Addition Of Tween Research Articles

Synergistic effect of ionic liquid and surfactant for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose by Paenibacillus sp. LLZ1 cellulase

Stable cellulases are critical for in situ hydrolysis of ionic liquid-pretreated lignocellulose, and surfactants were reported to improve the stability of cellulase in practical circumstances. In this study, synergistic effect of Tween-80 and [Emim]OAc was first identified to enhance the hydrolysis of lignocellulose by Paenibacillus sp. LLZ1 cellulase, proving the effectiveness of surfactants in in situ hydrolysis. Protein fluorescence and near-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy analyses illustrated that ionic liquids might move local residues and alter global tertiary structure of cellulase, leading to higher instability. The addition of Tween-80 might turn the microenvironment of cellulase residues more hydrophilic and reduce the contact of protein with deactivation factors. The synergistic system was further applied in the in situ hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose and bagasse cellulose by Paenibacillus cellulase. The enzymatic hydrolysis rate of microcrystalline cellulose was enhanced by 2.5-fold and the final conversion was improved by 45%. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the substrate solubilizing effect during reaction by monitoring the morphological changes of lignocellulosic substrates. This study highlighted the potential of applying synergistic reaction system in in situ enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose, and revealed the inherent mechanism initially.

Interaction among protein, daidzein and surfactants in the WPI-based daidzein self-microemulsifying delivery system.

The self-microemulsifying delivery system was fabricated by whey protein isolate (WPI), daidzein (Dai) and surfactants, the interaction of WPI, Dai and D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) was hereby studied in the absence or presence of Tween 20. The increase of surfactant concentration led to the decrease of the modulus and changes of protein interfacial conformation, which allowed the formation of a strong intermolecular network. The environment and structure of WPI and daidzein could be changed by TPGS, and the addition of Tween 20 could further enhance the interaction between the components by changing TPGS structure. With the increase of surfactants and oil phase, Ksv and Ka values of WPI-Dai increased first and then decreased. Therefore, the interaction between the components was also dependent on the WPI-surfactant ration. These findings provide a potential strategy for designing microemulsion food system based on the understanding of the interactions among individual composition of microemulsions.

Effect of Tween 80 on flotation separation of magnesite and dolomite using NaOL as the collector

Dolomite is difficult to be separated from magnesite by sodium oleate (NaOL) because of their same crystal structure, similar chemical composition, and high solubility. The work investigated the effect of Tween 80 as the accessory reagent on the flotation of magnesite and dolomite using NaOL as the collector by flotation tests, solution chemical calculations, surface tension measurements, Zeta potential measurements, contact angle measurements, FTIR spectra measurements, and XPS measurements. Flotation experiments and contact angle analysis showed that the addition of Tween 80 strengthened the floatability of magnesite and weakened that of dolomite when NaOL was used as a collector. Surface tension analysis, Zeta potential analysis, and FTIR spectra analysis revealed that Tween 80 could strengthen the adsorption of NaOL on mineral surface by promoting the dissolution and dispersion of NaOL solution. Solution chemical calculations, Zeta potential analysis, and FTIR spectra analysis also indicated that Ca2+ and CaOH+ were the active components of dolomite in flotation, and Tween 80 had a specific inhibitory effect on dolomite. XPS and Ca2+ dissolution tests further indicated that Tween 80 inhibited dolomite by binding Ca2+ with its EO groups. This action reduced the adsorption of Ca2+ with NaOL and improved the separation of magnesite and dolomite.

Altered Surface Hydrophilicity on Copolymer Scaffolds Stimulate the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Background: Recent studies have suggested that both poly(l-lactide-co-1,5-dioxepan-2-one) (or poly(LLA-co-DXO)) and poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (or poly(LLA-co-CL)) porous scaffolds are good candidates for use as biodegradable scaffold materials in the field of tissue engineering; meanwhile, their surface properties, such as hydrophilicity, need to be further improved. Methods: We applied several different concentrations of the surfactant Tween 80 to tune the hydrophilicity of both materials. Moreover, the modification was applied not only in the form of solid scaffold as a film but also a porous scaffold. To investigate the potential application for tissue engineering, human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were chosen to test the effect of hydrophilicity on cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. First, the cellular cytotoxicity of the extracted medium from modified scaffolds was investigated on HaCaT cells. Then, hMSCs were seeded on the scaffolds or films to evaluate cell attachment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. The results indicated a significant increasing of wettability with the addition of Tween 80, and the hMSCs showed delayed attachment and spreading. PCR results indicated that the differentiation of hMSCs was stimulated, and several osteogenesis related genes were up-regulated in the 3% Tween 80 group. Poly(LLA-co-CL) with 3% Tween 80 showed an increased messenger Ribonucleic acid (mRNA) level of late-stage markers such as osteocalcin (OC) and key transcription factor as runt related gene 2 (Runx2). Conclusion: A high hydrophilic scaffold may speed up the osteogenic differentiation for bone tissue engineering.

