Addition Of Zinc Research Articles

Tracing the Effects of Calcium, Stannum, and Zinc Additions on the Creep Resistance of Mg–Al-Based Alloys

Tracing the Effects of Calcium, Stannum, and Zinc Additions on the Creep Resistance of Mg–Al-Based Alloys

New protective coatings against liquid zinc corrosion

Hot dip galvanizing is a surface treatment used to form a corrosion-resistant layer on the surface of steel by dipping it in a liquid zinc bath. However, a lot of structures used for hanging or containing the parts during the process are made of steel and suffer from liquid zinc corrosion. Furthermore, Fe–Zn intermetallics formed on the surface induce an additional pickling and zinc consummation, therefore generating supplementary economic and environmental costs. In this article, two Fe-Cr-Ni-Si coatings synthetized by the slurry process on carbon steel (C22) were characterized by XRD, EDX, EPMA and EBSD analyses. Their corrosion protective properties were studied in the process imitating cyclic batch galvanizing and compared to those of uncoated carbon steel (C22) and stainless steel (316 L). The coatings were verified to be more efficient than the 316 L steel usually used for this application. After 9 cycles of no weight loss, molten zinc corrosion was linear and the same for Fe-Cr-Ni-Si coatings as for the stainless steel.

Supplementation of Zinc on Antioxidant Activity, Blood Profile, Mineral Availability, Abdominal Fat, Digestive and Accessory Organs of Sikumbang Janti Duck

The present research aimed to evaluate the addition of zinc (Zn) on antioxidant activity, blood profile, mineral availability, and abdominal fat of Sikumbang Janti duck. A total of 96 female Sikumbang Janti ducks aged 8 weeks were used in this research. This study used a completely random design with four treatments and four replications (6 duck/replications). The treatments were as follows: control diet (Z0), the addition of 30 mg Zn/kg (Z1), 60 mg Zn/kg (Z2), and 90 mg Zn/kg(Z3). Variables observed were antioxidant activity, blood profile, mineral content in the tibia, and abdominal fat. The results showed that Zn addition on feed significantly increased antioxidant activity (DPPH), Zn concentration in thigh, leukocytes, mineral availability (Ca, P, and Zn) (P<0.01), and decreased weight of abdominal fat in Sikumbang Janti duck (P<0.01). Blood profiles (except leukocytes) were not affected by the addition of Zn in the diet (P>0.05). It is concluded that the Z2 (60 mg Zn/kg) addition improves antioxidant activity, blood leukocytes, zinc content in thigh meat, mineral availability, and decreases abdominal fat weight of Sikumbang Janti duck.

A Discussion on Utilization of Zinc Anode Applied in Cross-section Repair of RC Member Damaged by Chloride Attack - Time-Lag Application of Different Zinc Anodes -

This paper discusses the effectiveness of zinc anode cathodic protection applied to RC beam specimens severely damaged by chloride attack. Based on the experiment, that is, the zinc anode cathodic protection is applied to the 41-year-old RC beam specimens exposed to natural marine environments, suitable application method of zinc anode is discussed. In the experiment, repair was performed in three stages. In the first stage, polymer-modified mortar was cast to replace existing concrete in the middle tensile part with zinc anodes embedded in the repair mortar. After protective current became stable value, the anodes were disconnected from steel bars for a year defined as the second stage. During the one year of second stage, the steel bar in the repair area remained be passive state, without any sign of corrosion. As for the third stage, additional zinc anodes were installed in the existing concrete part in order to protect the steel in old chloride contaminated concrete. From one-year observation after the application of zinc anodes in old concrete part, it is confirmed that “time lag application” could stop the corrosion of steel bar in both parts.

