Addition Of Salicylic Acid Research Articles

Keratolytics and emollients and their role in the therapy of psoriasis: a systematic review.

IntroductionPsoriasis is a common chronic disease with significant impairment in quality of life. As there is no cure, it often requires lifelong disease control to minimize the development of skin lesions and to relieve symptoms. The aim of this publication is to systematically review the role of currently used emollients and keratolytics in the treatment of psoriasis.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted in Medline via PubMed regarding reviews, meta-analyses, and trials published from January 1983 to December 2013 dealing with topical administration of emollients and keratolytics in patients with psoriasis. A subsequent search in EMBASE regarding clinical trials published from 1983 to 2013 was performed to complement the findings.ResultsA total of 60 publications met the inclusion criteria for full-text evaluation. While current reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines state that adjuvant therapy with emollients and keratolytics should be an obligatory part in the therapy of psoriasis to facilitate descaling and/or penetration enhancement, comprehensive trials on these agents are missing, with the exception of combination products containing salicylic acid and corticosteroids. In the mentioned trials, addition of salicylic acid was beneficial in inducing a more rapid onset of action as well as a reduction of severity parameters and the area affected. However, its use has substantial limitations in young children, in patients with renal/hepatic impairment, with widespread psoriasis, those undergoing phototherapy, or those concomitantly treated with calcipotriene/systemic salicylates.ConclusionIn view of these shortcomings, there is a need for well-designed studies on suitable keratolytic alternatives to salicylic acid offering an indisputable positive benefit–risk ratio.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13555-015-0068-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Мицеллярная экстракция ионов легко гидролизующихся металлов с 2,3,7-триоксифлуоронами в модифицированную фазу цетилпиридиний хлорида

The micellar extraction of 2,3,7-trihydroxyfluorones and their complexes with some metal ions was investigated. Сationic cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC ) was used as surfactant for the formation of surfactant-rich phase. Phase separation of CPC at room temperature was induced by the addition of salicylic acid. The increasing of the extraction degree of 2,3,7-trihydroxyfluorones and their complexes as hydrophobicity of reagent increase was established. The quantitative extraction of the complex of Sb(III) with phenylfluorone into surfactant-rich phase was shown. The influence of concentration of CPC and salicylic acid on the absorption of Sb(III)-phenylfluorone solutions was studied. The optimum conditions for extraction of the complex into surfactant-rich phase were found. Spectrophotometric and colorimetric techniques for the determination of Sb(ІІІ) after micellar extraction were developed. Under the selected optimum conditions, the limits of detection ( LOD ) for Sb(III) were 5.0 and 1.0 µg L -1 for spectrophotometric and colorimetric procedure, respectively. The proposed methods for Sb(ІІІ) determination were applied for bottled mineral water and urine analysis. Key words: micellar extraction, antimony, phenylfluorone, cetylpyridinium chloride (Russian) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.1.011 M.G. Mandziuk, S.A. Kulichenko Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine

Human Ortholog of a Plant Salicylic Acid Receptor Found in SK-N-SH Cell Line

Our previous studies have described the purification and characterization of a novel plant NAD(P)-reductase like protein (RL) from the thermogenic appendix of the Sauromatum guttatum inflorescence. RL is mainly located in cytoplasm of thermogenic plants and it can act like a bistable switch. It adopts a compact conformation during heat-production and a more expanded conformation when heat is not generated. Addition of salicylic acid, a natural thermogenic inducer, at picomolar concentration to a solution of purified RL induced a discontinuous volume phase transition in which the volume of RL in the oligomeric form expanded and shrunk repeatedly every 4-5min. In the present study using ESI-MS analysis we have demonstrated the existence of RL in the human SK-N-SH cell line and in mouse brain tissue. The molecular mass of human RL is in the same range as of its plant counterpart, 34,140±34Da. The charge state distribution of the human RL is identical to its plant counterpart from the Sauromatum appendix during heat-production. Human RL was present in the compact state when it was purified from the SK-N-SH cell line When these cells were treated with salicylic acid (10μM) a shift to a much more compact conformation was observed. It seems that the potential of RL to respond to salicylic acid was conserved. These results may reveal the existence of a thermoregulation system that is evolutionarily conserved and is operating by conformational changes. This discovery may also represent an opportunity for a better understanding of some of the diverse functions of salicylic acid and aspirin in plants and humans.