Investigation of micellar enhancement in simultaneous assay of rosuvastatin and amlodipine in their fixed-dose combined tablets

The native fluorescence of both rosuvastatin and amlodipine was investigated to carry out a new facile method for their simultaneous determination based on synchronous fluorimetric technique. It was found that addition of Tween-80 in a concentration above its critical micelle concentration causes significant increase in the sensitivity of the measurements for the two studied drugs. The developed method measured the first derivative synchronous amplitude (1D) for rosuvastatin at the zero-crossing point of amlodipine and vice versa over the linear ranges of (1.0–10.0 µg/mL) and (0.2–5.0 µg/mL) for rosuvastatin and amlodipine, respectively. All the validation criteria were assessed according to ICH guidelines. The method was further continued to the determination of the two drugs in pure forms, synthetic mixtures, single and combined Tablets with good percentage recoveries that ranged from about (98.0–102.0%). A comparison between the results of the suggested spectrofluorimetric method and previous reports for determination of each of the studied analytes has been carried out and statistical analysis revealed good agreement.

The influence of NLC composition on curcumin loading under a physicochemical perspective and in vitro evaluation

The use of (nanostructured lipid carries) NLC to disperse curcumin in aqueous media is widely found in literature. However, few studies systematically analyze the influence of the lipid matrix composition and the presence of curcumin on the physicochemical characteristics of NLC. Thus, the present work aimed to verify the influence of the NLC composition on its structure. Different solid lipid (SL) to liquid lipid (LL) ratios were evaluated, yielding NLC < 600 nm and <400 nm with the use of MCT and castor oil, respectively. The addition of Tween 80 favored the formation of smaller structures. Thermal analysis data confirmed the formation of different structures due to their different composition and also after the incorporation of curcumin. The present study also describes a correlation between the rheology of the NLC dispersion and the degree of structural organization of the NLC, indicating the formation of structures with a differentiated degree of organization. Photomicrographs showed the formation of two different structures, multiple types and amorphous, with drug concentrated in nucleus. in vitro studies have not shown significant IC50 differences between the systems developed with curcumin; however, the time and effectiveness of internalization were different for the two developed systems. The interaction between SL and LL demonstrated to be an important parameter that should be considered before the development of NLC, also the molecular characteristics of each component must be verified in order to develop NLC on a desirable type.

Electricity Enhancement by MFCs from Food Waste Ethanol Fermentation Recycle Stillage Effect of Dilution Ratio and Addition of Tween 80

AbstractThe ethanol fermentation stillage of food waste can be used as the substrate of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), but its complexity affected the electricity production. In this study, the effect of the dilution ratio and the addition of Tween 80 on MFCs were carried out. The results showed that the maximum output power based on the cathode area and volume gradually enhanced with the increase of the dilution ratio, and the maximum output power of 612 mW m−2 and 6.4 W m−3 reached with the dilution of 200 times. The removal rate of organic acids by MFCs remained stable between 58 % and 62 %. The maximum output power of MFCs with three kinds of Tween 80 concentrations, 5 mg L−1, 20 mg L−1 and 80 mg L−1, increased by 2.1 times, 3.1 times and 1.4 times respectively. The addition of Tween 80 can significantly reduce the biotoxicity. With 20 mg L−1 Tween 80 added, the toxicity removal rate reached highest of 95.1 %.

