Addition Of Poultry Litter Research Articles

Produção e crescimento da macieira 'Fuji' em resposta à adubação orgânica e manejo de plantas espontâneas

A adubação orgânica e o manejo do solo podem interferir diretamente no crescimento e na produção da macieira, principalmente em solos rasos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de doses de camas de aviário e de métodos de manejo de plantas espontâneas sobre o rendimento e o vigor da macieira. O experimento foi instalado sobre um Neossolo Litólico cultivado com macieira há 13 anos, cv. Fuji sobre porta-enxerto Marubakaido, localizado em São Joaquim-SC. A partir de 1998, foram utilizados dois métodos de manejo de plantas espontâneas, um com herbicida e outro com roçadas, associados a quatro doses de camas de aviário (0; 5;10 e 20 t ha-1), aplicadas anualmente ao solo. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. O rendimento da macieira foi aumentado pela adubação com camas de aviário e foi dependente do método de manejo de plantas espontâneas. Para um mesmo rendimento dentro dos métodos de manejo, foi necessária a aplicação de uma dose maior de camas de aviário quando se utilizaram roçadas. A aplicação de camas de aviário promoveu a recuperação do vigor das plantas e de maneira mais eficiente quando se utilizou o manejo das plantas espontâneas com herbicida.

Effect of crude oil contamination on the yield and chemical composition of Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fr.) Singer.

The effect of crude oil contamination which is a perennial problem in the Niger Delta of Nigeria on the yield and nutrient status of Pleurotus tuber-regium was investigated. In this study, after cultivating P. tuber-regium in crude oil contaminated soils to which sawdust, shredded banana leaf blades, NPK fertilizer and poultry litter were added, the yield and nutrient or chemical composition were determined. Crude oil contamination caused significant increase in the size and yield of the mushroom by increasing the pileus and stipe size and also fresh and dry weights showing a fertilizer effect. The addition of sawdust and poultry litter enhanced the fertilizer effect by further significant increases in size and yields of treatments that had them. The addition of NPK and shredded banana leaf blades to crude oil contaminated soils did not enhance the fertilizer effect of crude oil as there was significant decrease in the size and yield of P. tuber-regium in treatments that had them. The nutrient chemical composition of the mushroom was also affected by the presence of the crude oil and supplementation with the various materials. There was a reduction in the moisture and carbohydrate content caused by the addition of poultry litter and sawdust to the contaminated soils and an increase in the ash, fat, protein and fibre content of the mushroom. On the other hand, the addition of NPK and shredded banana leaf blades caused a reduction in the moisture, protein and carbohydrate content and an increase in the fat, moisture, ash and fibre content. The performance of the fungus in crude oil contaminated substrates can be optimized by the addition of sawdust and poultry litter but not shredded banana leaf blades and NPK. This is evident from the fact that sawdust and poultry litter enhanced growth while shredded banana leaf blades reduced growth in crude oil contaminated soil. The improvement in nutrient status of the mushroom indicates that the fertilizer effect of crude oil also affects the general well being of the fungus. Key words: Crude oil contamination, Pleurotus tuber-regium, fertilizer effect, nutrient status.

Extração seqüencial de Mn e Zn em solos em função do pH e adição de cama-de-frango

A disponibilidade de micronutrientes catiônicos e sua distribuição nas frações do solo, são afetadas por diversos atributos, como pH e teor de matéria orgânica do solo. Avaliaram-se a disponibilidade de Mn e Zn por três extratores químicos e o fracionamento desses elementos, por meio de extração seqüencial, em função da variação do pH e da adição de cama-de-frango, em amostras da camada superficial (0 a 10 cm) de um Neossolo Litólico distrófico típico e de um Cambissolo Húmico alumínico da região da Serra do Rio Grande do Sul, cultivados com videira. Após redução dos valores de pH do solo, de 6,5 para 3,8, ocorreu aumento nos teores disponíveis de Mn e Zn e nos de Mn e Zn ligados à fração trocável, com diminuição nos teores desses elementos ligados à fração orgânica. A aplicação de doses de cama-de-frango contribuiu para aumentar os teores disponíveis e os ligados à fração trocável. A maior proporção do Mn dos solos estudados esteve ligada à fração orgânica (35%) e à fração residual (30%); para o Zn, a maior proporção foi observada na fração residual (55%). Os teores de Mn e Zn extraídos com DTPA, com CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1 e com Mehlich III, apresentaram relação linear com os teores dos elementos nas frações trocável e ligada à matéria orgânica.

