Addition Of Sodium Chloride Solution Research Articles

The Effect of the Addition of Electrolyte Solutions on the Ferning Patterns of Tears Collected from Normal Eye Subjects.

The current study is the first report to describe the improvement of ferning patterns of human tears using electrolyte solutions. The results can help in the production of new artificial tears to improve the quality of tears. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the addition of different volumes of various electrolyte solutions on ferning patterns of human tears. Tear samples (20 μL) were collected from the right eye of 13 subjects (5 men and 5 women) aged 19 to 36 years (27.1 ± 5.1 years) with normal eyes. Then, 1 μL of each tear sample was dried on a microscopic glass slide, and obtained ferns were observed using light microscopy and graded using the 5-point tear ferning (TF) grading scale. Homogenous mixtures of each tear sample (0.5 μL) and different volumes (0.5 to 5 μL) of each electrolyte were prepared. A sample (1 μL) of each mixture was dried, and the ferns obtained were graded and compared with those of the corresponding tears collected from subjects before the addition of electrolyte solutions. After the addition of electrolyte solutions, the TF grades of tears collected from healthy humans were generally improved. Significant (Wilcoxon test) improvements have been seen in the TF grades of the tear samples after the addition of a solution of potassium chloride (P = .03), calcium chloride (P = .01), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (P = .002), and sodium dihydrogen phosphate (P = .002). No significant improvements in the TF grades were seen after the addition of sodium chloride solution (P = .33). Ferning grades of human tears improved with most of the electrolytes used.

Characteristics of cows’ cicatricial metabolism of different linearity

Abstract. The aim of this work is to investigate the relationship between indicators of cicatricial digestion and linearity of cows. Methods. The research was carried out in the breeding enterprises of the Sverdlovsk region on the livestock of Ural-type cows. Cicatricial fluid was collected with an oropharyngeal rubber probe, and a wooden yaw was also used. Cicatricial content was assessed at the Chelyabinsk Interregional Veterinary Laboratory. The pH value was determined by the electrometric method, VFA – in the Markgam apparatus, ammonia – by the microdiffusion method. Ciliates – in Goryaev’s chamber and under a microscope, bacteria – under a microscope with the addition of sodium chloride solution. Statistical data processing was carried out in the Microsoft Office Excel 2010 program. Results. In terms of the number of ciliates and bacteria in the rumen fluid, the Montwick Chieftain cows, characterized by high productive qualities, had an advantage. In terms of pH and VFA, the Vis Back Ideal line was the best. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the amount of ammonia in the rumen. The best animals from the point of view of influence on cicatricial metabolism were the animals of the Vis Back Ideal and Montwick Chieftain lineage. Scientific novelty. Studies have shown that linearity is associated with cicatricial digestion in cows. The relationship of bull lines with indicators of cicatricial metabolism of cows has been determined for the first time. The food in the rumen is digested due to the action of bacteria, ciliates, and fungi. An environment has been created in the rumen for the active development of microflora. Bacteria are able to synthesize amino acids and vitamins. The proventriculus can contain up to 50 species of ciliates.

Emission of climate relevant volatile organochlorines by plants occurring in temperate forests

Chlorine, one of the most abundant elements in nature, undergoes a complex biogeochemical cycle in the environment, involved in the formation of volatile organochlorines (VOCls), which in turn can contribute to environmental problems, contaminate natural ecosystems, and are of public health concern. Several industrial and natural sources of VOCls have already been identified; however, data - particularly on the natural sources - are still scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of emission of VOCls from soil and several undergrowth plants collected in temperate spruce forest ecosystem and the effect of salting on the VOCl emission of plants. Undergrowth plants were found to emit chloroform (CHCl 3 ) in the range of 2.2-201 pmol/day/g dry weight (DW), tetra-chloromethane (CCl 4 ) 0-23.5 pmol/day/g DW, and tetrachloroethene (C 2 Cl 4 ) 0-13.5 pmol/day/g DW; the average emission rates were about 10 times higher than that of soil (2.9-47.2; 0-5.8; 0-3.6 pmol/day/g DW of CHCl 3 ; CCl 4 ; C 2 Cl 4 emission, respectively). Addition of sodium chloride solution in most cases caused an increase in the emission of CHCl 3 and caused a species specific - effect on the emissions of CCl 4 and C 2 Cl 4 . The results suggest that the emission of VOCls from spruce forest contribute to the atmospheric input of reactive chlorine; however, on a global scale it is only a minor net source.