SIFAT FISIK, SIFAT ORGANOLEPTIK DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN SUSU BUBUK KEDELAI HITAM BERDASARKAN KONSENTRASI TWEEN 80

Soy milk is one alternative to cow's milk for lactusa intolerance patients. The utilization of black soy less is attention and not as popular as yellow soybean because of the color that is less interesting. Another alternative in the processing of milk is the manufacture of milk powder. Processing of instant soy milk powder using foam-mat drying method required addition of filler material ie maltodextrin and Tween 80. With the addition of proper Tween 80 concentration expected to produce more stable milk powder. The general purpose of this research is to know the effect of Tween 80 concentration variation on physical properties, organoleptic properties and antioxidant activity of black soybean milk powder. Experimental method of experimental type using Completely Randomized Design (RAL) monofactor with Factor addition of Tween 80 concentration (0, 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 and 1 percent). The product analyzed physical properties (water absorption, moisture content, solubility and settling rate), organoleptic properties and antioxidant activity. The best result of antioxidant activity was 33,70% RSA at concentration 0,25%, water absorption 2,77 ml / g at concentration 0,25%, water content, 8,98% at concentration 0,25%, solubility 84,435% at a concentration of 0.75% and a precipitation rate of 10 s at a concentration of 0.25%. While the best organoleptic test is at concentration 0.25%. The conclusions of the research on black soybean milk powder with the addition of Tween 80 concentration showed a real difference for each test conducted where black soybean milk powder with the addition of Tween 80 0.25% concentration was the best treatment.

An Aptameric Biolayer Interferometric Assay for Detection of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin-α

The biolayer interferometry (BLI), one promising biosensing technique for real-time, high-sensitive detection of analytes, is a new surface-sensitive spectroscopic technique in which the change of biolayer thickness is reflected by measuring the interferometric phase deflections. In our previous research, an ssDNA aptamer, 39nt, with definite interaction characteristics for recombinant human erythropoietin-α (EPO-α) was screened. In this work, a new aptameric BLI assay of EPO-α based on this aptamer 39nt was established. The biotinylated aptamer 39nt was firstly immobilized onto the optical fiber streptavidin biosensor chip, and the analytes in microliter volume were quickly diffused via high-speed vibration of 2200 r/min. The key parameters such as the orientation of aptamer sequence, the concentration for immobilization, and the overcome of nonspecific adsorption to exhibit the affinity recognition of aptamers were optimized. It was found that the 3'-end biotinylated aptamer 39nt with 50 nmol/L provided the best sensitivity, and the addition of Tween 20 and BSA could efficiently overcome nonspecific adsorption effect. Besides, towards the original designed disposable sensor chip, the affinity between protein EPO-α and ssDNA aptamer 39nt for ca. 10 times was still maintained under optimized regeneration condition, which reflected the operational flexibility of single-channel BLI system. Furthermore, a signal amplification approach of a sandwiched format via wheat germ agglutinin for detection of EPO-α was established, with the linear range of 10–200 nmol/L, and the LOD was 5 nmol/L. This assay was directly applied to the complex matrix such as 50% human plasma with recoveries in the range of 86.7%–104.2% and RSDs less than 15%. The BLI sensing system developed here provided a helpful way for practical applications in label-free protein interaction and detection. A new aptameric biolayer interferometry assay based on single stranded DNA aptamer 39nt was firstly established. Concomitantly with a signal amplification approach of a sandwiched format via wheat germ agglutinin, a sensitive measurement of recombinant human erythropoietin-α in complex matrix such as 50% human plasma were fulfilled.

Effect of fat globule size and addition of surfactants on whippability of native and homogenised dairy creams

Functional properties of creams with mean fat globule sizes (D[4,3]) of 2.5, 4.3 and 4.8 μm for freshly prepared native creams prepared by two-stage cream separation of whole milk and approximately 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.2 μm for homogenised creams prepared from market cream were studied. Increase in fat globule size of freshly prepared native cream decreased the whipping time (265–153 s) and overrun (118.8–102.2%). In contrast, in homogenised cream, increase in average fat globule size increased the whipping time but decreased overrun. In both native and homogenised creams, increase in fat globule size increased the storage and loss modulus. An increase in total protein (2.2–2.5%) in homogenised cream increased whipping time and overrun and decreased moduli. The addition of Tween 80 (0–0.25%) decreased whipping time and overrun and increased the moduli in homogenised cream.

