Addition Of Sawdust Research Articles

Addition of wood sawdust during the co-composting of sewage sludge and wheat straw influences seeds germination

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of addition of sawdust co-composted with sewage sludge and wheat straw on seeds germination. Two mixtures were piled and composted over 90 days. The first mixture (C1) was composed of sewage sludge and wheat straw, while the second mixture (C2) was composed of sewage sludge, wheat straw and wood sawdust. The results showed that the physicochemical parameters of both composts, i.e., temperature (> 55 °C in the thermophilic phase), moisture content (~ 30%). pH (6.73 for C1 and 7.19 for C2) and EC values (1.81 mS cm−1 for C1 and 1.32 mS cm−1 for C2) reached the required maturity standard. The values of C/N were below 12 indicating a high degree of maturity. Also, no bacterial pathogens were detected in the final composts. The concentration of total heavy metals has been reduced allowing the elimination of sewage sludge toxicity, confirmed by the germination index, which reached over 80%. Strong positive correlations were noticed between total Kjeldahl nitrogen of C2 and germination indexes of all the studied species. The obtained results indicate that the addition of wood sawdust increases the nitrogen content leading to slightly alkaline compost which influences seeds germination by reducing the phytotoxicity of sewage sludge.

Optimizing the accelerated hardening of sawdust light weight concrete with carbon dioxide gas

Recent increases in the amount of industrial wastes to be removed has made dealing with such waste products and gases an issue that needs to be solved with some urgency. The accelerated hardening mechanisms of light weight concrete (LWC) using carbon dioxide gas were thus studied in an experimental study to investigate the mechanical performance of concrete incorporating waste sawdust. The final results were optimised to maximise strength and minimise density using two different parameters: gas concentrations and sawdust percentages. All samples were subjected to tests of their mechanical and physical properties, including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, water absorption, and density using the relevant standards. Parts of the samples were also submitted to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) following the process of accelerated curing in order to quantify the consumed calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and the produced calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The results of the study showed an improvement in the physical and mechanical properties of all investigated specimens using the accelerated CO2 curing method. In addition, a 7% sawdust addition with 53% CO2 concentration resulted in higher strength in all cases. The TGA results proved that the carbonation curing resulted in lower Ca(OH)2 and higher CaCO3 content, with associated enhancement in the mechanical performance. This indicates that CO2-rich industrial emissions could find a value adding use in carbonation curing of sustainable wood-based concrete.

EFFECT OF SAWDUST VOLUME ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL

Introduction. Generation of composite materials with addition of sawdust is considered. The wood component of the composites is treated with water to enhance the surface roughness. This increases the contact area resulting in intensifying the sawdust – polymer fibers interaction. The work objective is to study the possibility of strengthening composites obtained from sawdust.Materials and Methods. Samples are made of composite materials based on the unsaturated polyester resins, reinforced with wood chips. Water treatment was carried out at room temperature for 2, 4, 6 and 8 days. Then the samples were tested for bending and compression.Research Results. As a result of testing the samples, changes in their mechanical properties were recorded. It is determined how the bending and compression resistance depends on the water treatment time. Graphs that reflect these dependences are constructed.Discussion and Conclusions. After water treatment, the composites reinforced with sawdust show a higher resistance to bending. This is due to the increased roughness of the sawdust surface and, as a consequence, to the extension of the surface area adhesion with the composite base. Besides, the water treatment enhances the specimen resistance under compression. The samples created on the basis of large sawdust come into particular prominence. This is due to the formation of holes on the sawdust surface which also enhances the adhesion between them and the composite polymer base.