Effect of supplementation of Zinc oxide and Zinc methionine on mortality rates in piglets

Pig production occupies an important place in modern agriculture. Piglets are far less demanding on nutrients as compared to poultry. The experiment was conducted to know the effect of feeding organic and inorganic sources of additional zinc on growth incidences of gut microbial status in piglets. Sixty graded (Large White Yorkshire) suckling piglets were randomly divided into three treatment groups of twenty piglets each based on litter size, parity and live birth weight. Treatment I (T1) served as control and these piglets were fed with deionized water daily as oral suspension. Treatment II (T2) and Treatment III (T3) were fed with fed Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Zinc Methionine (ZnM) daily (50 ppm) as oral suspension. The results of the experiment showed that the incidence of mortality in control (T1), zinc oxide (T2) and zinc methionine (T3) groups were 10, 5 and 0 per cent, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between control (T1), zinc oxide (T2) and zinc methionine (T3) groups. Based on the results of the current experiment and the reports available, the importance of supplementation of zinc oxide at higher than the recommended dosage may be considered for maintaining the proper growth, health and production status of piglets.

Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Property and Wear Behaviour of T6 Treated A356 Alloy with Minor Addition of Copper and Zinc

The present study examines the effect of trace additions of copper (up to 1 wt.%) and zinc (0.5 wt.%) as the alloying elements on the microstructure, hardness, and wear behaviour of T6 treated A356 (Al-7Si) alloy. Wear tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer under a constant sliding speed of 200 RPM, varying applied load (20–40 N), and sliding distance (0–3000 m) to determine the wear rate and the coefficient of friction. The results indicated a minimum of 1 wt.% of copper was required to form the Al2Cu intermetallic phase, resulting in a finer grain structure and improved hardness. However, the role of zinc as a trace element was not observed on the microstructure; the observed changes may be the combined effect of copper and zinc as a whole. The highest hardness of 107 VHN (98% increase) was achieved with 1 wt.% copper addition during peak aging at 100 °C. Also, wear tests showed that adding 1 wt.% copper to the A356 alloy and a 100 °C precipitation hardening (T6) treatment improved the wear resistance by 150–182% with a reduced coefficient of friction.

Tribological behavior at electronic scales for an oil-soluble ionic liquid with extremely low effective addition and highly load bearing capacity

The various forms of friction and wear present in mechanical systems consume a huge amount of the world’s energy sources. Ionic liquids (ILs) have drawn great attention as emerging lubricant materials and currently increasing efforts to drive their commercialization and engineering. Herein, one oil-soluble IL lubricant additive, 2-N-undecylimidazolium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate ([C11-IM][DEHP]), has been prepared by “bottom-up” structural design. Compared to the commercially available lubricant additive zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDPs) and existing oil-soluble ILs, [C11-IM][DEHP] shows significantly superior lubrication performance even at high normal loads (400 N). Its minimum effective concentration (0.1 wt%) is at least tenfold smaller than conventional additives. This extremely low effective concentration is vital to lower the total phosphorus content in the lubricating compounds for environmental protection and cost reduction. Furthermore, the lubrication mechanism was studied in detail by examining the electron transfer at the frictional interface and tribofilm analysis, which further reveal the lubrication nature at electronic scales for ILs.

Preparation and antibacterial properties of ZnSr-doped micro-arc oxidation coatings on titanium

Titanium and titanium alloys are biologically inert materials. The lack of rapid osseointegration and resistance to bacterial infection remain unsolved problems for these materials. To overcome these problems, zinc (Zn) and strontium (Sr) at different concentrations were doped into the surface coating of implants by one-step micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology. The microstructure, elemental content, chemical composition and corrosion resistance of the coating were studied. The antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of the coating were evaluated by antibacterial tests and proliferation tests of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The results show that the coating is mainly composed of the rutile phase and anatase phase. The content of zinc in the coating decreases with increasing strontium concentration. The addition of zinc and strontium in the electrolyte does not significantly change the microstructure and physical and chemical properties of the coating. The ZnSr-TiO2 coating shows good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which can effectively promote the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and the cells on the coating with a higher strontium content exhibit greater proliferation.