Enzyme activities during Benzo[a]pyrene degradation by the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolated from a polluted soil

The enzyme activities of the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae (L. theobromae) were studied during degradation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The L. theobromae was isolated from a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soil collected from the Beijing Coking Plant in China and can potentially use BaP as its sole carbon source with a degradation ratio of up to 53% over 10 days. The activities of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and laccase (LAC) could be detected during BaP biodegradation; while manganese peroxidase (MnP) was not detected. Both glucose and salicylic acid enhanced BaP biodegradation slightly. In contrast, the coexistence of phenanthrene (PHE) inhibited BaP degradation. These metabolic substrates all enhanced the secretion of LiP and LAC. The addition of Tween 80 (TW-80) enhanced BaP biodegradation as well as the LiP and LAC activities. At the same time, TW-80 was degraded by the L. theobromae. In addition, the L. theobromae was compared to Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium), which is a widely studied fungus for degrading PAH. P. chrysosporium was unable to use BaP as its sole carbon source. The activities of LiP and LAC produced by the P. chrysosporium were less than those of the L. theobromae. Additionally, the four intermediates formed in the BaP biodegradation process were monitored using GC-MS analysis. Four metabolite concentrations first increased and then decreased or obtained the platform with prolonged BaP biodegradation time. Therefore, this study shows that the L. theobromae may be explored as a new strain for removing PAHs from the environment.

Effect of tween 40 and ethanol on the secretion, structure and antioxidant activities of exopolysaccharides from Inonotus rickii.

In this study, the effects of Tween 40 and ethanol supplementation on the secretion, structure and antioxidant activities of exopolysaccharide (EPS) from Inonotus rickii were investigated. It was observed that Tween 40 and ethanol displayed a stimulatory effect on EPS secretion. The EPSs obtained by the addition of Tween 40 (EPS-T), ethanol (EPS-E) and control (EPS-C) were purified by Sepharose CL-6B gel chromatography and molecular weights of EPS-T, EPS-E and EPS-C were estimated to be 22.1, 30.0, and 40.5 kDa, respectively. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that EPS-T, EPS-E and EPS-C were mainly composed of mannose and glucose. Furthermore, EPS-E exhibited better OH• and DPPH scavenging activities than those of EPS-C and EPS-T, which might be associated with its molecular characterization.

Two-stage pre-treatment of coffee pulp waste to optimize the reducing sugar production using enzymatic hydrolysis

Robusta coffee ( Coffee robusta L. ) pulp waste has been known for its high cellulose and hemicellulose content which potentially could be utilized as a source of a reducing sugar feedstock. Unfortunately, it contains inhibitors such as lignin, tannin, caffeine, and total polyphenols that can inhibit the enzymatic hydrolysis process. Therefore, coffee pulp waste needs pre-treatment prior to its utilization in reducing sugar production. To optimize the pre-treatment condition, the two-stage of pre-treatment process was carried out using 0.2 M sulfuric acid and then organosolv using ethanol. Subsequently, the optimization was done using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), 2 3 full factorial design, with the following input variables: ethanol concentration, temperature, and duration of pre-treatment. This study was subjected to determine the optimum conditions for organosolv pre-treatment which resulted in inhibitor removal and high concentration of reducing sugar. The hydrolysis process was carried out for 60 hours using a mixture of enzymes with and without the addition of Tween 80 as a surfactant. The result indicated that the lignin removal percentage increased from 0.85% (w/w) to 16.905% (w/w) towards the remaining lignin grams, with the change of crystallinity index of cellulose from 17.23% into 16.43%. The concentration of obtained reducing sugar with the addition of Tween 80 was 2.402 mg/ml, 1.6 times higher than that obtained without the addition of Tween 80.

Effects of Tween 20 and Transglutaminase Modifications on the Functional Properties of Peanut Proteins

AbstractThe effects of Tween 20 on the emulsification and gelation properties of peanut protein isolates (PPI) were investigated. The functional properties of different peanut protein products, including PPI, Tween 20‐assisted aqueous extraction peanut proteins (TPP), and their transglutaminase‐modified products (TG‐TPP), were then compared. The results indicate that the addition of Tween 20 to the PPI resulted in higher emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsion stability index (ESI) values than PPI without Tween 20; however, the emulsions produced by the PPI–Tween 20 mixtures were easier to destabilize during storage. As the amount of Tween 20 was increased, both the surface hydrophobicity and gel strength of the PPI–Tween mixtures significantly decreased. TPP (containing approximately 11% Tween 20) exhibited significantly different functional properties from PPI. Compared with PPI, TPP had higher EAI and ESI values but a weaker heat‐induced gelation ability. The protein solubility of TPP was markedly higher than that of PPI. Modification of TPP with transglutaminase (TGase) significantly enhanced their gelation and oil‐binding properties but reduced the protein solubility and ESI value. The remarkable improvement in the gelation ability of TG‐TPP was mainly attributed to the formation of high‐molecular‐weight protein aggregates and their conformational changes.

