Addition Of Potassium Sulfate Research Articles

Effect of modifiers on crystalizing habit and mechanical strength of α-hemihydrate gypsum prepared from PG by an autoclaved method

α-Hemihydrate gypsum (α-HH) was prepared by autoclaving phosphogypsum (PG) in the presence of potassium sodium tartrate, succinic acid, potassium sulfate and aluminum sulfate as modifiers. Through testing the crystal water content, XRD, XPS, SEM, and strength, and carrying out the molecular dynamic simulation, the effect and mechanism of modifiers on the crystalizing habit and mechanical strength of α-HHs was researched. The SEM pictures showed that, some α-HH crystals presented the form of fine grains, well-crystallized α-HHs were monoclinic and hexagonal and presented short column or long rod shape. The addition of modifiers obviously reduced the content of fine grains and the aspect ratio of well-crystallized crystals. The influence of modifiers on crystal morphology is related to the dehydration rate of PG, total conversion time of PG into α-HH, and selective adsorption of modifiers on crystal surface. Succinic acid and potassium sodium sulfate inhibited the dehydration of PG for 1 h, and extended the total conversion time to 5 h. The addition of potassium sulfate and aluminum sulfate did not change the induction period, only shortened the total conversion time to 3 h. The modifiers did not enter the structure of α-HH crystal, but preferentially absorbed on the plane of (111) and influenced the growth along the top plane. Considering the aspect ratio and content of well-crystallized crystals, succinic acid and potassium sodium tartrate had more significant effect than potassium sulfate and aluminum sulfate. The strengths could be improved by adding the modifiers, and the effect of succinic acid was the best. The flexural and compressive strengths of all α-HHs were greater than the values of 4.5 MPa and 30Mpa, and met the requirements of high strength gypsum of α30.

Organic Fertilization Affects Growth and Yield of Potato (Cara. cv) Plants Grown on Sandy Clay Loam

ABSTRACT Utilizing chemical fertilizers in large quantities leads to deterioration of soil health and consequently the quality of the agriculture product. In return, the application of organic wastes helps to maintain good soil microbial population and soil fertility as well as enhance the yield. A field experiment was conducted at Assiut Governorate, Egypt, in seasons of 2017/2018 to investigate the influence of filter mud cake (FMC) either alone or combined with potassium sulfate as a chemical fertilizer (CF) on growth and yield of potato tubers. The results clearly indicated that the plants treated with FMC75+ CF25 treatment gave a significant increase (36.64%) in the plant height. Also, it caused highest increases for N, P and K uptakes by about 4, 7, and 6 times, respectively, compared to the control. However, increase in the total tuber yield (15.10 ton fed-1) was obtained with addition of potassium sulfate while FMC100 recorded 14.73 ton fed−1 compared to the control (5.92 ton fed-1). Although the decrease of the total yield, the FMC25 + CF75 treatment showed the highest relative increase (196.21%) in tuber large-size weight. Moreover, FMC50 + CF50 treatment gave the highest increase (130.62%) in medium-size and FMC100 gave highest increase (124.78%) in small-size over the control. Increasing the medium size (export volume) with adding organic to inorganic fertilizers at ratio of 50: 50 emphasizes the importance of using FMC as an alternative of chemical fertilizers used presence of potassium in the soil in an abundant level.

A new structure of phosphated superplasticiser with low sulfate sensitivity

Two small molecular dispersants (SMD-1 and SMD-2) with different charge densities of phosphate as the adsorption group were synthesised by the reaction of polyetheramine, phosphorous acid and formaldehyde. The structure and molecular weights of these two synthesised phosphated superplasticisers (PSPs) and a commercial polycarboxylate superplasticiser (PCE) were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The dispersing, adsorption and hydration behaviours with the addition of potassium sulfate (K2SO4) to the cement paste were also analysed. The experimental results showed that, compared with the conventional comb-shaped PCE, the linear structure of the PSPs provided lower dispersing ability but better fluidity retention. The addition of potassium sulfate had an obvious negative effect on the dispersing ability of PCE, while the effect on the PSPs was slight. The adsorption isotherms indicated that, with the addition of 2 wt% potassium sulfate, the competitive adsorption between sulfate ions and PCE was enhanced: the saturated adsorption of PCE decreased by 10.37%, whereas the PSPs were less affected, with the saturated adsorption of SMD-1 only decreasing by 2.32%. Isothermal calorimetry measurements showed that the PSPs showed excellent retarding ability and could delay the hydration process of cement.