Interaction of cellulase with three phenolic acids

The activity of cellulase against filter paper was enhanced by 28.32% and 15.17% after the addition of 0.83mg/ml of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, respectively, and by 10.15% after the addition of salicylic acid at 0.67mg/ml. The effects of three phenolic acids on the structure of cellulase were investigated via ultraviolet spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Ultraviolet spectroscopic results indicated that the peak absorbance of cellulase significantly increased and exhibited a 4–5nm redshift after the addition of the three phenolic acids, suggesting that the phenolic acids strongly interacted with the enzyme. Fluorescence investigation of the interaction between the enzyme and the phenolic acids showed that ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid covalently reacted with the aromatic amino acid residues in cellulase, whereas salicylic acid interacted non-covalently with cellulase. CD analysis revealed that the addition of the phenolic acids significantly decreased α-helix content but increased β-sheet and random coil contents. The possible mechanism underlying the effects of these phenolic acids on cellulase activity was also discussed.

Estimation of interfacial acidity of sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles

An enhancement in the excited state proton transfer (ESPT) processes of coumarin-102 (C-102) dye was observed upon addition of salicylic acid and hydrochloric acid in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar solution. The phenomenon was observed only in the micellar medium of anionic surfactant SDS and not in case of cationic (CTAB) or neutral (Trition X -100) surfactants. ESPT of C-102 was also observed in aqueous solutions but on addition of very high concentrations of hydrochloric acid. However, on comparing the ratio of the protonated species from the emission spectra in the presence and absence of SDS micelle, a conclusive estimation of the local proton concentration at the Stern layer of SDS micelles could be evaluated.

Analysis of global host gene expression during the primary phase of the Arabidopsis thaliana-Plasmodiophora brassicae interaction.

Microarray analysis was used to investigate changes in host gene expression during the primary stages of the interaction between the susceptible plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh ecotype Col-0 and the biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin. Analyses were conducted at 4, 7 and 10 days after inoculation (DAI) and revealed significant induction or suppression of a relatively low number of genes in a range of functional categories. At 4 DAI, there was induced expression of several genes known to be critical for pathogen recognition and signal transduction in other resistant host-pathogen interactions. As the pathogen further colonised root tissue and progressed through the primary plasmodium stage to production of zoosporangia at 7 and 10 DAI, respectively, fewer genes showed changes in expression. The microarray results were validated by examining a subset of induced genes at 4 DAI by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis all of which correlated positively with the microarray data. The two A. thaliana mutants jar1 and coiI tested were found to be susceptible to P. brassicae. The involvement of defence-related hormones in the interaction was further investigated and the findings indicate that addition of salicylic acid can suppress clubroot disease in A. thaliana plants.

Mechanism for the effect of agitation on the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid produced by Streptococcus zooepidemicus

Various views persist about the effect of agitation on hyaluronic acid (HA) molecular weight, and the mechanism remains unclear. In this paper, the effect of agitation on HA molecular weight was investigated. The HA molecular weight increased with impeller speed, due to a mass transfer enhancement; however, higher impeller speed caused a decrease in the HA molecular weight. According to the experimental results, it is proposed for the first time that reactive oxygen species (ROS) under higher impeller speed in the bioreactor, which were generated by NADH oxidase, could cause the reduction in the HA molecular weight. ROS generation increased remarkably during the exponential growth phase when the impeller speed increased from 450 rpm to 1000 rpm, and the NADH oxidase activity increased correspondingly. Finally, it was proved that the addition of salicylic acid could increase the HA molecular weight, but inhibit the efficiency of the HA synthesis.