Thermal treatment on sewage sludge by electromagnetic induction heating: Methodology and drying characterization

Thermal drying of sewage sludge is not only an effective way to treat the waste, but also an essential step for further energy utilization. This work focused on drying property of sewage sludge by using electromagnetic induction heating. A novel drying method for sewage sludge was designed. The effects of different electromagnetic-induction media materials, working parameters and conditioning reagents on the efficiency of drying were investigated. Then, the kinetics was analyzed. The change of temperature and heat-transfer was analyzed during the drying process. Experimental results showed that sewage sludge combined with three kinds of induction medias can be efficiently dried by applying electromagnetic induction heating. Fast formation and development of cracks indicated that an increase of drying rates of sludge can be obtained. Considering the release of volatile organic compounds from sludge during drying process, estimated moisture content was used to evaluate the drying effect. A Higher working voltage leaded to a more weight reduction of sludge during a shorter drying time, but a lower voltage prolonged the drying time. It was noted that the estimated moisture rate was very close to the experimental moisture content. Sludge content, forming and induction media significantly affected the drying process. Plate and net media were fitted for thin layer and piled sludge, respectively. However, fiber media seemed to show lower drying rate due to no circuit for induction current. An addition of CaO and sawdust improved the drying process. As a result, few volatile organic compounds released from sludge. For kinetics, three periods (warm-up, constant rate and falling rate period) can be observed and the data fitted linear regression of Lewis drying model very well. The effective moisture diffusivity was influenced by the different induction media and the thickness of sludge. Infrared images showed that outside temperature was higher than central part temperature for all sludge samples. A higher evaporation rate and diffusion of moisture can be obtained from outside part of sludge due to the easy collapse of porous structure.

Role of sawdust and cow dung on compost maturity during rotary drum composting of flower waste

Flower waste is the good source of organic matter which is beneficial for the growth of plants. It can be extracted from the abundant flower waste resources. The present study was carried out to examine the role of sawdust and cow dung on the compost maturity from six different combinations of waste mixture. Role of cow dung was significant, however, saw dust played a critical role to arrest the leachate and also to maintain the aerobic condition. Addition of sawdust is crucial as flower waste may get converted into a lump (ball like structure) without adding the bulking agent. At the completion of composting period, the concentration of macro and micronutrients, CO2 evolution and C/N ratio showed the stable matured compost which is useful for the purpose of agriculture.

Aeration and sawdust application effects as structural material in the bioremediation of clayey acid soils contaminated with diesel oil

Soil contamination, due to the leakage of petroleum or its by-products, is a reason for concern nowadays. Technologies, such as bioremediation, have been developed to remove these pollutants from the environment. This paper aims to evaluate the bioremediation of clayey acid soils contaminated with diesel oil, comparing the effect of aeration use and the addition of different sawdust ratios (5% and 10%) as bulking material. This research was developed in three phases, with experiments of (a) natural attenuation (exclusively natural processes), (b) sawdust-amended soil and (c) aeration combined with sawdust addition. The manometric respirometry test was applied to monitor CO2 production during biodegradation experiments and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was used as an absorbent solution. The contamination of the samples was carried out by the addition of diesel oil (5% w/w (gg−1)) into the soil. The results indicated that natural attenuation presented a slower bioremediation process when compared to the treatments with sawdust addition. The addition of 5% of sawdust was beneficial to the microbial activity of the soil, but a proportion above 5% caused a negative effect on the samples, reducing the microbial activity. Statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test) showed significant oil removals on experiments with the combination of sawdust and aeration. The aeration was considered the main agent in increasing oil biodegradation in the soil. The degradation rate reactions followed a zero-order linear model. The highest contaminant degradation rate was observed in the samples with 5% of sawdust and aeration (24.79 mgO2 kg−1dry soil day−1), which also improved microbial activity and diesel oil removal.

Physical parameters evaluation during production of soil conditioner from aquatic waste: Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle

Abstract Over the decades, composting is a superlative technology to manage organic wastes such as vegetable wastes, sewage sludge, industrial wastes, and aquatic weeds as a soil conditioner. This study focuses on the use of hydrilla verticillata as a substrate material, mixed with cow dung, and sawdust. The combined addition of cow dung and sawdust improved the conditions of the composting process and the quality of compost. Along with, conventional parameters such as volatile solids, pH, total nitrogen, and stability parameters this study also describes the proper understanding of process fundamentals about few important physical parameters such as bulk density, particle density, free air space, and moisture content. These parameters were studied during composting of highly invasive aquatic weed (H. verticillata) in 550 L rotary drum composter. Thermophilic phase (>45 °C) was reached within 24 h of feeding; volume reduction was clearly depicted as, bulk density also increased from 171 to 761 kg m−3 during 20 days composting process. However, the study reveals that particle density of compost varied from 1079.1 to 2313 kg m−3 during composting. Proficient compost production involves detailed understanding the process dynamics of correlation between moisture reductions, free air space, bulk density, and particle density. Few physical properties during composting of H. verticillata are compared with other aquatic weeds reported in literature.

Thermal performance of sawdust and lime-mud concrete masonry units

Over the past three decades, growing interest in the properties of thermal envelopes and their enhancement has led to the development of new sustainable materials. Nevertheless, Concrete Masonry Units (CMUs) with negligible thermal properties are still widely manufactured in unsustainable processes for use in the thermal envelopes of buildings. Hence, this research aims to reuse certain by-products for the development of CMUs with better thermal properties. In addition to the reference concrete, one set of blocks was manufactured with 5% sawdust in substitution of fine aggregate and another set of blocks with the same level of fine aggregate replacement together with 15% lime mud in substitution of cement. The physical, mechanical, and thermal performance of the CMUs evaluated in this paper showed that the addition of sawdust in the CMUs improved their thermal properties. On the other hand, the addition of lime mud partially counteracted the decrease in strength caused by the incorporation of the sawdust.

Морфолого-культуральні властивості рідкісного лікарського гриба Sparassis crispa (Sparassidaceae, Polyporales)

<p>A verification of <em>S</em><em>parassis</em><em> crispa</em><em> </em>(Wulfen) Fr. strains of the IBK Mushroom Culture Collection using molecular-genetic and cultural-morphological methods were done. For all <em>S. crispa</em> strains a complete determination of the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer: ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 regions of rRNA, as well as the partial determination of 18S and 28S sequences surrounding the ITS, was performed. As a result of the search in the gene bank, the <em>S</em><em>. </em><em>crispa</em> samples deposited there showed 99-98% identity with the sequences we received, thus confirming the species of the examined strains. On the basis of the sequences we received, investigated strains were registered in NCBI GenBank. To confirm the taxonomic affiliation of the strains we studied their cultural and morphological characteristics. Microstructures of vegetative mycelium by optical and scanning electron microscopy were investigated. In all <em>S. crispa</em> cultures we observed the hyphae with regular one-sided gapless clamp connections, numerous secretory cells on the surface of the hyphae, anastomoses, filamentous strands and films. We studied the growth rate and morphology of the strains on seven agar nutrient media. According to the radial growth rate of <em>S. crispa</em> cultures can be placed to the very slowly growing mushrooms, growth rate of 0,5−2,8 mm/day. We found the selective media such as malt agar with the addition of pine sawdust (SS) and larch sawdust (SM) as most favorable for the vegetative growth and generative stage for all strains, temperature of incubation was 26 ± 0.1 °C. For mycelial growth the critical temperature was 39 ± 0.1 °C for <em>S. crispa</em> strains 312, 314 and 40 ± 0.1 °C for the strains 304, 2004. We confirmed belonging of studied strains to <em>S. </em><em>с</em><em>rispa</em> species according to established morphological and cultural characteristics. This result coincided with the results of DNA typing. Thus, the obtained mycelium growth parameters on nutrient media, micro- and macromorphological characteristics can be used as additional taxonomic characteristics of <em>S. </em><em>с</em><em>rispa</em> culture in the vegetative stage of growth.<strong> </strong>The strain <em>S. </em><em>с</em><em>rispa</em> 314 may become a potential producer for new fungal biotechnologies in Ukraine in the near future and reintroduction of this species in the nature.</p>

Effect of detergent and sawdust addition on hydrocarbon reduction and growth of <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L (Okra) in a petroleum-contaminated soil

