Addition Of Various Types Research Articles

Analysis of the Current State of Research on Bio-Healing Concrete (Bioconcrete).

The relatively small tensile strength of concrete makes this material particularly vulnerable to cracking. However, the reality is that it is not always possible and practically useful to conduct studies on high-quality sealing cracks due to their inaccessibility or small opening width. Despite the fact that currently there are many technologies for creating self-healing cement composites, one of the most popular is the technology for creating a biologically active self-healing mechanism for concrete. It is based on the process of carbonate ion production by cellular respiration or urease enzymes by bacteria, which results in the precipitation of calcium carbonate in concrete. This technology is environmentally friendly and promising from a scientific and practical point of view. This research focuses on the technology of creating autonomous self-healing concrete using a biological crack-healing mechanism. The research methodology consisted of four main stages, including an analysis of the already conducted global studies, ecological and economic analysis, the prospects and advantages of further studies, as well as a discussion and the conclusions. A total of 257 works from about 10 global databases were analyzed. An overview of the physical, mechanical and operational properties of bioconcrete and their changes is presented, depending on the type of active bacteria and the method of their introduction into the concrete mixture. An analysis of the influence of the automatic addition of various types of bacteria on various properties of self-healing bioconcrete is carried out, and an assessment of the influence of the method of adding bacteria to concrete on the process of crack healing is also given. A comparative analysis of various techniques for creating self-healing bioconcrete was performed from the point of view of technical progress, scientific potential, the methods of application of this technology, and their resulting advantages, considered as the factor impacting on strength and life cycle. The main conditions for a quantitative assessment of the sustainability and the possibility of the industrial implementation of the technology of self-healing bioconcrete are identified and presented. Various techniques aimed at improving the recovery process of such materials are considered. An assessment of the influence of the strength of cement mortar after adding bacteria to it is also given. Images obtained using electron microscopy methods are analyzed in relation to the life cycle of bacteria in mineral deposits of microbiological origin. Current gaps and future research prospects are discussed.

Additive-Driven Nanoscale Architecture of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Revealed by Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy.

In Li metal batteries (LMBs), which boast the highest theoretical capacity, the chemical structure of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) serves as the key component that governs the growth of reactive Li. Various types of additives have been developed for electrolyte optimization, representing one of the most effective strategies to enhance the SEI properties for stable Li plating. However, as advanced electrolyte systems become more chemically complicated, the use of additives is empirically optimized. Indeed, their role in SEI formation and the resulting cycle life of LMBs are not well-understood. In this study, we employed cryogenic transmission electron microscopy combined with Raman spectroscopy, theoretical studies including molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and electrochemical measurements to explore the nanoscale architecture of SEI modified by the most representative additives, lithium nitrate (LiNO3) and vinylene carbonate (VC), applied in a localized high-concentration electrolyte. We found that LiNO3 and VC play distinct roles in forming the SEI, governing the solvation structure, and influencing the kinetics of electrochemical reduction. Their collaboration leads to the desired SEI, ensuring prolonged cycle performance for LMBs. Moreover, we propose mechanisms for different Li growth and cycling behaviors that are determined by the physicochemical properties of SEI, such as uniformity, elasticity, and ionic conductivity. Our findings provide critical insights into the appropriate use of additives, particularly regarding their chemical compatibility.

Growth of Vannamei Shrimp (Litopeneaus vannamei) in Rearing Media with Different Salinities

The addition of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium minerals has been carried out separately in vannamei shrimp cultivation activities using fresh water media. Furthermore, the combination of the three types of potassium is expected to mutually fulfill the mineral needs of vannamei shrimp so that their growth becomes more optimal. This research aims to analyze the growth of vannamei shrimp reared in various media with different mineral levels. The treatments in this study were P1 (30 ppt), P2 (20 ppt), P3 (10 ppt), P4 (0 ppt without the addition of minerals), and P5 (0 ppt with the addition of various types of mineral sources). The research results show that the best SGR weight is found in P1 at 12.42%/day. The highest SR value was also obtained at P1, namely 65%. The SR and SGR values at P5 are higher than at P4, but still lower than at P1, P2, and P3. Based on these results, it is known that the growth of vannamei shrimp reared in fresh water media with added minerals has increased compared to vannamei shrimp reared in fresh water media without added minerals, but is still lower compared to the growth of vannamei shrimp reared in water media. sea. Furthermore, research is needed on adding other types of minerals to low salinity vannamei shrimp cultivation media.