Influence of exogenous salicylic acid on flavonolignans and lipoxygenase activity in the hairy root cultures of Silybum marianum

Silymarin is one of the most potent antioxidant so far developed from plant sources used as hepatoprotectants. Influence of different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8mg/50ml culture) and exposure time (24, 48, 72, 96 and 120h) of salicylic acid on lipoxygenase activity, linoleic acid content, growth and production of silymarin in hairy root cultures of S. marianum were investigated. Detection and identification of flavonolignans was carried out by high performance liquid chromatograph method. Salicylic acid enhanced silymarin production (1.89mgg(-1) DW). The optimal feeding condition was the addition of salicylic acid (6 mg/50 ml culture) after 24h in which the silymarin content was 2.42 times higher than the control (0.78mgg(-1) DW). The content of silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, silydianin and taxifolin were 0.703, 0.017, 0.289, 0.02 and 0.863mgg(-1) DW respectively in these samples, while in non-treated hairy roots were 0.027, 0.046, 0.23, 0.022 and 0.453 respectively. Lipoxygenase activity also affected by elicitation. lipoxygenase activity increased 24h after treatment by approximately 1.57- fold (0.21 Delta OD(234)/mgproteinmin(-1)). Upon elicitation with salicylic acid, linoleic acid content of hairy roots (38.26mgg(-1) DW) were also elevated after 24h, in which the linoleic acid content was 2.37 times higher than the control (16.1mgg(-1) DW). It is feasible that elicitation with salicylic acid regulates the jasmonate pathway, which in turn mediates the elicitor-induced accumulation of silymarin.

Investigations into the effect of selected storage conditions on the alcohol content and original gravity of beers samples

The accurate determination of alcohol content and original gravity of beer is crucial to investigations of adulteration and substitution. Unfortunately, beer samples are unstable with respect to compositional change by evaporation and biological degradation. Recent guidelines recommend freezing suspect samples to preserve them. This technique was compared with other preservation techniques. Samples of live cask beer and pasteurised beer were stored at 4 °C, at 4 °C with the addition of salicylic acid, and frozen at −18 °C. They were analysed at intervals for their alcohol content and original gravity. It was found that the sample’s analytical integrity was maintained for 18 months by degassing and freezing in glass bottles.

Production of Gastrodin Through Biotransformation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde Using Cell Suspension Cultures of Datura tatula L.

The conversion of exogenous p-hydroxybenzaldehyde into p-hydroxy-methyl-phenol-β-D-glucoside (gastrodin) was studied using cell suspension cultures of Datura tatula L. The chemical structure of the synthesized gastrodin was identified on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidence. The procedure of conversion of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde into gastrodin by D. tatula L. cell suspension cultures was established. The synthesized gastrodin (II) was isolated from the ferment liquor and identified by spectral analysis. Simultaneously, the p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (I) that was converted through biotransformation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde by cell suspension cultures of D. tatula L. was also isolated and identified. The efficiency of glucosylation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde was remarkably enhanced by the addition of salicylic acid (0.1 mg/L) and the maintenance of low pressure (0.001 MPa) in a 25-L airlift loop bioreactor. The biotransformation of exogenous p-hydroxybenzaldehyde to gastrodin using cell suspension cultures of D. tatula L. is a promising approach.

Characterization of nelfinavir binding to plasma proteins and the lack of drug displacement interactions

To determine the characteristics of the binding of nelfinavir and active M8 to alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) and human serum albumin (HSA), and to examine the displacement effects of drugs binding extensively to AAG (ritonavir and saquinavir) or to HSA (salicylic acid and valproic acid). Free drugs were separated by equilibrium dialysis after incubation with human plasma or purified plasma proteins and after co-incubation with potential displacers. Association constants were estimated from double-reciprocal plots of the data. Nelfinavir and M8 free fractions [fractions of unbound drug (fus)] were 0.42+/-0.08% (mean+/-standard deviation) and 0.64+/-0.07%, respectively. For the two analytes, respectively, association constants were 7.25 x 10(7)/m and 3.33 x 10(7)/m for AAG and 1.11 x 10(6)/m and 7.92 x 10(5)/m for HSA. Nelfinavir fu in an AAG solution was significantly (P < 0.01) increased by the addition of ritonavir or saquinavir, whereas it was unaltered by addition of these drugs to whole plasma. Similarly, fu in an HSA solution was significantly increased (P < 0.01) by the addition of salicylic acid or valproic acid, whereas there was no difference in the free fraction in plasma. The affinity of nelfinavir for human plasma proteins was higher than that of M8, and both nelfinavir and M8 showed higher affinity to AAG than to HSA. The free fraction of nelfinavir was not affected by drugs that bind extensively to AAG or albumin when these drugs were added to whole plasma in combination, suggesting a compensatory effect of alternate binding proteins.