The Effect of Zinc and Niacin Powder Addition on some Physiological and Production Performance of Turkey

A study was carried out to look into the effects of dietary zinc and nicotinic acid (niacin) supplementation on growth performance, hematology and biochemical parameters of turkey. The birds were distributed in to four treatments each treatment have three replicates. (3 birds / replicate) T1 no additive as control, fed diets supplemented with Zn (100 mg/kg) T2, Niacin (100 mg/kg diet) T3 and combination of them Zn100 mg/kg+ niacin 100 mg/kg) T4. the results analyzed by CRD arrangement design. Obvious results indicated that supplemented Zn and Niacin enhance the production performance and make a positive effect on the hematology (RBC count, Hb concentration, PCV) and biochemical parameters In each of (AST, ALT, cholesterol and triglyceride

Novel Quaternary CuAlZnMg High Temperature Shape Memory Alloy (HTSMA) Fabricated by Minor Batch of Zn and Mg Additions

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) constitute the second largest commercial smart material class after piezoelectric materials. Different SMA alloy systems or SMAs with miscellaneous functionalities and characteristic properties have been designed for using in different applications until today. High temperature shape memory alloys (HTSMAs) are also widely desired to be used in various smart materials applications. HTSMAs with different functional and characteristic properties are muchly demanded for different tasks to be done by these alloys or devices designed by these alloys. A common and practical way to fabricate SMAs or HTSMAs with different shape memory effect (SME) and other properties is to fabricate them with different alloying compositions and add different additive elements. In this work, a quaternary CuAlZnMg HTSMA with an unprecedented composition consisting minor amount of zinc and magnesium additives was produced by arc melting method. As a result of applying post-homogenization in high β–phase temperature region and immediate quenching, the microstructural mechanism of a SME property was formed in the produced alloy. After then, to examine SME characteristics of the CuAlZnMg alloy some differential thermal analysis (DTA), microstructural (XRD) and magnetization (VSM) characterization tests were carried out. The DTA results showed that the alloy is a HTSMA exhibiting reverse martensitic transformations at temperature range between 167 °C and 489 °C. The XRD pattern obtained at room temperature revealed the martensite phases formed in the alloy, which phases are the base mechanism of the reversible martensitic transformation (the SME property) of the alloy. The VSM test showed that the alloy exhibit a diamagnetic property with a weak ferromagnetic coercivity contribution.

Zinc Speciation and Propane Dehydrogenation in Zn/H-ZSM-5 Catalysts

Zn/H-ZSM-5 catalysts have been frequently investigated for propane dehydrogenation (PDH); however, the active site remains unresolved due to the complexity of the system. We employed in situ FTIR spectroscopy and a kinetics method to correlate the Zn speciation and PDH activity in Zn/H-ZSM-5 with two Si/Al ratios (15 and 39) and a range of Zn/Al ratios (0–1.7). Incremental additions of zinc show that Zn2+ sites are preferentially formed on H-ZSM-5 over a fraction of paired Al sites followed by [Zn-O-Zn]2+ and [ZnOH]+ sites and then ZnOx clusters. The [Zn-OH]+ and [Zn-O-Zn]2+ sites in H-ZSM-5 are more active and selective than isolated Zn2+ for PDH. [Zn-OH]+ species sublimate over time on stream, leading to catalyst deactivation, while [Zn-O-Zn]2+ species are stable even after high-temperature reduction (750 °C for 60 min). Three distinct Zn sites ([Zn-O-Zn]2+, Zn2+, and [ZnOH]+) show a similar propane reaction order (close to 1) and H2 reaction order (close to 0). Combined with the lack of Zn hydride when propane flows over the catalyst at 550 °C, it is concluded that propane adsorption and dissociation is a rate-determining step and H2 desorption is fast. This work indicates that the preparation of H-ZSM-5 with abundant Al pairs may be a strategy to form stable and selective Zn/H-ZSM-5 catalysts for propane dehydrogenation. It is also highlighted that examining the effect of both metal/Al ratios and Al distribution of the zeolite is crucial in identifying the metal cations in metal–zeolite systems.