Biodegradation of aliphatic, aromatic, resinic and asphaltic fractions of crude oil contaminated soils by Pleurotus tuber-regium Fr. Singer - a white rot fungus

The use of chemical fertilizer and animal manure on crude oil reduction during biodegradation with Pleurotus tuber-regium was investigated. The co-substrates and inocula types used for the investigation were shredded banana leaf blades and sawdust of Albezia and sclerotium and spawn of the fungus, respectively. The reduction of total petroleum hydrocarbons was higher in treatments with a combination of fertilizers and co-substrates. Degradation of total petroleum content was higher in poultry litter treatment than the NPK treatments. The degradation of aliphatics in substrates with co-substrates was higher than those without co-substrates. Reduction of aromatics was appreciable in all treatments with the least been 40% in banana leaf blades + contaminated soil and contaminated soil only substrates. Degradation of resins was higher in contaminated soils with co-substrates only than those with fertilizers + co-substrates. The reduction of asphaltenes was low and some substrates instead of a decrease, recorded increase in the asphaltic fraction. Phytoasssessment tests show that the addition of poultry litter and sawdust and banana leaf blades to fungal remediation restored the contaminated soil. The addition of NPK to crude oil contaminated soil in the presence of P. tuber-regium affected the soil negatively as it could not support plant growth anymore. P. tuber-regium is better able to remove hydrocarbons from soil with the aid of poultry litter and co-substrates. Key words: Biodegradation, petroleum hydrocarbons, co-substrates, phyto-assessment, fertilizers.

Copper concentration of vineyard soils as a function of pH variation and addition of poultry litter

Copper (Cu) concentration was evaluated as a function of pH variation and addition of poultry litter to a Dystrophic Lithic Udorthent and a Humic Dystrudept from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, cultivated with vines treated with successive applications of Cu-based product. Samples were collected from the surface layer (0 to 10 cm). Soluble Cu concentration was determined using DTPA and Mehlich III as extractants, and exchangeable Cu was determined in CaCl2. The availability of Cu was mainly affected by the soil pH. CaCl2 extractant had the best correlation with Cu concentration in contaminated soils, according to treatments applied. The addition of poultry litter did not reduce Cu availability in these soils. Total soil Cu content varied between 1,300 and 1,400 mg kg-1 in both soils. Copper available fractions, extracted by DTPA, CaCl2 and Mehlich III, averaged 35, 0.2 and 63%, respectively, of the total Cu present in the soil.

Formas de cobre em solos de vinhedos em função do pH e da adição de cama-de-frango

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição de formas de cobre, em função do pH e da adição de cama-de-frango, em amostras da camada superficial (0 a 10 cm) de um Neossolo Litólico distrófico típico e de um Cambissolo Húmico alumínico típico, da região da Serra Gaúcha, cultivados por mais de 15 anos com parreirais que receberam aplicações sucessivas de produtos fitossanitários à base de cobre. Para avaliar os efeitos da variação do pH e do teor de matéria orgânica do solo nas formas de cobre, cinco doses de HNO3 (50, 100, 200, 300 e 400 mmol kg-1) e quatro doses de cama-de-frango em base seca (10, 20, 40 e 80 t ha-1) foram adicionadas aos solos. As frações observadas foram: trocável; ligada à matéria orgânica; ligada a óxidos de Fe, de Al e de Mn; e fração residual. A maior proporção do cobre dos solos esteve ligada à fração orgânica (entre 70 e 80%). Com a diminuição do pH (de 6,8 para 3,8), os teores de cobre trocável aumentaram, enquanto os teores de cobre ligados às frações matéria orgânica, óxidos e residual diminuíram. A adição de cama-de-frango não afetou significativamente a distribuição das formas de cobre nos solos, com exceção dos teores trocáveis.

Monitoring phosphorus mineralization from poultry manure using phosphatase assays and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Phosphatase enzymes are responsible for mineralization of organic-phosphorus (P) compounds in soil where they hydrolyze the organic phosphate esters to inorganic phosphate. One way to monitor the mineralization process in soils receiving poultry manure is by assessing the activity of phosphatase in a soil amended with poultry manure relative to a soil that is not amended. In a laboratory incubation, soil phosphomonoesterase activity and soil phosphodiesterase activity were measured 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks after soil incorporation of poultry litter. Two soils, both Fine-loamy siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudults, were used in the study. Both soils differed in their previous management. The first soil was from a conventionally tilled field that received annual poultry litter applications for 18 consecutive years. The second soil was from an adjacent recently cleared woodland that had no history of manure application. In the previously non-manured soil, soil phosphodiesterase activity following poultry litter addition increased from 4 to 66 μg p-nitrophenol g soil−1 hour−1 by the second week. However, in the same soil, after 8 weeks, phosphodiesterase activity resulting from poultry litter applications was not evident. There was a net increase in phosphomonoesterase activity from week 0 to 20 in the previously manured and previously non-manured soils that were amended with poultry litter. A simultaneous study was conducted to measure the relative concentration of organic P forms during the mineralization process using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. Subsamples from the poultry manure-amended soil were extracted with 0.25 M NaOH+0.05 M EDTA following 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks after manure addition and incorporation. The concentration of organic P compounds decreased from the time of poultry litter incorporation until week 20 whereas orthophosphate concentration increased during this period.