Salicylic acid induces changes of coumarin metabolites in Matricaria chamomilla L.

Changes of coumarin content were induced by application of salicylic acid through the root system of 8-week-old Matricaria chamomilla plants in the stage of leaf rosette. Twenty four hours after addition of salicylic acid into culture medium, its accumulation in leaves of chamomile was registered. A decrease of ( Z)- and ( E)-2-β- d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acids content and an increase of their coumarin product herniarin in leaves of chamomile were found. A considerable increase of umbelliferone was observed, with peak at the time of 72 h after the treatment.

Double‐Chelation‐Assisted Rh‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroacylation Between Salicylaldehydes and 1,4‐Penta‐ or 1,5‐Hexadienes.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Accumulation of Four Metals in Tissues of Corchorus olitorius and Possible Mechanisms of Their Tolerance

Corchorus olitorius plants treated by 5 μg cm−3 of Cd, Pb, Al or Cu in hydroponic culture accumulated in leaves 190, 150, 350 and 325 μg g−1(d.m.) of these metals, respectively, after 6 d of exposure. Exposure of Corchorus plants to tested metals resulted in a sharp rise in content of amino acids in leaf tissues, however the magnitude of accumulation was different from one metal to another. Presence of sulphur in the growth medium significantly increased uptake of Cd and Pb and cysteine (cyst) was more effective than K2SO4. Similarly, addition of salicylic acid (SA) in the growth medium significantly enhanced the ability of Corchorus plants to accumulate all these metals. Growth of Corchorus plants was significantly reduced by treatment with any of the four metals except Cu and added cyst, K2SO4 or SA alleviated the growth retarding effect of metals.

Double-Chelation-Assisted Rh-Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroacylation between Salicylaldehydes and 1,4-Penta- or 1,5-Hexadienes

Intermolecular hydroacylation between salicylaldehydes 1, 26-40 and 1,4-penta- or 1,5-hexadienes 4-13 by Rh-catalyst proceeded under mild reaction conditions to give a mixture of iso- and normal-hydroacylated products 14-25, 41-55, and 57-60. In the hydroacylation reaction, chelation of both salicylaldehyde and diene to the Rh-complex plays a crucial role. The ratio of iso- and normal-hydroacylated products could be regulated by the addition of salicylic acid or amines. The effects of various Rh-complexes, solvents, and additives were examined, and the plausible mechanisms of the catalytic cycle were proposed on the basis of the deuterium-labeling salicylaldehyde experiments.

Regulation of potato immune responses by laminarin

Laminarin blocks potato immune responses by inhibiting the reaction of oversensitivity, formation of phytoalexins, wound repair, and the activity of proteinase inhibitors. It was found that laminarin exhibits antielicitor activity. Addition of salicylic acid to laminarin enhances its immunosuppressing effect, which becomes systemic.

Effects of salicylic acid on fungal elicitor-induced membrane-lipid peroxidation and taxol production in cell suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis

Effects of three treatments of 50 mg l −1 fungal elicitors (F 5), 50 mg l −1 salicylic acid (SA) and 50 mg l −1 F 5+50 mg l −1 SA were studied on membrane-lipid peroxidation. Peroxidase (POD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and taxol production in cell suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis were investigated. The results showed membrane-lipid peroxidation caused by fungal elicitor F 5, prepared from fungus isolated the inner bark of T. chinensis, was decreased by the addition of salicylic acid, even if the latter also induced cell membrane-lipid peroxidation. F 5+SA resulted in improving the activity of POD and G6PDH compared to single F 5 treatment, and achieved the greatest taxol production of 11.5 mg l −1, being 1.5, 2.3 and 7.5 times higher than that of F 5, SA and the control. By analysis of membrane-lipid peroxidation, POD and G6PDH activity, the reason combined treatment F 5 and SA improved taxol production was reduction of membrane-lipid peroxidation induced by F 5. The studies showed that treatment of F 5+SA on T. chinensis cultures not only gained more biomass than single F 5 treatment, but also achieved the highest taxol production.