Shortening of fast firing in the ceramic tile production by inorganic additives - an upscale to the industry

The paper discusses the usage of additives that are protected by the European patent to enhance the features of ceramic tiles. Under laboratory conditions, various types of additives in different concentrations (0.15, 0.30 and 0.50%) were added to the ceramic mass, and changes in shrinkage, modulus of rupture and water absorption were observed. After selecting the appropriate additive and its concentration, a series of industrial tests is performed. The characteristics of regular ceramic mass and mass with the selected additive were monitored without adjusting process parameters in the industrial conditions. Furthermore, utilizing additives allowed for shortening of the fire time without distorting the characteristics of the final products. The application of additives in industrial settings has demonstrated that floor tiles can be produced with improved characteristics and increased production capacity by 6.8%. Thus, significant energy savings and a lowered CO2 footprint can be provided.

АНАЛІЗ ВПЛИВУ ПОЛІФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОГО МОДИФІКАТОРА НА ВОДОСТІЙКІСТЬ КОМПОЗИЦІЙНОГО ГІПСОВОГО В'ЯЖУЧОГО

The article highlights the issue of increasing the water resistance of a composite gypsum binder based on the analysis of a full-scale experiment. To solve the problem, a 24-point plan in the form of "triangles on a cube" of the experimental and statistical model of the effect of additives of various types and purposes on the properties of a composite gypsum binder, taking into account the interactions between them, calculated in the COMPEX program, was used. A universal method of increasing the water resistance of gypsum materials is to reduce their porosity. For this purpose, small amounts of polymeric or plasticizing additives are introduced into the gypsum binder to increase their density. A way to increase water resistance is to add up to 10-40% of mineral components, which, due to their binding properties, harden into a water-resistant stone-like material. At the first stage of the experiment, we analyzed the change in water resistance by the value of the softening coefficient Kr under the influence of micro-puzzolan additives, a micro-reinforcing modifier additive, and Sika superplasticizer. The range of variation of all additives was established by the experiment plan. The next stage of the study analyzed the possibility of further improving water resistance by using bulk and surface water repellents. To evaluate the effect of hydrophobic primers on the surface properties of gypsum binder samples, the marginal wetting angle is measured using the sitting drop method. It is shown that the complex modification of the composite gypsum binder with micro-reinforcing, polymineral micro-puzzolanic filler additives and Sika superplasticizer in optimal proportions makes it possible to obtain a composite gypsum binder with a softening coefficient of 0.9. Volumetric hydrophobization provides an additional increase in compressive strength and water resistance.

Enhancing rheology and physico-mechanical properties of ceramic slurries: Effect of the addition of various types of deflocculants

This study investigated the impact of various types of deflocculants with different chemical composition on ceramic slurries rheology. Organic and inorganic plasticizers were substituted for sodium silicate plasticizers in floor tile recipes, and their effects on rheology were assessed. The interactions of these materials with the silicate and ceramic slurry in terms of synergistic, antagonistic, and additive properties were then determined. In addition, the physico-mechanical properties of the ceramic bodies obtained using commercial plasticizers were investigated. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mineralogical properties using x-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed. Results revealed that the addition of silicate to the slurry had a synergistic effect on rheology, reducing second viscosity to 50 s with a thixotropy ratio of 22%. Moreover, the flexural strength of the sample with 1% silicate addition increased by 13.6%, indicating positive effects on physico-mechanical properties. SEM analysis indicated the formation of a more uniform dispersion of particles with silicate addition. These findings suggest that incorporating silicate into ceramic slurries can effectively enhance both rheology and physico-mechanical properties, holding significant implications for ceramic tile and product manufacturing.