Study of cadmium ions cementation with zinc powder from high-cadmium-concentration zinc sulphate solutions

ABSTRACT The recovery of metals from industrial and metallurgical effluents is crucial to minimise the environmental and economic impacts associated with the generation and disposal of these solutions. Therefore, this study uses zinc powder for the cementation of cadmium from a high-cadmium-concentration zinc sulphate solution. This study investigates the dependence of cadmium removal efficiency on the initial copper concentration, solution pH, stoichiometric ratio of added zinc, temperature, particle size, zinc powder activation and mode of zinc addition. The results show the possibility of achieving a cadmium removal efficiency 90–95% under optimal conditions. The reaction kinetics calculations revealed an activation energy of 11.89 kJ mol–1, indicating a diffusion-controlled reaction mechanism and the possibility to reduce the limitations of the controlling step by increasing the stirring rate during the cementation process. These observations provide further understanding and guidance toward the efficient utilisation of cadmium cementation to prepare sponge cadmium in zinc hydrometallurgy.

The addition of zinc ions to polymer-ceramic composites accelerated osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells

Critical-sized bone defects, caused by congenital disorders or trauma, are defects that will not heal spontaneously and require surgical intervention. Recent advances in biomaterial design for the treatment of such defects focus on improving their osteoinductive properties. Here, we propose a bioactive composite with high ceramic content composed of poly(ethyleneoxide terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (1000PEOT70PBT30, PolyActive, PA) and 50 % beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) with the addition of zinc in a form of a coating on the TCP particles. Due to its essential role in bone homeostasis, we hypothesised that the addition of zinc to the polymer-ceramic composite will further enhance its osteogenic properties. β-TCP particles were immersed in a zinc solution with a concentration of 15 or 45 mM. The addition of zinc did not alter the β-TCP composition or the release of calcium or phosphate ions. 3D porous 1000PEOT70PBT30 - β-TCP scaffolds were additively manufactured by “3D fibre deposition” and their ability to support the osteogenic differentiation was assessed by culturing clinically relevant human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) on the scaffolds for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The expression of osteogenic gene markers was increased in the presence of both zinc concentrations. Remarkably, upregulation of osteocalcin (OCN), a late osteogenic marker, was observed after three days of culture. Furthermore, enhanced extracellular matrix (ECM) production and mineralization was observed. These findings support the existing evidence on the osteogenic properties of zinc and further demonstrate that the incorporation of zinc into a polymer-ceramic composite could be a promising strategy in the field of regeneration of critical-sized bone defects.

Optical Properties of Cerium Oxide Doped Zinc Borotellurite Glass

The addition of rare earth, zinc, and borate in tellurite glass was found can enhance the glass properties and overcome its existing weaknesses. These include improving the glass forming ability and stability. In this study, cerium-doped zinc borotellurite glasses were produced using conventional melt-quenching technique and the optical properties of the glasses were investigated. UV-VIS spectra show that the absorption edge shifted to a higher wavelength with CeO2 addition from 0 until 0.05 mol. Consequently, the direct and indirect optical band gap was found to decrease from 3.60 to 2.07 eV and 3.28 to 1.46 eV respectively. On the contrary, the refractive index was found to increase from 2.326 to 3.017. This is attributed to the presence of cerium ions and the formation of non-bridging oxygens. Besides that, the Urbach energy found to be maximum at 0.02 mol CeO2 and minimum at 0.00 mol CeO2. This indicates that there are some structural disorders occur in the glass network as CeO2 introduced into the system. The molar refraction, molar polarizability, oxide ion polarizability and optical basicity exhibited similar trend of data as the CeO2 content was increased which signifies the relation of these parameters. Meanwhile, the metallization criterion is reported to be decreased, indicating that the glass sample become more metallized with the addition of cerium oxide.

