Addition Of Propanol Research Articles

1-Ethyl 4-propyl 2-(1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-5-yl)butanedioate

The diester 2 was prepared by the addition of propanol to 1 according to the reported procedure [1] [...]

Propyl 3-(1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,3,6-trimethyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-5-yl)butanoate

The compound 2 was prepared by the addition of propanol to 1 according to the reported procedure [1].[...]

Noble phase behavior of water/propanol/polyethyleneglycol mono alkyl ether/oil system

We studied the phase behavior of three coexisting phases in water/propanol/octaethyleneglycol mono dodecyl ether/heptane system at 45°C. A cone-like three-phase body was found in a composition tetrahedron. In the body aqueous and surfactant phases coexist in the presence of the third coexisting phase, an oil phase, with their loci of composition drawing a closed-loop on addition of propanol. The oil phase remains in an oil-rich region without major change in its composition. The roles of propanol are discussed by using hydrophile-lipophile balance and locations of critical tie lines. Propanol mainly plays two roles; one is as a lipophilic cosurfactant and the other is as a water-soluble cosolvent. The compositions of the critical end points were also determined by a method to use the critical tie line as a clue. In other systems the same pattern phase behavior was observed.

Influence of aldehydes on selected mechanical properties of resin composites.

The present study investigated whether propanol, a monofunctional aldehyde, was able to improve the mechanical properties of dental polymers. The underlying hypothesis was that a cross-linking reaction is possible between various functional groups of different polymers. Propanol was added to monomer mixtures, which were then made light-curing and loaded with filler. The monomer mixtures were varied with respect to monomer composition and content of aldehyde. Four mechanical properties of the experimental resin composites were determined. Addition of propanol gave rise to significant improvements in mechanical properties, which may be indicative of a cross-linking ability of monofunctional aldehydes. With the exception of modulus of elasticity, the mechanical properties of resin composites based on UEDMA/HEMA were superior to those of BISGMA/TEGDMA-based materials, even though the improvements in flexural strength and modulus of resilience were most pronounced for the BISGMA/TEGDMA-based resin composites.

Bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity properties in the mediation of in vitro adhesion by the rabbit enteric pathogen Escherichia coli strain RDEC-1.

The role of hydrophobicity in the attachment of enteropathogens to gastrointestinal mucosa is controversial. In vitro binding of Escherichia coli RDEC-1 to rabbit intestine is dependent on the expression of pili. We examined in vitro adherence of piliated RDEC-1 after altering either the hydrophobicity of the organisms, the hydrophobicity of the substrate for attachment, or the surface tension of the suspending liquid. Hydrophobicity of RDEC-1 was determined using four complementary methods. In each assay piliated RDEC-1 demonstrated relatively more hydrophobic properties compared with both organisms grown to suppress pilus expression and a mutant that cannot express mannose-resistant pili. When piliated RDEC-1 were pretreated with tetramethyl urea to disrupt hydrophobic bonds surface hydrophobicity decreased. Concurrently, bacterial adherence to rabbit ileal microvillus membranes, mucus and mucin was reduced. Binding of piliated organisms to hydrophobic surfaces was significantly higher compared to both nonpiliated bacteria and the adherence of piliated RDEC-1 to relatively hydrophilic surfaces. Addition of propanol reduced the surface tension of the suspending liquid, and decreased adhesion of piliated RDEC-1 to polystyrene by 80%. Conversely, adherence of piliated organisms to a hydrophilic surface increased 12-fold after lowering the surface tension of the suspending liquid. We conclude that hydrophobic properties have a role in mediating in vitro adherence of this E. coli enteric pathogen.

Two Types of Phase Behavior in a Water/Nonionic Surfactant/Triglyceride System

Two types of phase behavior were observed in a water/nonionic surfactant/triglyceride sys-tem. One type was the same as that noted in a water/nonionic surfactant/hydrocarbons system in which a surfactant phase, D, coexists with excess water and oil phases at a certain temperature. The other type was typically observed in a water/nonionic surfactant/amphiphilic oil such as long-chain alcohols. That is, a lamellar liquid crystal coexists with an oil phase at lower tem-perature. With increase in temperature, liquid crystals melt and the melted phase (another sur-factant phase, D') forms a three-phase region together with the water and oil phases. Each of these two types of phase behavior is dependent on the types of surfactant and triglycerides and can be changed by addition of propanol.

