogen bond seem to be partially ionic, of the type N(-)···H-O.

Increase in the molecular component of the adhesive pressure in polymer composites induced by electric charge

The effect of electric charge, present at a glass fiber–polymer interface during the composite material formation, on the adhesive pressure between the components was studied. Additional electric charge was delivered to the interface by means of the deposition of charged polymer particles onto the fiber surface from a fluidized bed in an electric field. The adhesive pressure was calculated using the results of the variational mechanics analysis by Scheer and Nairn from the data obtained with a single fiber microbond test. Our experiments showed that the adhesive pressure increased by 15–20% in the case of charged polymer matrices. This can be attributed to both intensification of van der Waals forces due to extra interfacial pressure and, for polar polymers, the increase of the surface concentration of local adhesive bonds. The mechanical and kinetic models have been proposed to describe the observed behavior of the adhesive pressure; theoretical curves for the adhesive pressure as a function of the time and temperature of the contact formation, including the effect of electric factors, have been obtained. From the kinetic model, the activation energies for the process of adhesive contact formation were determined. The effect of acceleration of adhesive bonding in the presence of electric charge can be explained in terms of a decrease of the activation energy for local bond formation in an electric field.

Deformed vortices in(4+1)-dimensional Einstein-Yang-Mills theory

We study vortex-type solutions in a (4+1)-dimensional Einstein-Yang-Mills-SU(2) model. Assuming all fields to be independent on the extra coordinate, these solutions correspond in a four dimensional picture to axially symmetric multimonopoles, respectively monopole-antimonopole solutions. By boosting the five dimensional purely magnetic solutions we find new configurations which in four dimensions represents rotating regular nonabelian solutions with an additional electric charge.

The effect of electric field on the bond strength between thermoplastic polymers and carbon fibers

A single filament composite (SFC) test was employed to estimate the effects of electric fields and charges - present during the formation of a thermoplastic matrix-carbon fiber system - on interfacial adhesion. Additional electric charge was delivered to the contact region by depositing charged particles of a particulate matrix from a fluidized bed in an electric field. The fiber-matrix bond strength was observed to increase over the whole temperature range tested because the electric forces cause both electrostatic attraction between the fiber and the matrix and significant intensification of the influence of molecular forces through more intimate contact between the components. The effect of additional charge is especially pronounced with a rise in temperature, which is accompanied by an abrupt decrease in molten polymer viscosity. Since interfacial adhesion is controlled by the thinnest matrix layer adjacent to the fiber, it can be much improved by electrostatic deposition of an adhesionally active sub...

On the theory of the retrograde motion of a vacuum arc

In a tangential magnetic field the electrons flowing from the cathode spot towards the anode are deflected by the Lorentz force. The surplus electric charges accumulate at the plasma-electrode boundary (positive at the retrograde side of the spot and negative at the opposite side), thus forming a Hall electric field. This field increases the cathode voltage drop at the retrograde side and reduces it at the amperian side; the difference between the cathode voltage drops between these two sides being delta Vc. It is shown that since the Hall parameter omega e tau e increases with the distance from the spot, the main contribution to delta Vc is made by the rather distant (up to a distance of the order of the interelectrode gap) additional electric charges. The formula describing arc velocity is obtained on the basis of the hypothesis of the leading role of the cathode voltage drop asymmetry formed by the Hall field. This formula describes the experimental data on the velocity in the weak magnetic field as well as on the magnitude of magnetic field for which the velocity saturates. It also describes, in accordance with the experiment the velocity decrease with interelectrode gap decrease, in addition to the external gas and superimposition of magnetic field normal to the cathode surface.

Entsorgung von Öl‐in‐Wasser‐Emulsionen durch Elektrokoagulation

AbstractSeparation of oil‐water emulsions by electrocoagulation.Separating emulsified fluid drops or suspended solid particles from oil‐water mixtures is one of the central problems of disposal technology. Reprocessing used emulsions or suspensions, however, is complicated by emulsion stabilisers and impurities. The efficiency of mechanical separation methods often leaves much to be desired, so that flocculants or demulsifiers are added. These additives are expensive, produce secondary waste, and may have adverse effects on the properties of the resultant product as far as its reuse or disposal is concerned. Electrocoagulation, a treatment process developed at Battelle, has none of these drawbacks. It is based on the fact that the stability of colloids, suspensions, and emulsions is critically influenced by electric charges being repelled by like charges on the surface of particles. Therefore, if additional electric charges are supplied to the charged particles via appropriate electrodes, the surface charge of the particles is neutralised and several particles combine into larger, separable agglomerates. The process‐technological design is such that the emulsion (or suspension) flows through an electrochemical cell where it is demulsified. Energy consumption for this is low, chemicals need not be added, and no secondary waste results. Thus, a pretreatment process is available with which the separating efficiency of existing processes can be increased without having to modify the relevant apparatus significantly.

A charged Taub-NUT metric with torsion: A new axially symmetric solution of the poincare gauge field theory

Within the framework of the Poincaré gauge field theory, McCrea has recently discovered a Taub-NUT-like metric with torsion. The metric is axially symmetric, whereas the torsion turns out to be SO(3)-symmetric. We find the corresponding solution with an additional electric charge.

Electrophoretic mobility of PM2 DNA treated with ultimate chemical carcinogens or with ultraviolet light.

Superhelical DNA of the Pseudomonas phage PM2 was irradiated with UV-light or reacted with covalently binding carcinogens, such as 7-bromomethyl-benz[a]anthracene, (Ac)2ONFln, K-region epoxides, and alkylating agents. Migration velocity of the DNA products was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis. In gels of more than 1.3%-1.9% agarose, modified PM2 DNA exhibited a dose-(concentration-)dependent decrease of migration velocity. This phenomenon is probably due to a decrease in superhelix density which caused the compact DNA coil to assume eventually an open-circular conformation. Comparison of the extent of DNA modification with the decrease of migration velocity revealed that the superhelical structure sensitively reflected the chemical DNA alterations. DNA species exhibiting, in 1.6% agarose gels, a migration velocity of up to 30% of that of control DNA showed an increase of velocity in 0.4% agarose. Therefore, in 1.3%-1.9% agarose gels, the decrease os superhelix density is accompanied by an increase of the frictional coefficient, whereas in 0.4%-0.9% agarose gels the same decrease of superhelix density apparently led to a higher degree of flexibility of the macromolecule and/or exposure of additional electric charges.

Electromechanical effects associated with earthquakes

A theoretical model of an electroelastic continuum has been applied in this paper to the problem of electrodynamic phenomena (piezoelectricity, electrostriction, etc.) associated with earthquakes. In such a model the coupling between electric and mechanical fields expresses itself by a change of scale of mechanical effects along the electric field, as well as by the additional electric charge created by the earthquake source.