Oral Zinc Supplementation in Chronically HEV-Infected Patients Not Responding to Ribavirin Monotherapy

Background: Chronic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection may progress to end-stage liver disease in immunosuppressed individuals. Ribavirin therapy is efficient in most chronic HEV patients, but 10% remain without a sustained virological response (SVR). Objectives: We aimed to study whether zinc supplementation could represent a therapeutic approach in these patients. Methods: Antiviral properties of zinc salts were studied in vitro (subgenomic-replicon system), in vivo (rabbit model), and retrospectively in patients with chronic hepatitis E who did not achieve SVR under ribavirin monotherapy. Results: Zinc inhibited HEV genotype 3 replication in vitro. In a model of acute HEV infection in immunocompetent rabbits, zinc + ribavirin did not improve viral clearance compared to ribavirin monotherapy. In chronically HEV-infected patients not responding to ribavirin (n = 12), viral clearance was observed in 4/12 (33%) patients receiving additional zinc supplementation. Conclusions: Oral zinc, an inexpensive, harmless dietary supplement, could potentially represent a rescue treatment option for a few patients with chronic hepatitis E without SVR under ribavirin monotherapy. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of zinc in HEV.

Iron Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate in Extruded Rice Cofortified with Zinc Sulfate Is Greater than When Cofortified with Zinc Oxide in a Human Stable Isotope Study

Background: Extruded rice grains are often cofortified with iron and zinc. However, it is uncertain if the addition of zinc to iron-fortified rice affects iron absorption and whether this is zinc-compound specific.Objective: We investigated whether zinc, added as zinc oxide (ZnO) or zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), affects human iron absorption from extruded rice fortified with ferric pyrophosphate (FePP).Methods: In 19 iron-depleted Swiss women (plasma ferritin ≤16.5 μ/L) aged between 20 and 39 y with a normal body mass index (in kg/m2; 18.7-24.8), we compared iron absorption from 4 meals containing fortified extruded rice with 4 mg Fe and 3 mg Zn. Three of the meals contained extruded rice labeled with FePP (57FePP): 1) 1 meal without added zinc (57FePP-Zn), 2) 1 cofortified with ZnO (57FePP+ZnO), and 3) 1 cofortified with ZnSO4 (57FePP+ZnSO4). The fourth meal contained extruded rice without iron or zinc, extrinsically labeled with ferrous sulfate (58FeSO4) added as a solution after cooking. All 4 meals contained citric acid. Iron bioavailability was measured by isotopic iron ratios in red blood cells. We also measured relative in vitro iron solubility from 57FePP-Zn, 57FePP+ZnO, and 57FePP+ZnSO4 expressed as a fraction of FeSO4 solubility.Results: Geometric mean fractional iron absorption (95% CI) from 57FePP+ZnSO4 was 4.5% (3.4%, 5.8%) and differed from 57FePP+ZnO (2.7%; 1.8%, 4.1%) (P < 0.03); both did not differ from 57FePP-Zn: 4.0% (2.8%, 5.6%). Relative iron bioavailabilities compared with 58FeSO4 were 62%, 57%, and 38% from 57FePP+ZnSO4, 57FePP-Zn, and 57FePP+ZnO, respectively. In vitro solubility from 57FePP+ZnSO4 differed from that of 57FePP-Zn (14.3%; P < 0.02) but not from that of 57FePP+ZnO (10.2% compared with 13.1%; P = 0.08).Conclusions: In iron-depleted women, iron absorption from FePP-fortified extruded rice cofortified with ZnSO4 was 1.6-fold (95% CI: 1.4-, 1.9-fold) that of rice cofortified with ZnO. These findings suggest that ZnSO4 may be the preferable zinc cofortificant for optimal iron bioavailability of iron-fortified extruded rice. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02255942.

AURUBIS CuZn0.5

Abstract Aurubis CuZn0.5 is a copper alloy deoxidized by the addition of zinc. It has good electrical conductivity (≥ 82% IACS), and higher strength as compared to pure copper. This alloy has very good welding and soldering properties because it is largely insensitive to hydrogen embrittlement. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and bend strength. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and joining. Filing Code: Cu-938. Producer or source: Aurubis AG.