Post-column sodiation to enhance the detection of polyacetylene glycosides in LC–DAD–MS analyses: an example from Bidens gardneri (Asteraceae)

The use of liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS) in dereplication studies of medicinal plants is a common strategy, but the analyses of polyacetylenes by LC–ESI–MS are little explored and require huge efforts, especially if there are low concentrations in the extracts. A post-column sodiation strategy was successfully applied to enhance the detection of polyacetylene glycosides. Their molecular formulae were proposed by HRESI, whereas the polyacetylene chromophores were determined by UV data. The use of acetic acid in the mobile phase was essential to obtain satisfactory chromatographic resolution, and only the addition of sodium chloride solution allowed good mass spectra, internal calibration and undoubtedly the molar mass determination of polyacetylenes. This new approach has allowed the identification of polyacetylene glycosides from Bidens gardneri extract, guiding the isolation procedures, and two new compounds were obtained. The structures of the isolated polyacetylenes have been confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR, HRMS.

Seedling Tolerance and Phasiological Response to Short-Term Soil of Three Eucalypts Species

The present paper involves a detailed comparison between the salt tolerance and physiologicalresponseof three eucalypt species occurring within the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia.Eucalyptusgomphocephala DC (Myrtaceae) (common nameTuart �) is restricted to the calcareous (limestone), brown or yellow sand of the coastal Spearwood dunes.Eucalyptus marginataSm. (common nameJarrah �) is a small tree on the porous, well-drained sandy soils ofthe Bassendean dunes Plain, and a much larger tree on the Darling Range.Corymbia calophylla(Lindl.) K.D. Hill & J. A. S. Johnson (common name �Marri �), and has a similar distribution to that of Jarrah, but is more common on wetter, well drained soils. This investigateimplemented to find out the seedling tolerance of these three species to soil -induced stressor, namely salinity via addition of sodium chloride solution. Tolerance assessment measured changes in seedling growth, leaf allocation and leaf physiology after 70 -80 days. NeitherE. marginataand C. calophyllacould tolerate the highest salinity (0.25 M NaCl solutions) with 9 -13% survival, althoughE. marginatawas clearly the least tolerant with 52% reduction in relative growth rate and a 88% in transpiration rates.E. gomphocephala was the most tolerant to salt stress in terms of survival and growth parameters.

Chloride ion-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering study of biotin on the silver surface

In the present paper, the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique was employed to study the SERS spectra of biotin molecules formed on the silver surface. The adsorption geometries of biotin molecules on the silver surface were analyzed based on the SERS data. It can be found that most vibration modes show a Raman shift in silver sol after the addition of sodium chloride solution. In addition, The Raman signals of biotin become weaker and weaker with the increase of the concentration of sodium chloride. This may be due to that the interaction between chloride ions and silver particles is stronger than the interaction between biotin molecules and silver particles. When the concentration of sodium chloride in silver colloid is higher than 0.05mol/L, superfluous chloride ions may form an absorption layer so that biotin can not be adsorbed on silver surface directly. The changes in intensity and profile shape in the SERS spectra suggest different adsorption behavior and surface-coverage of biotin on silver surface. The SERS spectra of biotin suggest that the contribution of the charge transfer mechanism to SERS may be dominant.