Identification of genes regulated by UV/salicylic acid

Purpose : Previous work from the authors' group and others has demonstrated that some of the effects of UV irradiation on gene expression are modulated in response to the addition of salicylic acid to irradiated cells. The presumed effector molecule responsible for this modulation is NF-kappaB. In the experiments described here, differential-display RT-PCR was used to identify those cDNAs that are differentially modulated by UV radiation with and without the addition of salicylic acid. Materials and methods : Differential-display RT-PCR was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Results : Eight such cDNAs are presented: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-beta), nuclear encoded mitochondrial NADH ubiquinone reductase 24kDa (NDUFV2), elongation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B), nuclear dots protein SP100, nuclear encoded mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor (IF1), a cDNA similar to a subunit of yeast CCAAT transcription factor HAP5, and two expressed sequence tags (AA187906 and AA513156). Conclusions : Sequences of four of these genes contained NF-kappaB DNA binding sites of the type that may attract transrepressor p55/p55 NF-kappaB homodimers. Down-regulation of these genes upon UV irradiation may contribute to increased cell survival via suppression of p53 independent apoptosis.

Stability, blood partition and plasma protein binding of ipriflavone, an isoflavone derivative.

It is generally recognized that the partition between plasma and blood cells, the immediate centrifugation of blood samples after collection for the measurement of 'true' in vivo concentrations and free drug concentrations in plasma are important determinants of the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of drugs. Therefore, the stability, blood partition between plasma and blood cells, and factors influencing the binding of ipriflavone to 4% human serum albumin (HSA) using an equilibrium dialysis technique were evaluated. Ipriflavone was unstable in rat liver homogenate and various pH solutions ranging from 1 to 13, except pH 8, rat blood and plasma and human plasma when incubated in a water-bath shaker for 24 h kept at 37 degrees C and at a rate of 50 oscillations/min. The recoveries of spiked amounts of ipriflavone at 24 h pH solutions ranging from 1 to 12 were 67.0, 78.1, 87.9, 89.6, 84.2, 87.4, 85.5, 99.3, 88.0, 76. 6, 79.4 and 81.5%, respectively. Ipriflavone was very unstable in pH 13 solution; only 0.814% of ipriflavone was recovered after 30 min incubation. Ipriflavone was stable for up to 3 h incubation in human gastric juices. Ipriflavone reached equilibrium fast (within 30 s of being mixed manually) between plasma and blood cells and the equilibrium plasma/blood cells partition ratios were independent of the initial rabbit blood concentrations of ipriflavone: 0.2, 2, and 10 microg/mL; the values were in the range of 0.900-2.45. The binding of ipriflavone to 4% HSA was 96.6+/-0.407% at ipriflavone concentrations ranging from 2 to 100 microg/mL, but it was dependent on HSA concentrations (0.5-6%), incubation temperature (4, 22 and 37 degrees C), 'the buffer' pHs (5.8, 6.4, 7.0, 7.4 and 8.0), and addition of salicylic acid (150-300 microg/mL) and sulphisoxazole (100-300 microg/mL). However, the binding was independent of buffers containing various concentrations of chloride ion (0-0.546%), glucose (0 and 5%), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (0-0.32%) and heparin (0-40 U/mL), and addition of its metabolites (M1 and M5, 5 microg/mL).

The effects of vinblastine on the expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat

Previous work by our group has demonstrated induction of the HIV-LTR following exposure of cells to various DNA-damaging agents such as ultraviolet (UV) light, cisplatin, and doxorubicin. The current experiments were designed to determine the relative effects of the anti-mitotic drug vinblastine on expression of the HIV-LTR. Using human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells stably transfected with the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter transcriptionally driven by the HIV-LTR promoter, we demonstrated a 9–10-fold induction at 48–72 h following vinblastine treatment. Previous experiments had demonstrated repression of cisplatin or doxorubicin-mediated HIV induction by treatment with salicylic acid. The vinblastine induction also was repressed by salicylic acid treatment, but not by treatment with indomethacin, suggesting a role for the NFκB pathway in the inductive response. When UV exposure was coupled to the vinblastine treatment, there was no additive or synergistic effect evident, suggesting similar paths of induction between the two agents. Northern blots demonstrated that these agents were operating at the level of transcription and that salicylic acid inhibited vinblastine-mediated induction of HIV-LTR-CAT mRNA only if administered at the same time as vinblastine; addition of salicylic acid 2 h later had no effect on transcript accumulation. All combinations of treatments with vinblastine and/or salicylic acid markedly reduced cell survival.