A study to investigate the effect of sawdust and detergent on hydrocarbon reduction and the growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in petroleum polluted soil was carried out. The study was conducted at the Centre for Ecological Studies, University of Port Harcourt. Bonny light crude (300 ml) was used to pollute 10 kg soil. Detergent (20 g), sawdust (200 g) and sawdust: detergent (200 g: 20 g) were used as the amendment materials alongside a control (pollution but un-remediated) arranged in a completely randomized design of 12 replications. After 30 days post-amendment, 3 seeds of okra (var: V35-45 days) were grown in each treatment pot for 6 weeks. Soil Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) and okra growth performance (shoot length, leaf number, root length, total fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area and leaf area ratio) were analyzed. Results showed significant (p=0.05) reductions in THC of 44.23%, 26.5%, 70.80% and 10.79%, in detergent (20 g), sawdust (200 g), sawdust (200 g) + detergent (20 g) and control, respectively. Improved growth performances of okra were observed in the amended soil as compared to the control. Okra growth performance was in the order of: 200 g sawdust + 20 g detergent combination > 200 g sawdust > 20 g detergent. This implies that these two materials are good bio-stimulation materials especially when used in combined form for THC reduction and growth of okra.Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus L., contamination, crude oil, sawdust, total hydrocarbon content

Effect of detergent and sawdust addition on hydrocarbon reduction and growth of <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L (Okra) in a petroleum-contaminated soil

Effect of detergent and sawdust addition on hydrocarbon reduction and growth of <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L (Okra) in a petroleum-contaminated soil

Influence of pine sawdust on SO2 retention by CaO in coal slime briquette

ABSTRACTCoal slime, coal slime/CaO, and coal slime/CaO/pine sawdust were formed to make briquettes respectively. The effects of pine sawdust on the SO2 retention by CaO during coal slime briquette combustion were studied using a tube furnace. The obtained results demonstrated that porous structures were created in the briquette residue in the case of pine sawdust addition, and more sulfur retention product, CaSO4, was obtained in both outer and inner briquette residue. In addition, increasing combustion temperatures had a negative impact on SO2 reduction. In the experiments, SO2 retention efficiency achieved 48.3% when biomass and CaO were added to coal slime briquette at 850°C. It indicated that pine sawdust improved the reaction efficiency of CaO capturing SO2 in the coal slime briquette. The addition of CaO with pine sawdust is a dependable way for reliable reduction of SO2.

Effect of sawdust addition on coking pressure produced by two low vol bituminous coals

Two high-rank bituminous coals and three sawdusts of different origin were selected to study the effect of biomass on coking pressure. The effect of the biomass on the thermoplastic properties of the coals was assessed by means of the Gieseler test. In addition, the effect of the biomass on the thermal decomposition of the coals was studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis together with the modification of the permeability of the coal plastic phase. The individual coals and the blends were carbonized in a 17kg movable wall oven; the coking pressure developed was measured and the quality of the resulting coke was assessed. It was found that the sawdust reduced coking pressure, especially in the case of the coal that developed the highest coking pressure. This effect was attributed to the modification of the permeability of the plastic phase to gas flow. It was concluded that although the addition of sawdust produces a decrease in coking pressure, additions should be limited to small amounts to avoid excessive deterioration of the quality of the product.

An investigation into effect of sawdust treatment on permeability and compressibility of soil-bentonite slurry cut-off wall

Landfills containing municipal solid waste (MSW) are increasing with growing population and consumption rate in Australia. However, construction of conventional containment systems such as slurry walls are a cost-effective and timesaving approach to control the leachate diffusion, they are weak barriers when exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or heavy metals, which are abundant in municipal solid wastes. This study investigates effect of sawdust addition on hydraulic conductivity and compressibility of the Soil-Bentonite (SB) slurry cut-off wall. A series of hydraulic conductivity and consolidation tests performed on SB backfill amended with 2%, 5% and 10% sawdust contents. The results showed that application of sawdust reduced the final hydraulic conductivity (kf) in the range of 2.13 × 10−10 ≤ kf ≤ 3.5 × 10−10 m/s. The computed hydraulic conductivity values using consolidation theory (ktheory) also showed an identical decreasing trend in the range of 5.10 × 10−11 ≤ ktheory ≤ 3.50 × 10−10 m/s under 24 ≤ σ′n ≤ 1280 kPa effective overburden pressure (σ′n). The coefficient of consolidation (cv) was computed using Casagrande and Taylor methods showed a good agreement range value. Additionally, the computed compression index (Ci) and swelling index (Cs) were calculated using void ratio and effective overburden pressure graphs (e - logσ′n) showed that application of sawdust had no significant impact on settlement of the SB backfill.