Tween 80 induces a carbon flux rerouting in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

As a means to increase the growth rate and reduce aggregation, Tween 80 is routinely added to growth media during mycobacterial culturing. This detergent has, however, been associated with causing alterations to the morphology, pathogenicity and virulence of these bacteria. In an attempt to better understand the underlying mechanism of these alterations, we investigated the effect of Tween 80 on the metabolomes of a M. tuberculosis lab strain (H37Rv) and multidrug-resistant clinical strain (R179), using GC-GCxTOF-MS metabolomics. The metabolite markers identified indicated Tween 80-induced disparities in the central carbon metabolism of both strains, with an upregulation in the glyoxylate cycle, glucogenogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway. The results also signified an increased production of mycobacterial biosynthetic precursors such as triacylglycerols, proteinogenic amino acids and nucleotide precursors, in the presence of the detergent. Collectively, these metabolome variations mimic the phenotypic changes observed when M. tuberculosis is grown in vivo, in a lipid rich environment. However, in addition to the increased availability of oleic acid as a carbon source from Tween 80, the observed variations, and the morphological changes associated with the detergent, could also be a result of an overall stress response in these bacteria. This study is the first to identify specific metabolome variations related to the addition of Tween 80 to the growth media during M. tuberculosis culturing. The consideration of these results during the method development and data interpretation phases of future metabolomics investigations will improve the quality of the analyses as well as the credibility of potential research outcomes. These results will also assist in the interpretation of research questions specifically aimed at aspects of mycobacterial metabolism, even when using other methodologies such as transcriptomics or fluxomics.

Characteristics of Nano Concentrate Protein Dispersion of Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) by Addition of Tween 80

This study aimed to obtain the characteristic of nanoparticles concentrate protein of snakehead fish (Channa striata) by addition of tween 80. The research consisted of two phases. First phase was the manufacture of nano concentrate protein dispersion from snakehead fish and second phase was the drying process of the concentrate using freeze dryer and characterization of physic-chemical properties of nano concentrate protein snakehead fish. The results of particle size measurement after using the sonication method and homogenization with the addition of tween 80 ranged from 331.6 to 353.0 nm. Based on the results of the particle size analyzer (PSA) the best value in the treatment of adding of 2% tween 80 with a polydispersity index value of 0.470, particle size distribution based on volume obtained by 2 size categories namely 101.8 nm and 449.4 nm and the average of smallest particle size ranged from 223.6 to 363.2 nm based on the results of the analysis of electron microscope scanning (SEM). The morphology of concentrate protein of snakehead fish based on the results of SEM analysis before the addition of tween 80 has abstract molecule, compact molecular structure (the molecules stick together) and the size was still in micrometer scale. While the addition of tween 80 showed that the particle structure of granules was not compact so the possibility of being broken down was still very high and in nanometer scale particle size. The physical characteristics of nano concentrate protein of snakehead fish before adding tween 80 included bulk density (0.52 g/ml), emulsion capacity (14.72%), water absorption (2.49 ml/g) and oil absorption (2.16 ml/g). After adding tween 80 the physical characteristics included density bulk (0.46 g/ml), emulsion capacity (48.15%), water absorption (0.42 ml/g) and oil absorption (2.00 ml/g). The chemical characteristics of nano concentrate protein of snakehead fish before the addition of tween 80 included, water (6.98%), ash (6.03%), fat (2.27%) and protein (85.10%). After adding tween 80 the chemical characteristics were water content (5.13%), ash (4.08%), fat (6.48%) and protein (88.28%).