Justifying the Use of Industrial (Dutch) Technology for Potato Cultivation in the Nonchernozem Zone of Russia

The studies were conducted on gray forest soils of OOO Agriko-Eurasia of Voskresensky raion (Moscow oblast) in 2015–2017 in order to substantiate the adaptive industrial (Dutch) technology of potato cultivation depending on the fertilizers and varietal characteristics. The study of the growth processes of potatoes showed that, when applying industrial technology, the development phases came 3–8 days earlier compared to traditional technology. Their earlier onset was noted on variants 10 (Arizona variety) and 14 (Roco variety) with the use of industrial technology and the addition of potassium sulfate during the planting period. Studies have shown that the highest yields of the studied potato varieties were obtained when it was cultivated by industrial technology with the addition of potassium sulphate (N120P90K120) during planting at a dose of 60 kg of a.e./ha. Assessment of the potato tubers' quality according to the biochemical composition and content of heavy metals and nitrates is given. It has been established that the highest quality indicators of potatoes are obtained when applying industrial technology with the addition of potassium sulfate at a dose of 60 kg of a.e./ha during the planting period.

The Effect of Organic and Mineral Fertilization on The Values of Soluble Potassium Inside and Outside Rhizosphere of Zea Maize (zea mays L.)

A field experiment is carried out in a private farmer's farm located in AL-Qadisiyah/ Diwaniyah/ Daghara/ Sadr Al-Daghara area to study the effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on dissolved potassium values inside and outside Zea maize rhizosphere. The randomized complete block design (RCBD) is designed in three replicates with two factors: the first is factor with four levels of potassium sulphate which are (0, 75, 150, 225) kg K. ha-1 symbolized by the symbols (K0, K1, K2, K3) respectively, and the second factor with four levels of organic matter (poultry residues) which are (0, 10, 20, 30) tons. ha-1 symbolized by the symbols (O0, O1, O2, O3) respectively. The seeds of Zea maize (Zea mays L.) are cultivated in the form of lines (DKC 6120) 20/7/2016. The results show that the addition of potassium sulphate in different levels has achieved a significant increase in the amount of soluble potassium inside and outside the soil of the root zone and for all time periods (40,70,100) days of planting and the mineral fertilizer has exceeded the organic fertilizer in increasing the amount of soluble potassium and the interaction between the highest level of potassium fertilizer 225 kg k. ha-1 and the highest level of organic fertilizer 30 tons. ha-1 (K3O3) achieves the highest amount of soluble potassium within the root zone which amounted to (0.131,0.163) cmol.kg soil-1 respectively, and (0.179,0.167) cmol.kg soil-1 outside the root zone respectively for the periods (40,70) days of planting respectively, while after 100 days of planting the interaction (K2O3‌) achieved the highest amount of soluble potassium which is amounted to 0.114 cmol.kg soil-1 inside the root zone and the interaction (K3O3) achieves the highest amount of soluble potassium which is amounted to 0.159 cmol.kg soil-1 outside the root zone and a decrease in the amount of soluble potassium in all treatments is noticed with the increase of plant growth time. .

Effect of Organic and Mineral Fertilization on The Values of Soluble Potassium Insideand Outside Rhizosphere of ZeaMaize (zea mays L.)


 
 
 
 A field experiment was carried out in a private farmer's farm located in AL-Qadisiyah/ Diwaniyah/ Daghara/ Sadr Al-Daghara area to study the effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on dissolved potassium values ​​inside and outsideZea maize rhizosphere. randomized complete block design (RCBD) was designed in three replicates and included two factors: the first factor with four levels of potassiumsulphatewhich are (0, 75, 150, 225) kg K. ha-1symbolized by the symbols (K0, K1, K2, K3) Respectively, and the second factor with four levelsof organic matter (poultry residues) which are (0, 10, 20, 30) tons. ha-1 symbolized by the symbols (O0, O1, O2, O3) Respectively, the seeds of Zeamaize (Zea mays L.) were cultivated in the form of lines (DKC 6120) in the form of lines on 20/7/2016.
 