Influence of sawdust on the properties of the ceramic shell used in investment casting process

The quality of the investment casting (IC) ceramic shell was enhanced using sawdust as an inexpensive and naturally available additive in the ceramic slurries. The important shell properties such as thickness, porosity, permeability and flexural strength were determined. The ceramic shell accommodated a substantial amount of sawdust because of its low particle density and porous structure which resulted in higher green strength and thickness of the shell. The same shell upon firing led to increased shell porosity and permeability with good knockability characteristic. The addition of sawdust in the secondary layers did not affect the composition of the primary layer of the ceramic shell. The mechanical properties of the aluminium-silicon (Al-Si) alloy castings obtained from the sawdust-modified shells were found to be comparatively higher than those obtained from the conventional shells.

Influence of sawdust addition on drying of wastewater sludges: Comparison of structural characteristics

ABSTRACTThis work aims to investigate the structural characteristics of wastewater sludges and sludge–wood mixtures, and how the addition of sawdust affects them in a positive way for the drying process. The study was performed for a fixed bed at the pilot scale, with sludges from three different wastewater treatment plants from the Liège province in Belgium, namely, Oupeye, Grosses Battes, and Embourg. X-ray tomography was chosen to evaluate variations in the structural characteristics before and after drying, which included volume, void fraction, and exchange surface of the bed. Results first confirm that the drying rate is raised after the sawdust addition operation for all three sludges, but the increase amount is smaller while the moisture of the sludge is high. With sawdust, the average drying rates increase by factors of 1.475 (Oupeye), 1.342 (Grosses Battes), and 1.162 (Embourg), respectively. It also increases initial volume as well as void fraction and surface exchange, however after drying this addition leads to less shrinkage and void fraction, and higher exchange surface. The initial void fraction increases by 7.25 (Oupeye), 8.30 (Grosses Battes), and 14.01% (Embourg), but the final void fraction decreases 1.56 (Oupeye), 10.83 (Grosses Battes), and 25.61% (Embourg). With high initial moisture content, we observed lower porosity and higher shrinkage.

The Effect Of Sawdust Addition To Physical Body Of Kidul Clay Based Earthware Ceramic

The research on "The Effect of the addition of sawdust on the physical properties of ceramic body of Kidul clay-based Earthenware " has been performed with different percentages. The sawdust used is wood shavings waste ofbuilding materials. Based on the results ofehemical analysis, sawdust is known to have a tendency as a fuser, whereas Kidul clay contain enough clay substance / loam, feldspar and quartz minerals. This study aims to determine the physical properties of the composite body period, either in a state of pre-combustion and post-combustion as ceramics earthenware. The produced ceramic objects can be used as a container of crop water by permeation techniques. So what is sought is a composition with a value permeation / absorption ofwater / the greatest PA. To observe its physical properties, measures of laboratory scale study was conducted by testing the bricks and the scale of production through prototype test. The result is in accordance with the purpose that is the body mass of BG1 code that has been qualified as Earthenware ceramics at a fuel temperature of l.l50oC with a value PA = 20.2% (SNI: 7275-2008, PA> 15% categorized as soft delicate earthenware or mayolika, while SII: 0803-83, PA> 20% is categorized as smooth soft earthenware with fuel temperature ofl000oC). However, further research still needs to be done with the addition ofan adjuvant sawdust with varied percentages in addition to testing with various forms ofdesign in order that in terms of aestheties and function the earthenware ceramic objects later become more meaningful.Key words: Kidul clay, sawdust, earthenware, water absorption, shrinkage amount