Development of Prediction Models for Shear Strength of FRP Reinforced Fibrous Concrete Beams without Stirrups Using ANN and Nonlinear Regression

ABSTRACT The shear behaviour of fibre-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete (FRP-RC) beams without web reinforcement suffers from low strength, low stiffness, more brittleness and wide and quick propagated cracks. Fortunately, the addition of various types of fibres could improve most of these weaknesses. On the other hand, the shear strength prediction of FRP-RC beams with various types of fibres is one of the most complex cases in structural engineering applications. Developing generalised, precise and consistent prediction models are necessary and very limited. This paper investigates the impacts of various types of fibres on shear strength and presents proposing four new prediction models, utilising artificial neural networks and empirical nonlinear regression analysis, and modifying the combination of available models based on a collected database of 49 shear test results of FRP-RC members with various types of fibres. The comparison of the developed models with the available equations from the literature indicates that the developed models yielded excellent performance, great efficiency and a high level of accuracy over all other existing models. Additionally, the parametric study confirmed that all the developed models have great abilities to accurately predict the actual response of each parameter, in spite of its complexity, on the shear strength of FRP-reinforced fibrous concrete beams without stirrups.

Acceptance of Vegetable Addition Formulation (Carrot, Spinach, and Broccoli) in Chicken Nugget (NUSA)

Background: The consumption of vegetables in Indonesian society, especially for school-age children, is relatively low. The 2013 Basic Health Research results show that 96.4% of the population aged 10 years consume less vegetables in West Java. One study stated that as many as 70.2% of children at SDN 139 Sukarasa Bandung consume less fruit and vegetables. There is a shift in consumption style which makes ready-to-cook and ready-to-eat food an alternative choice for people to serve to children (Sugiarto, et al. 2018). One example of a ready-to-cook food menu is nugget. The formulation of adding vegetables to nuggets can be an alternative to increase the acceptance of vegetables in school-age children. Objectives: Knowing the acceptability of the formulation of adding vegetables (carrots, spinach, and broccoli) to chicken nuggets (NUSA) Methods: The preliminary study was conducted on 5 limited panelists and the follow-up study was conducted on 25 Darul Muchsin ALMA'HAD Foundation students aged 10-12 years. Results: Untrained panelists identified the most preferred formula, namely formula three (F3). Based on the Kruskal Wallis statistical test, there was no significant difference in the addition of various types of vegetables to the characteristics of color, aroma, texture, and taste of the nugget formula (F0, F1, F2, and F3). The results of the Mann Whitney difference test on each characteristic of color, aroma, texture, and taste have a significance value of > 0.05, which means there is no specific difference of each characteristic of color, aroma, texture, and taste between formulas (F0-F1, F0-F2, F0-F3, F1-F2, F1-F3, and F2-F3). Conclusions: The addition of vegetables to NUSA nuggets had good acceptability, especially formula 3 and there was no significant difference between the addition formulas (F1, F2, and F3) and the standard formula (F0).

Performance Assessment of Cellulose Paper Impregnated in Nanofluid for Power Transformer Insulation Application: A Review

Insulation cellulose paper is a basic measure for a power transformer’s remaining useful life, and its advantageous low cost, electrical, and mechanical properties have made it an extensive insulation system when impregnated in a dielectric liquid. Cellulose paper deteriorates as a result of ageing due to some chemical reactions like pyrolysis (heat), hydrolysis (moisture), and oxidation (oxygen) that affects its degree of polymerization. The condition analysis of cellulose paper has been a major concern since the collection of paper samples from an operational power transformer is almost impossible. However, some chemicals generated during cellulose paper deterioration, which were dissolved in dielectric liquid, have been used alternatively for this purpose as they show a direct correlation with the paper’s degree of polymerization. Furthermore, online and non-destructive measurement of the degree of polymerization by optical sensors has been proposed recently but is yet to be available in the market and is yet generally acceptable. In mitigating the magnitude of paper deterioration, some ageing assessments have been proposed. Furthermore, researchers have successfully enhanced the insulating performance of oil-impregnated insulation paper by the addition of various types of nanoparticles. This study reviews the ageing assessment of oil-paper composite insulation and the effect of nanoparticles on tensile strength and electrical properties of oil-impregnated paper insulation. It includes not only significant tutorial elements but also some analyses, which open the door for further research on the topic.