Properties of aqueous dispersions of amylose–sodium palmitate complexes prepared by steam jet cooking

Aqueous dispersions of high-amylose corn starch were steam jet cooked and blended with aqueous solutions of sodium palmitate to form amylose inclusion complexes for investigation of their bulk properties. The rheological properties of the cooled dispersions depended on the starch concentration and varied from low-viscosity liquids (at 3.75% and 5.00% solids) to gels (at 6.64% solids). Gel formation was not caused by the formation of permanent cross-links. Viscosities of the dispersions increased when they were acidified with 0.02N HCl, and at pH 3.6, about 90% of the dispersed solid precipitated from the aqueous dispersion, due to conversion of complexed sodium palmitate into insoluble palmitic acid. Addition of sodium chloride solution also increased the viscosities of jet-cooked dispersions, and caused the amylose complexes to precipitate. The gelling properties of these preparations suggest practical applications as dispersants for lipids in foods, lotions, and water-based lubricants.

Dendrimers Derived from Polyphosphazene−Poly(propyleneimine) Systems: Encapsulation and Triggered Release of Hydrophobic Guest Molecules

Three novel polyphosphazene-functionalized diaminobutane poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers have been prepared and investigated for their properties as prospective hydrophobic drug delivery systems. The solubilization and release properties of these functionalized dendrimers have been investigated by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy by using pyrene as a probe. The introduction of amphiphilic phosphazene groups at the external surface of the dendrimers affects the solubilization and guest release properties compared to the behavior of the parent dendrimers. The release of encapsulated guest molecules is triggered by the addition of sodium chloride solution. It has been established that these novel dendrimeric compounds exhibit useful protective and targeting properties. These properties render the new molecules promising candidates for salt-responsive controlled-release systems, possibly including prospective drug delivery applications.

Acid- and salt-triggered multifunctional poly(propylene imine) dendrimer as a prospective drug delivery system.

A novel dendrimeric compound is designed with the objective of simultaneously addressing issues commonly encountered in drug delivery, i.e., stability in biological milieu as well as targeting. For this purpose, a multifunctional dendrimeric system derived from diaminobutane poly(propylene imine) dendrimers (DAB) is prepared bearing at its external surface poly(ethylene glycol) chains and guanidinium moieties. For these moieties, it has been established that they exhibit protective and targeting properties, respectively. The release of encapsulated compounds is triggered by titration with acids followed by the addition of sodium chloride solution. Specifically for pyrene, the solubilization site of which can be clearly traced, protonation leads to a distribution between the core and the poly(ethylene glycol) chains in the periphery of the dendrimer while it is released to the aqueous bulk solution by the addition of sodium chloride. The release of betamethasone valerate is also triggered by the addition of sodium chloride solution.

Colloidal and film properties of carboxylated acrylic latices ‐ effect of surfactant concentration

The effects of amount of conventional surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate in the synthesis of carboxylated acrylic latices prepared by semicontinuous emulsion polymerization method were investigated. The properties considered were particle size and colloidal stability by addition of sodium chloride solution, on the latex system and water sorption, tensile strength at break and elongation, on latex films. It was found that the surfactant concentration had an important effect on the above mentioned properties. The particle size decreases with increasing surfactant concentration and the colloidal stability has a maximum value. The critical coagulation concentration value found in this work, seems to indicate an additional stabilisation of latex particles, due to a steric factor. The water uptake and the mechanical behaviour of latex films are affected considerably when SDS concentration rises. In conclusion, depending on the final use of latex, there is an optimal surfactant concentration for which the properties are appropriate.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of p-aminobenzoic acid with excitation in the visible and near infrared spectral region

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in yellow silver colloids was studied with excitation in the visible as well as in the near infrared spectral region by means of a conventional scanning spectroscopic technique. Two kinds of adsorbed surface species, one binding through the carboxylate and another through the amine group to the colloidal silver surface, were deduced from the spectral changes before and after addition of sodium chloride solution. It was found that the species adsorbed through the amine group was probably desorbed by competitive adsorption of chloride ions. The enhancement factor in the near infrared is larger than in the visible spectral region and the optimum conditions for near infrared (NIR)-SERS were found different from those for SERS with visible light excitation. Several enhancement mechanisms may contribute simultaneously to the NIR-SERS of molecules in silver colloids, two of which are presented and discussed in detail in this paper.