Pilot Test of Co-pyrolysis Characteristics of Wet Sewage Sludge and Sawdust in an External Heating Moving Bed

Abstract The process of traditional sludge treatment is complex and high energy consumption. A drying and pyrolysis integration technology of high moisture sludge was put forward. On the basis of experimental study, the pilot study was carried out. Co-pyrolysis characteristics of wet sewage sludge and sawdust for syngas production was studied in this paper. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of sawdust accelerated the pyrolysis reactions. Moreover, the weight loss and mass loss rate also increased with sawdust proportion augmenting. The mixture with 60 wt. % wet sewage sludge and 40 wt. % sawdust was pyrolyzed in a self-designed external heating moving bed pilot scale device with the capacity of 200 kg/h. Results showed that with pyrolysis carrying out, H 2 content was increasing from 33.62% to 47.71% and the volumetric concentration of fuel gas including was also gradually increasing. The heat value of pyrolysis gas mainly distributed between 15∼18 MJ/ Nm 3 , which is appreciable for industrial applications and provides a new idea for direct pyrolysis of sewage sludge.

참치 톱밥의 첨가가 압출성형 인조육의 품질 특성에 미치는 영향

본 연구에서는 고품질 인조육의 개발을 위하여 압출성형 인조육에 가공 부산물의 활용 측면에서도 장점을 지닌 참치톱밥을 첨가하여 압출성형 공정을 거친 후 이화학적 특성에 대하여 살펴보았다. 압출성형 원료는 탈지대두분 65%에 분리대두단백 25%, 옥수수 전분 10%를 혼합한 것을 기본 배합시료로 설정하였고, 기본 배합 100%, 기본 배합에 참치톱밥 15%를 첨가한 것과 참치 톱밥 30%를 첨가한 것, 세가지 시료를 제작하였다. 원료 사입량은 100 g/min, 스크루 회전 속도 250 rpm, 사출구 온도 140°C, 수분함량은 50%로 고정하여 압출성형한 후 비길이, 밀도, 파괴력, 조직잔사 지수, 보수력, 조직감 분석, 수용성 질소 지수, 단백질 소화율, DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성을 실시하였다. 참치 톱밥의 첨가 함량이 높을수록 파괴력과 밀도는 감소하였고 단면 팽화율과 비길이는 증가하였다. 또한, 참치 톱밥 첨가 함량이 높을수록 조직잔사지수와 보수력은 감소하였으며 수용성 질소 지수와 단백질 소화율도 다소 감소하였다. DPPH 라디칼소거 활성에서는 참치 톱밥의 첨가 함량이 높을수록 값이 증가하였으나 저장 기간이 30일과 60일로 길어짐에 따라 값이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 산패도의 측정값은 참치 톱밥의 첨가 함량이 높을수록 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 60일 이후부터는 참치 톱밥의 첨가 함량이 높을수록 다소 증가하여 150일 이후에는 유의적 차이를 보였다. 기본 배합 시료에 참치 톱밥을 첨가하면 유연한 조직감과 영양적 가치를 보존하면서 항산화 기능이 증진되었다.

Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and sawdust/rice straw for the production of biochar

Sewage sludge (SS) has been proved to be a good feedstock material for the production of biochars. However, the problem is that the total/leachable contents of some heavy metal elements in biochar products exceed the corresponding norms. In this work, efforts were made to solve above the mentioned topic through the addition of other biomasses (rice straw (RS) and sawdust (SD)) for the co-pyrolysis with SS. The addition of RS/SD reduced the yield of biochars, while the contents of organic matter in biochars were significantly improved. In addition, the introduction of biomasses, and especially the addition of SD, caused a decrease in the thermal stability, surface area, and pore volume of biochars. The total contents of heavy metals in biochar products, especially their Cu, Zn and Ni contents, were reduced as expected. However, reduction of the mobility of heavy metals in biochars according to the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure was not observed.