Оцінка якості мармеладу з додаванням багатокомпонентної плодово-ягідної пасти

Today, the manufacturers of the confectionery industry increasingly focus on the production of products with the addition of various types of fruit and berry raw materials, which are characterized by a high content of physiologically valuable nutrients. Traditionally, such raw materials are used in the technologies of marmalade and paste swirls in the form of pastes, purees and stews. Technologies for obtaining such products involve the use of preservatives, the excessive entry of which into the human body is undesirable. Also, during their production, high temperatures are used (boiling, pasteurization, sterilization), which leads to a decrease in the content of some vitamins, causes the destruction of polyphenolic compounds and the loss of the product's original taste and aroma. Considering this, it is relevant to study the possibility of preserving the natural properties of fruit and berry raw materials by using gentle technological modes for its processing, in particular, low-temperature processing. The quality of the developed jelly-fruit marmalade technology with the replacement of 30% of the recipe fruit puree with a multi-component fruit and berry paste was evaluated. The fruit and berry paste is a blended composition of apple-quinceblackcurrant (40:50:10) concentrated in a rotary film apparatus under gentle conditions (temperature 45...50 °С), which contributes to the maximum preservation of the substances of the derived raw materials. The physico-chemical parameters of the studied marmalades are characterized by close values and are at the level regulated by regulatory documentation. Also, the new product has a higher content of pectin substances (1.5 times), vitamin C (4.8 times) and polyphenols (5.4 times) compared to the control sample. According to the value of the integrated quality assessment index, which took into account group indicators (organoleptic, physico-chemical, biological value), the proposed marmalade exceeds the sample made by classical technology by 39%. Thus, the improved marmalade technology is competitive.

Characterization of proteoglycan products of naturation of chitosan extraction liquid waste with sulfate ions

The process of naturation of chitosan extraction liquid waste into proteoglycans with various types of binders is an effort to make new materials / materials that are expected to provide benefits to increase livestock productivity. The new material (proteoglycan) is formed through a reaction mechanism that is highly dependent on the original component as well as additional components that function as receptors (inhibitors) or activators (triggers) for the formation / occurrence of molecular adhesion (chelating) to a core chain. In addition, the process of naturation of liquid waste is also an effort to manage or handle the environment from waste which if not handled can have a negative impact on the environment. This can happen because the denaturation of protein components or molecules contained in liquid waste becomes pollution due to the decay process. The purpose of the study was to obtain the character of proteoglycan quality as a result of the addition of various types of sulphate ion binders through measuring the digestibility and hematologic values of blood in broiler chickens. The study used experimental methods in the laboratory. The experimental design used was a Complete Randomized Design (6 X 4), with six treatments (3 types of chemical product binders and 3 types of biological product binders), which were repeated four times. The effect of the treatment was statistically tested by fingerprint analysis, and the difference between treatments was tested with the Duncan Multiple Distance Test. The research was carried out in two stages, namely the preparation stage (making proteoglycans with the addition of three types of sulphate ion binders), and the product quality testing stage. Product testing through measurement of digestibility (dry matter and protein) and hematologic (number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and haematocrits) values of broiler blood. The results showed that liquid waste extracting chitosan from shrimp shells (both through chemical and biological processes) can be used as a source of making proteoglycans and can be used as a feed supplement in broiler chicken rations. Quality characteristics of proteoglycan products: good quality Proteoglycans of chemical and biological processes with potassium sulphate binders; Moderate quality chemical and biological process proteoglycans with ammonium sulphate binders, and biological process proteoglycans with sodium hydro sulphate binders; and Poor-quality Proteoglycan chemical process with sodium hydro sulphate binder. The number of erythrocytes, leukocytes and haematocrits blood of broiler chickens are normal for all types of products.