Improvement of bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae through the deletion of GLK1, MIG1 and MIG2 and overexpression of PGM2 using the red seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa

Gracilaria verrucosa can be used as a biomass source for bioethanol production with a high yield due to the high carbohydrate content. A monosaccharide concentration of 48.6 g/L was obtained from G. verrucosa using 0.2 M HNO3 at 150 °C for 10 min with a combined severity factor (Ro) of 0.47. The addition of Tween 20 with CTec2 increased the affinity of G. verrucosa slurry to the enzyme with a Km value of 1.14 g/L compared with the Km value of 1.82 g/L using CTec2 alone and reduced enzyme loading. To improve galactose consumption, the deletion of repressor genes including GLK1, MIG1, and MIG2 and the overexpression of PGM2 were investigated. The strain with the deletion of three repressor genes and overexpression of PGM2 produced 24.8 g/L ethanol (YEtOH = 0.46) and showed an enhanced galactose consumption rate (0.24 g/L/h) compared with the rate of the control strain (0.04 g/L/h). The deletion of three repressor genes and overexpression of PGM2 reduced the repression of GAL genes and increased the transcription level of GAL genes. However, the galactose consumption rate of this strain was lower than that of the strain adapted to a high concentration of galactose.

Ensiling characteristics, physicochemical structure and enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-exploded hippophae: Effects of calcium oxide, cellulase and Tween

To find a comprehensive way to enhance the utilizability of steam-exploded hippophae, calcium oxide (CaO) preimpregnation, cellulase-added storage and saccharification with addition of Tween 20 were investigated in this study. Both CaO preimpregnation and cellulase addition promoted the ensiling fermentation of anaerobically stored steam-exploded hippophae indicated by lower cellulose proportion and higher organic acids content, but led to the decrease of saccharification yield by 11.83% and 46.77–51.22%, respectively. When taking into account of organic acids being utilizable energy source, storing with addition of cellulase enhanced the utilizability of the materials in whole. Moreover, the addition of Tween 20 enhanced saccharification yield of the steam-exploded hippophae by 26.69–45.25%. Additionally, FTIR and XRD spectra clearly illustrated the structural alteration during storage. It is concluded that storing with addition of cellulase and hydrolyzing with addition of Tween 20 can enhance the utilizability of steam-exploded hippophae.

Physical, mechanical and in vitro biological evaluation of synthesized biosurfactant-modified silanated-gelatin/sodium alginate/45S5 bioglass bone tissue engineering scaffolds

The aim of this study is to fabricate a highly porous scaffold based on gelatin/sodium alginate/45S5 bioglass with improved mechanical strength. Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) is used as a cross-linker and for the first time a nonionic bio-surfactant (Tween 80) is introduced to the composition to evaluate whether the essential properties of a suitable scaffold for bone substitution can be reached or not. The composite scaffolds are prepared through freeze-drying of suspension containing various ratios of gelatin/sodium alginate/45S5 bioglass. Characterization of fabricated scaffolds is carried out. SEM micrographs reveal that all samples are highly porous however incorporation of 1% v/v tween 80 results in well-shaped pores, with sizes ranging between 100 and 200 µm which is appropriate for tissue regeneration. Compressive strength of foamed scaffolds in contact with body solution has been enhanced from 0.37 to 1.41 MPa due to addition of tween 80. Foamed scaffold reinforced with tween 80 maintained its structural stability within 7 days immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) despite the absorption of water 15 times its weight. Moreover, in vitro calcium phosphate precipitation is well observed on the surface of scaffolds.

Wettability of starch-gellan coatings on fruits, as affected by the incorporation of essential oil and/or surfactants

Wettability of coating-forming systems (CFS) based on starch-gellan (80:20) blends, containing or not, emulsified/lecithin-encapsulated thyme essential oil (EO), was analysed in apple, tomato and persimmon fruit. Different concentrations (0–105 mg/L) of Tween 85 were incorporated into the CFS in order to know its potentially beneficial effect on the coating spreadability. These fruit skins exhibited high values of the surface tension dispersive component, while being low-energy surfaces (21–29 mN/m). Values of contact angle and surface tension of the starch-gellan solutions were positively affected by the addition of Tween 85 at 5·104 mg/L. However, it exerted a negative effect when the CFS contained emulsified or lecithin-encapsulated thyme essential oil. Likewise, wettability of starch-gellan coatings was notably improved with Tween 85 at 5·104 mg/L, whereas formulations containing emulsified or encapsulated EO did not require surfactant to improve their already good spreadability.