An organic semiconductor obtained with a low-temperature process for light-addressable potentiometric sensors

In this study, the first trial of donor and acceptor bulk heterojunctions (BHJs) is proposed for light-addressable potentiometric sensors (LAPSs) due to organic conjugated molecules with the advantages of energy level/band gap modification and high absorption of visible light. The benzodithiophene-based polymer PTB7-Th and fullerene PC71BM are selected for integration with an Al2O3 sensing membrane using atomic layer deposition at temperatures lower than 100 ℃ for pH sensing LAPS. In the stability performance, the hysteresis width of the best condition with a mixing weight ratio of PC71BM to PTB7-Th of 1.5 is 4.4 mV, which is inferior to that of the conventional inorganic semiconductor-based LAPSs. By means of an additional spin-coated zinc oxide (ZnO) layer, the signal-to-noise ratio of the photocurrent of this fabricated LAPS can be maintained at 3.2 after 170 min of measurement with an acceptable sensitivity, linearity, drift coefficient and hysteresis of 50.2 mV/pH, 99.9%, − 3.1 mV/h and 1.4 mV, respectively. With the proper adjustment of illumination with low power and large spots, chemical imaging with a scanning step of 25 µm can be conducted to indicate the feasibility of this low-temperature process developed for spin-coated organic semiconductor-based LAPSs.

Routine addition of zinc to the parenteral fluid formula is not able to prevent zinc deficiency in all patients receiving parenteral nutrition

Abstract Background Zinc deficiency is associated with poor wound healing, skin lesions, alopecia, etc. It is common in malnourished patients. Although parenteral nutrition (PN) has anabolic effect; however, lack of zinc supplement for a long period might result in zinc deficiency. The aim of the study is to calculate the incidence of zinc deficiency and the correlation to multiple nutritional parameters. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of patients who received PN and were under care of nutrition support service of Mackay Memorial Hospital from 1995 to 2020. Zinc serum level less than 800 μg/L were considered zinc deficiency. All patients had evaluation of nutrition status by assessing of albumin, total lymphocyte count (TLC), and midarm circumference (MAC). Results Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. A total of 3854 patients received PN during this period, 18 of them had zinc level less than 800 μg/L. In those 18 patients, 12 of them had clinical symptoms and signs of zinc deficiency. The average day of receiving PN for patients was 74.4 ± 62.5 (14–204) days. The average day of appearance of symptoms was 11 ± 12.3 (1–43) days. Eleven patients received blood or plasma transfusion during this period. It was found that serum zinc level did not correlate with serum albumin, TLC, and MAC. Conclusions Zinc deficiency could occur in patients with PN and adequate supply of calorie. It also occurs in patients with extra loss such as discharges from enterocutaneous fistula even in patients with supply of daily requirement of zinc. Zinc deficiency does not correlate with serum albumin, TLC, MAC, or age.

Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Biodegradable Mg–0.5Zr–0.5Ca–xZn Magnesium Alloys

Mechanical properties and in vitro corrosion behavior of biodegradable Mg–0.5Zr–0.5Ca–xZn alloys in the simulated body fluid (SBF) solution are investigated. Zinc addition leads to a remarkable grain refinement in the as‐cast condition, as well as the formation of Ca2Mg6Zn3 and Mg7Zn3 compounds. As a result, the lean Mg–0.5Zr–0.5Ca–1Zn alloy shows the best combination of mechanical properties with an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 182 MPa, total elongation of 9.5%, and tensile toughness of 13 MJ m−3, which reveals ≈80%, 72%, and 190% improvements compared to those obtained for the Mg–0.5Zr–0.5Ca alloy, respectively. This sample also exhibits improved corrosion behavior, where a decrease in the corrosion current density (iCorr) is recorded via the addition of 1 wt% Zn. However, higher Zn additions result in the formation of a quasi‐continuous eutectic network with the consequent deterioration of tensile properties and increased effect of microgalvanic couples. The extreme grain refinement induced by the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) remarkably improves the overall mechanical properties of the hot extruded alloy but increased the iCorr. Accordingly, the properties of Mg–0.5Zr–0.5Ca alloys can be tailored for biomedical applications via Zn addition and thermomechanical processing.