Strength properties of fiber reinforced concrete including steel fibers

PurposeThis paper aims to study the influence of the presence of steel and polyolefin (PO) fibers on the mechanical and durability properties of fiber and hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC and HFRC).Design/methodology/approachHooked-end steel fibers having a length of 35 mm were applied at four different fiber content 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5%, respectively. PO fibers having the length of 45 mm were also replaced with steel fibers at three different fiber content, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.0%, to provide HFRC. The compressive, indirect tensile and flexural strengths; electrical resistivity; and water absorption were evaluated in this study.FindingsThe results showed that the addition of both steel and PO fibers led to improvements in the mechanical properties of FRC and HFRC. However, the replacement of steel fibers with PO fibers led to a slight loss in mechanical properties. Also, it was concluded that the addition of various types of fibers to concrete decreased both the electrical resistivity and water absorption compared with the control sample. Finally, distance-based approach analysis was used to select the most optimal mix designs.Originality/valueAccording to this method, the HFRC specimen including 1.2% of steel and 0.8% of PO fibers was the most optimal mix design among all fiber-reinforced mix designs.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS INGREDIENTS ON THE PHYSICO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ICE CREAM


 
 
 Ice cream is a dairy product prepared with the addition of various types of ingredients to make desirable quality liked by consumers of various ages. Ice cream industry at Pakistan is also concerned with preparation of new flavour. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of various types of ingredients on the physicochemical properties of ice cream. The complete this study, randomized design was used. The three types of milk cow milk, buffalo milk and skimmed milk were used with the addition of table sugar and aspartame as sweetener whereas, the vegetable ghee and fresh milk cream were used to improve the quality of ice cream.The result observed shown statistically significant difference (P< 0.05) in each sampleforoBrix, ash %, fat %, protein %, sucrose%and carbohydrate content respectively. Ice cream prepared with buffalo milk observed with higher Tss (oBrix) of 18.7% pH 6.71, ash% 0.81, total fat9.03%, protein8.34%, sucrose11.18% and total carbohydrate29.7% were recorded in ice cream samples.Whereas, ice cream prepared with cow milk observed low in Tssfat, protein, sucroseand total carbohydrate while the ice cream prepared with skimmed milk power result in lower Tss of 15.92 less ash content0.5 very low quantity of fat1.75% protein 3.32% sucrose 7.87% and carbohydrates 20.93%. Therefore, it is concluded from this study that ice cream prepared with buffalo milk and cow milk is highly nutritious and appealing to the consumer.
 
 

PHYSICAL QUALITY, IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY, AND FERMENTATION PRODUCTS OF SILAGE RICE STRAW ADDED VARIOUS TYPES OF LEGUMINOSE


 
 
 This study aims to determine the physical quality, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, N-NH3, and total VFA of rice straw silage added with various legumes. This research was conducted at Farm Sesetan and at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Forage Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry Udayana University from No- vember to December 2020. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications were P0 (90% rice straw + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P1 (60% rice straw + 30% Calliandra calothyrsus + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P2 (60% rice straw + 30% Gliricidia sepium + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P3 (60% rice straw + 30% Indigofera zollingeriana + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P4 (60% rice straw + 30% Sesbania grandiflora + 5% pollard + 5% mollases). The results showed that the best values for color, odor, and fungus were obtained in tre- atment P0, P1, and P4. Texture variable got the best value in treatment P0, P1, P2, and P3. The highest of dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility values were in the P4. The highest production of total VFA and N-NH3 was produced in treatment P1 and P2. Based on the research results, the addition of various types of legumes added to the rice straw silage can improve the physical quality, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, N-NH3 and total VFA of the silage.
 