 
 
 
 The results showed that the addition of potassium sulphate in different levels has achieved a significant increase in the amount of soluble potassium inside and outside the soil of the root zone and for all time periods (40,70,100) days of planting and the mineral fertilizer has exceeded the organic fertilizer in increasing the amount of soluble potassium and the interaction between the highest level of potassium fertilizer 225 kg k. ha-1 and the highest level of organic fertilizer 30 tons. ha-1 (K3O3) achieved the highest amount of soluble potassium within the root zone which amounted to (0.131,0.163) cmol.kg soil-1respectively, and (0.179,0.167) cmol.kg soil-1 outside the root zone respectivelyfor the periods (40,70) days of planting respectively, while after 100 days of planting the interaction (K2O3­) achieved the highest amount of soluble potassium amounted to 0.114 cmol.kg soil-1inside the root zone andtheinteraction (K3O3) achieved the highest amount of soluble potassium amounted to 0.159 cmol.kg soil-1 outside the root zone and a decrease in the amount of soluble potassium and for all treatment is noticed with the increase of plant growth time

Separation of impurities aluminum and iron during pressure acid leaching of vanadium from stone coal

During the extraction of vanadium from stone coal by pressure acid leaching, a large amount of aluminum and iron are dissolved along with vanadium, which increases the difficulties of purification and enrichment of the leaching solution. In this study, the separation of aluminum and iron from vanadium has been investigated. It was found that the leaching efficiencies of vanadium, aluminum, and iron reached 90.20%, 30.30%, and 5.73%, respectively, after leaching for 5 h at 190 °C under 2.0 MPa partial pressure of O2 with 15 vol% sulfuric acid solution and 7 wt% potassium sulfate. Potassium sulfate assisted the growth of alunite crystals in the holes and cracks of muscovite particles that had formed since calcium sulfate crystals debonded after interfacial growth. This process strengthened the leaching of vanadium and aluminum from muscovite. Owing to a boost of local concentration of aluminum ions on the addition of potassium sulfate, the precipitation of aluminum ions increased. Meanwhile, ferric ions were precipitated as stable yavapaiite crystals. Thus, an effective separation of aluminum and iron from vanadium could be realized from their mineral source.

Addition of ferric chloride in anaerobic digesters to enhance sulphide removal and methanogenesis

A feasibility study on the addition of ferric chloride (FeCl3) as selective regulator to reduce the sulphide reduction activities of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) in anaerobic digester was investigated. A lab-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) fed with synthetic sulphate enriched wastewaters were operated continuously for 56 d. The influent sulphate concentrations with an addition of potassium sulphate (K2SO4) were operated at corresponding COD/SO4 2– ratios of 5.3, 2.5 and 1.3, respectively. An amount of FeCl3 at dosages of 10.2, 22.2 and 44.5 mM were added on days 66, 86 and 108, respectively (i.e. 8–10 d after each COD/SO4 2– ratio was introduced). Results showed that sCOD removal efficiencies averaged at 78%, 80% and 70%, respectively while methane yield averaged at 0.35, 0.32 and 0.27 L CH4. gCOD destroyed −1 when FeCl3 dosage were added at 10.2, 22.2 and 44.5 mM, respectively. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations demonstrated that UASB operated at COD/ SO4 2– ratio of 1.3 were dominated by several filamentous rod-shaped bacteria attached to the structural matrix of the digesting sludge as compared to COD/SO4 2– ratio of 2.5. However, when UASB was supplemented with FeCl3 at dosages of 22.2 mM and 44.5 mM, the sludge contained no rod-shape bacterium and the morphology of sludge showed the presence of iron sulphide precipitation.

Influence of De-Navelling and Stalk-End Nutrient Application on Nutrient Composition of 'Robusta' Banana Fruits

The contents of N, P, Mg, S, Fe and Mn in banana fruit increased significantly due to denavelling from 0.32%, 0.086%, 0.12%, 0.024%, 52 ppm and 4.8 ppm, under 'control' to 0.37%, 0.085%, 0.13%, 0.027%, 59 ppm and 6.7 ppm, respectively. Dipping stalk end of the bunch in fresh cow dung enhanced these above nutrients to 0.40%, 0.086%, 0.14%. 0.028%, 63 ppm and 7.6 ppm, respectively. When cow dung was enriched with ammonium sulphate, the fruits showed 0.50-0.51% of N, 0.081-0.090% of P, 0.16-0.23% of Mg, 0.032-0.040% of S, 59-111 ppm of Fe and 8.1-17.8 ppm of Mn. Addition of potassium sulphate further enhanced this effect in respect of K (2.11-2.44%) and Fe (74-115 ppm) in fruit. Increasing level of ammonium sulphate in the blend significantly decreased Ca content of the fruit from 0.24% at 5 g to 0.10% at 25 g. When potassium sulphate was included in the blend, Ca content showed further reduction (0.19% at 5 g to 0.10% at 25g). At 15 g of ammonium sulphate and 7.5 g of potassium sulphate the maximum bunch weight of 27.993 kg was obtained (as against 16.724kg under retention of male bud throughout) corresponding to the enhanced nutrient composition of 2.44% of K, 0.12% of Ca, 0.18% of Mg, 0.033% of S, 115ppm of Fe and 14.9ppm of Mn that may have nutraceutical implications.