Effects of poultry litter on the chronic toxicity of cadmium to common carp ( Cyprinus carpio)

Static 90 day bioassays were made in outdoor cement tanks (300 l capacity) with fries of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) exposed to 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/l of cadmium (Cd) treated individually and with 250 mg/l poultry litter. Addition of poultry litter significantly reduced the concentrations of dissolved Cd in water and whole body Cd in fish and plankton. In contrast, concentrations of total Cd in sediment increased under the influence of poultry litter. Cadmium showed a distinct partitioning pattern in the sediment. Addition of poultry litter did not change the partitioning pattern. Growth of fish, in respect to length and weight, was reduced by all levels of Cd exposure. In contrast, maximum weight gains, increased lengths, increased specific growth rates and yields were recorded under the influence of poultry litter alone. Addition of poultry litter reduced the ill effects on growth of fish produced by Cd and proved to be a promising tool to counter Cd pollution in aquaculture.

Bioremediation of gasoline‐contaminated soil using poultry litter

Abstract Contaminated soil, excavated from around a leaking underground gasoline storage tank, is commonly subjected to thermal degradation to remove the gasoline. Bioremediation as an alternative treatment technology is now becoming popular. The important hydrocarbon‐degrading bacteria include Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, and Flavobacterium. Poultry litter contains a large number of microorganisms, including Pseudomonas, as well as many inorganic nutrients and organic biomass that may assist in biodegrading gasoline in contaminated soil. During bioremediation of contaminated soil, microbial densities are known to increase by 2–3 orders of magnitude. However, bioremediation may result in an increase in the toxic characteristics of the soil due to the production of potentially toxic degradation intermediates. The objective of this research was to study the influence of the addition of poultry litter on the bioremediation of gasoline‐contaminated soil by quantifying the changes in the densities of microorgani...

Quality and Ergovaline Content of Tall Fescue Silage as Affected by Harvest Stage and Addition of Poultry Litter and Inoculum

Alternative methods of managing endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum)-infected (EI) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) are needed to reduce the severity of fescue toxicosis in cattle. Two field experiments were conducted at Fayetteville, AR to determine the effect of adding silage inoculant or poultry litter and harvesting at two maturities on tall fescue silage quality and ergovaline concentration. In Experiment 1, mature, EI tall fescue (85% of plants infected) was chopped and mixed with broiler litter at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% litter (0, 12, 27, 46, 69, and 100% litter on a dry weight basis). Each mixture was also either inoculated or noninoculated with a mixture of dried fermentation products of Streptococcus lactus, Lactobacillis caseii, L. plantarum, and Aspergillus oryzae plus nutrients [...]

Recycling Newsprint on Agricultural Land with the Aid of Poultry Litter

The large volume of cellulose products, primarily newsprint and yard waste, that are disposed of in landfills and the resistance of these products to decomposition led to an evaluation of the disposal of ground newsprint on agricultural land. A field study was conducted with cotton to evaluate the effects of trenching and mixing the excavated soil with ground newsprint and/or poultry litter. Decomposition rate of newsprint and potential for environmental contamination were investigated in a Cahaba-Wickham-Bassfield sandy loam (Typic Hapludult) soil. The experimental variables included different ratios of soil, ground newsprint, and/or poultry litter applied on the soil surface and in trenches 0.61 m or 1.22 m deep. When ground newsprint and excavated soil were mixed without adjusting the C:N ratio of the backfill, the newsprint was still present seven months after application. However, adjusting the C.N ratio of the excavated soil and ground newsprint with poultry litter provided the nitrogen necessary to completely decompose the ground newsprint within seven months. Soil surface application of ground newsprint required adjusting the C:N ratio to control the occurrence of plant pathogenic organisms. Extractable soil nutrients were increased when poultry litter was added, including P and K which are of concern with respect to surface and groundwater contamination. Extractable Zn, Cu, and Mn levels were increased by the addition of poultry litter, but their levels were in the ranges that most row crops will tolerate. The metals Cr and Pb, found in some printer's ink, may be of concern if repeated application of newsprint is made to the same site. Soil organic matter content was increased from 11.9 g kg-1 to 23.8 g kg-1 in the 50:40:10 backfill mixture of soil, newsprint, and poultry litter seven months after application.

Laboratory evaluation of ensiled poultry litter

ABSTRACTPoultry litter collected from a commercial broiler house, bedded with wood shavings, was used. The material was screened and ground before it was ensiled either alone or with other agricultural by-products, namely chopped barley straw, a mixture of weeds and grapefruit peels. The digestible organic matter in the dry matter value in vitro (0·39) for litter was comparable with that for straw and weeds. Of the total nitrogen (36·3 g/kg dry matter), 0·19 was ammonia-nitrogen and 0·77 protein-nitrogen. Digestible energy and crude fibre in the litter were 7·19 MJ and 334 g/kg dry matter, respectively. Addition of poultry litter at ensiling resulted in significant increases in nitrogen and ash content of the original mixtures. Inclusion of sodium hydroxide in fermented and non-fermented mixtures elevated digestible organic matter in the dry matter values in vitro by 0·19 and 0·13, respectively; the crude fibre concentration was lowered. All initial mixtures were free of lactic acid and were positive for the pathogen Proteus when tested. Unlike crude fibre, fatty acid and free ammonia, which were increased after fermentation, digestible organic matter in the dry matter and pH values were decreased. Ensiling killed the pathogen Proteus in the majority of the silages tested. The silages had a pleasant aroma and colour, and were consumed by Chios sheep.