 

Effect of nanoparticles additives on tribological behaviour of advanced biofuels

The energy crisis and climate change have brought attention to developing alternative fuels. Waste tire pyrolysis oil is one of the most effective and renewable alternative fuels. Still, the TPO fuel had poor anti-wear properties than either biodiesel or diesel fuel, resulting in the studies conducted with nanoparticles. The lubricity of fuel is one of the important properties since it is the only lubricant in an engine injection system. Nanoparticles can be used as fuel additives to enhance better lubrication performance. This study presents the tribological behaviour of filtered tire pyrolysis oil (FTPO)-biodiesel-diesel blended fuel with the addition of various types of nanoparticles, including magnesium oxide (MgO), graphene (G), aluminium oxide (Al2O3). The tribological experiments were conducted with Four ball tribo-tester, according to the ASTM-D4172 standard at 40 kg, 1200 RPM constant speed and 75 °C temperature. Low concentration for all types of nanoparticle additives provides better performance on anti-friction in the blended fuel due to the protective film formed between the contact surface. 0.1 wt% of Al2O3 nano-fuel showed the best anti-wear performance, which improved by 2.83% compared to the base fuel Al2O3-0.1 and Al2O3-0.2, both reduced 22.09% and 18.33% of WSD, respectively, in compared to PB20FTPO10. The study results indicate that the addition of 0.2 wt% MgO nanoparticles performs well in obtaining smooth surface roughness. The Scanning Electron Microscope and Alicona images show lesser wear and damage to the surface with 0.1 wt% concentration of nano-fuel.

Effect of type of emulsifier and co‐solvent on the morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of γ‐oryzanol and β‐sitosterol organogels

AbstractThe objective of this study is to investigate the effect of addition of various types of emulsifiers on the morph/ology and thermal and mechanical and properties of organogels. For the preparation of the organogels, γ‐oryzanol and β‐sitosterol mixed at 60:40 w/w ratio were dissolved in decane containing various types of emulsifiers, including Span 80, PGPR, and lecithin, and co‐solvents (butanol and pentanone). The firmness, morphology, and thermal properties of the organogels were studied. SEM micrographs showed branched and twisted strands of the tubular network within the gels prepared in decane. Addition of emulsifiers and co‐solvents increased the polarity of the continuous oil phase and noticeably changed the alignment of the tubules. More linear tubular structures that resemble ribbons with elongated tubules were observed. The firmness of the organogels dropped with addition of emulsifiers and co‐solvents, except for Span‐80, where the firmness is initially increased up to 10% w/w and then decreased. The firmness of the gels prepared with PGPR, lecithin, pentanone, and butanol decreased linearly on increasing the respective emulsifier or co‐solvent concentration between 1% and 20% (w/w). The organogels prepared with Span‐80 were stronger than those prepared with PGPR and lecithin. Moreover, the gels prepared with pentanone were stronger than those prepared with butanol. In addition, the gel‐solution transition temperature of the organogels decreased with increasing emulsifier and co‐solvent concentration. The addition of the emulsifiers seems to interfere with the self‐assembly of the tubular structure and disturb the organization of the hydrophobic tail of oryzanol‐sitosterol in the continuous decane phase. This prevents the formation of a complex branched tubular network resulting in weaker gels.

Quantifying the fragmentation of polypropylene upon exposure to accelerated weathering

Polymers are omnipresent in our everyday lives. For specific applications, their properties can be extensively modified by various types of additives, e.g., processing stabilizers, antioxidants, UV-stabilizers, flame retardants, and plasticizers. While several additives are nowadays considered to be toxic or persistent in the environment, quantitative data characterizing plastic fragmentation and microplastic formation have not yet been discussed in detail. Here, we present a long-term, laboratory-controlled accelerated weathering study on polypropylene (PP) particles with and without processing stabilizers. We were able to identify the stabilizers as Irgafos® 168, and Irganox® 1010. For both PP sample sets, we monitored the degradation using a combination of various analytical methods, such as gel permeation chromatography, particle size distributions, scanning electron microscopy, solid-state 13C magic-angle spinning NMR and liquid-state 1H, 13C, 31P NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. The stabilizers prevent degradation by simulated solar radiation for about 350 h. Then, degradation sets in rapidly, leading to an exponential decrease in molecular weight and particle size, accompanied by an increase in crystallinity and the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups. After 3200 h, representing approximately 2 years of outdoor weathering, both PP samples exhibit comparable characteristics and sizes, regardless if a stabilizer was initially present. During degradation, an extremely large number of 100,000 daughter particles (4 µm) are formed and released from one MP particle of 192 µm diameter. Their physical properties and chemical composition have largely changed, resulting in a very low molecular weight and a hydrophilic character. These particles no longer resemble pristine PP. We thus expect them to be more prone to biodegradation compared to the starting material.

KINETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DRYING DROPLETS OF APPLE JUICE AND COMPOSITIONS BASED ON THEM WITH MILK PROTEINS

Recently, the demand for concentrates and dry powders from natural fruit and berry raw materials has been growing in the food industry. Spray drying is a method that is widely used to increase the shelf life of food products. However, obtaining dry concentrates from clarified, unclarified juices, as well as juices with pulp, by the spraying method has certain difficulties. This is due to the fact that apple juices and purees contain a complex of organic acids (malic, citric, etc.) in combination with a large number of simple carbohydrates. These substances are the main factors of the viscoplastic state of the dried particles in the heated air in the drying chamber. Thermoplastic (adhesive) properties of the material to be dried in the chamber of the spray dryer and hygroscopic in the state of dried powders complicate the conditions for their timely removal from the chamber, separation, unloading, and storage. As a result, the presence of such properties worsens the organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics of dry powders, reduces product yield, and also complicates the operating conditions of drying equipment. The use of structuring additives of various types, which include protein products of various origins, contributes to the improvement of drying conditions.
 The aim of the work was to study the kinetic characteristics of dehydration of drops of apple juice and compositions with milk proteins in order to determine the feasibility of their use as structuring additives for the preparation of powdered health products based on apple juice by spraying.
 The research results showed the expediency of using a complex of skim milk proteins and whey protein concentrate as structuring additives. It has been proven that their use improves the structuring and vapor-conducting properties of the material during drying, due to which it is possible to obtain powder products with minimal final moisture while preserving valuable bioactive components.

Complex processing of wood debarking waste as a factor of environmental safety

In recent decades, the development of a modern industrial enterprise is impossible without considering the issue of complex processing or disposal of waste of the main production. This issue is very acute for the enterprises of the wood processing industry. The processing of wood waste should be considered not only as a factor of rational and environmentally safe use of forests, but also as a factor providing comprehensive processing of wood without increasing the amount of its harvesting and allowing production of new environmentally safe materials in constructing or other purposes. The paper presents the technological aspects of the production of innovative board composite materials made without binders based on debarking waste of coniferous wood raw materials and the studies` results of its operational properties. The produced composite is completely eco-friendly and biodegradable. The manufacturing technology consists of the mechanical activation of the tree bark in a hydrodynamic dispersant. Thanks to this treatment, the bark particles change their microstructure, acquire a large number of active centers and autocoherent properties, which make it possible to create slab materials based on it without introducing binding components and various types of additives into the composition.

The Goat Liquid Fertilizer (Biourine) Quality by Addition Various Types of Decomposers to Support Organic Agriculture

Excessive use of inorganic fertilizers causes several problems in the soil and can pollute the water so that the natural balance becomes disturbed. The use of inorganic fertilizers to increase crop productivity can be suppressed by switching to organic fertilizers. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical quality of goat’s liquid fertilizer (biourine) with the addition of various types of decomposers. The materials used in the study were goat urine, EM-4, banana hump, and goat feces. This study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments with 3 replications consisting of P0 (1 liter of goat urine), P1 (1 liter of goat urine + 45 ml mole of banana hump), P2 (1 liter of goat urine + 45 ml mole of goat feces), P3 (1 liter goat urine + 45 ml mole EM-4). Parameters measured in this study were physical quality (odor, texture, pH, temperature and color) and chemical quality (nitrogen, water content, phosphorus, calcium and organic C). The results showed that the temperature in the P0 treatment was 34oC, while the P1, P2 and P3 treatments were 32oC. The color of the goat biourine in treatment P0 is reddish black and treatment P1, P2, P3 is concentrated reddish black. The smell of goat biourine treatment P0 was very stinging and treatment P1, P2, P3 was stinging. Treatment pH ranged from 7.67-8.29