Nitrate reductase activity in leaves and roots ofAlnus glutinosa (L) Gaertner

Thein vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was determined inAlnus glutinosa plants grown nonsymbiotically on ammonium, nitrate, a combination of both, or symbiotically with atmospheric nitrogen as the only nitrogen source. Root NRA was absent when ammonium or atmospheric nitrogen was the nitrogen source. With nitrate in the culture solution the roots showed a high NRA. However, the leaf NRA behaved quite differently: with negligible activities on all nitrogen sources except atmospheric nitrogen. The foliar NRA measured, however, is likely not due to the activity of the plant but of microbial origin. Methods commonly used to facilitate produced nitrite to leak out of the tissue, such as addition of propanol and cutting the plant material, did not increase the nitrite release from the leaves. A turbidity developed when testing the samples for nitrite which was positively correlated with the NRA. Populations of microorganisms in the phyllosphere did not differ between the nutritional treatments. Bacteria, able to grow on a low-nitrogen medium, were present on the leaves. Nitrifiers could not be detected. The bacteria on the leaves appear to produce nitrite when incubated with leaf material.

Determination of drugs in untreated body fluids by micellar chromatography with fluorescence detection

Direct serum and urine injection, without sample extraction or protein precipitation steps, into a liquid chromatographic system using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with 10% added propanol as the mobile phase, is described for measurement of drug levels. The ability of SDS micelles to form soluble protein—SDS complexes, with no on-column precipitation, provides a simple, rapid method for routine determination of quinine, quinidine, propranolol, morphine and codeine at concentration levels found in serum and urine following administration of therapeutic doses. Absolute limits of detection ranged from 0.2 to 6 ng. Variation of the surfactants mobile phase concentration allows control of selectivity and analysis time, although a minimum concentration is required to prevent protein precipitation. Chromatographic efficiencies are improved by the addition of propanol to the micellar mobile phase, and sensitivities improved by use of fluorescence detection. The sensitivities are more than adequate for therapeutic drug monitoring of concentration ranges normally encountered in serum and urine.

Media for in vivo nitrate reductase assay of plant tissues

The in vivo nitrate reductase (NR) activities of leaf sections of lambs-quarters ( Chenopodium album), tomato, wheat, pea, maize and pigweed were greatly stimulated by the inclusion of various surfactants in the assay medium. 1-Propanol caused only slight stimulation. The corresponding activities of root tissue were greatly enhanced by 1-propanol, and slightly inhibited by surfactants. Studies of the time course of root NR assays showed that, in the absence of exogenous nitrate, propanol addition resulted in an abrupt increase in reaction rate from a previous low level; and that, at suitable concentrations of propanol, peaks of activity were found at two successive times. These results suggest that the stimulating effect of propanol is due to its promotion of the transfer of nitrate substrate from a vacuolar storage pool to an active cytoplasmic pool accessible to the enzyme. Stimulation of activity by Tergitol NPX in lambs-quarters leaf disc assays was more gradual, and two peaks could not be shown, but the mechanism of stimulation may well be the same. If these explanations are correct, it would follow that there are significant differences in the properties of roof and leaf vacuolar membranes.

Addition of primary alcohols to perfluoro-1,3-butadiene

Addition of methanol or ethanol to perfluoro-1,3-butadiene (I), catalysed with sodium alkoxide, afforded a mixture of the corresponding alkyl 4-alkoxy-3,4,4-trifluoro-2-butenoate VIb or VIa, dialkyl 2-fluorofumarate VIIb or VIIa, and dialkyl 2-alkoxy-2-butene-dioate IXb or IXa, in the overall yield 83% or 93%. The addition of propanol to the diene I in the presence of sodium propoxide gave dipropyl fluorofumarate (VIIc) as the sole product in 92% yield.. The course of the addition is suggested and discussed. The compound VIa was transformed into ethyl 3,4-diethoxy-4,4-difluoro-2-butenoate (VIIIa), diethyl 2-fluorofumarate (VIIa), diethyl 2,3-dibromo-2-fluorosuccinate (XI) and ethyl 3-amino-4-ethoxy-4,4-difluoro-2-butenoate (XIII). The compound VIIa afforded the succinate XI, diethyl 2,2-diethoxysuccinate (X) and 2-amino-2-butenediamide (XIV). Diethyl 2-ethoxy-2-butenedioate (IXa) was converted to diethyl 2,3-dibromo-2-ethoxysuccinate (XII) and the succinate X. The 1H- and 19F-NMR spectra afforded information about the structure of the prepared compounds.