Purification of phosphoric acid by minimizing iron, copper, cadmium and fluoride

Commercial phosphoric acid manufactured using wet process has been purified by minimizing the iron, cadmium, copper and fluoride content. Bentonite clay is found suitable for removal of humic acids and suspended materials from crude phosphoric acid. An attempt to minimize the iron content by the addition of potassium sulfate, calcium sulfate, sodium sulfate, individually; silicon dioxide + sodium carbonate + potassium sulfate, in combination, and potassium amyl xanthate is the main goal of this work. The efficiency of potassium amyl xanthate in minimizing iron content was found 79.19% with a small decrease of P 2O 5. Temperature, stirring time and the amount of additives were studied. Minimizing of fluoride from phosphoric acid is carried out using silicon dioxide followed by the addition of sodium carbonate. Adjusting the stoichiometric amounts, additives and heating temperature, the efficiency of minimizing of fluoride is 93.89%. Copper and cadmium were also removed.

Identification and control of the total oxidation sites in the reaction of oxidative coupling of methane over sulfated lanthana catalysts

The addition of potassium sulfate, subject to an optimum content, is proposed as an effective way to improve the catalytic performances of lanthana-based catalysts for the reaction of oxidative coupling of methane. The promoting effect is ascribed to the decrease in the concentration of specific oxidation sites of the lanthana surface. Thus, the thermal decomposition of potassium sulfate under the reaction conditions leads to a partial neutralization of localized low-coordination oxygen anions associated with anionic vacancies, through formation of stable sulfate ions.

The proteoliposomal steady state. Effect of size, capacitance and membrane permeability on cytochrome-oxidase-induced ion gradients

1. The flux pathways for H+ and K+ movements into and out of proteoliposomes incorporating cytochrome c oxidase have been investigated as a function of the electrical and geometrical properties of the vesicles. 2. The respiration-induced pH gradient (delta pH) and membrane potential (delta psi) are mutually dependent and individually sensitive to the permeability properties of the membrane. A lowering or abolition of delta psi by the addition of valinomycin increased the steady-state level of delta pH. Conversely, removal of delta pH by the addition of nigericin resulted in a higher steady-state delta psi. 3. Vesicles prepared by sonication followed by centrifugation maintained similar pH gradients at steady state to those in vesicles prepared by dialysis, although the time taken to reach steady state was longer. Higher pH gradients can be induced in non-centrifuged sonicated preparations. 4. No significant differences were found in H+ and K+ permeability between proteoliposomes prepared by dialysis or by sonication. The permeability coefficient of the vesicle bilayers for H+ was 6.1 x 10(-4) cm.s-1 and that for K+ was 7.5 x 10(-10) cm.s-1. An initial fast change in internal pH was seen on the addition of external acid or alkali, followed by a slower, ionophore-sensitive, change. The initial fast phase can be increased by the lipid-soluble base dibucaine and the weak acid oleate. In the absence of ionophores, increasing concentrations of oleate increased the rate of H+ translocation to a level similar to that seen in the presence of nigericin. Internal alkalinization could also be induced by oleate upon the addition of potassium sulphate. 5. The initial, pre-steady-state and steady-state delta pH and delta psi changes can be simulated using a model in which the enzyme responds to both delta pH and delta psi components of the protonmotive force. At steady state, the electrogenic entry of K+ is countered by electroneutral exit via a K+/H+ exchange. 6. The permeability coefficient, PH, calculated from H+ flux under steady-state turnover conditions, was approx. 100 times higher than the corresponding 'passive' measurements of PH. Under conditions of oxidase turnover, the vesicles appear to be intrinsically more permeable to protons.

Growth and foliar nutrient response to fertilization and precommercial thinning in a coastal western red cedar stand

Seven silvicultural treatments were applied to a young (15- to 20-year-old), naturally regenerated western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don) stand growing on a poor-quality site in western Washington. The treatments were as follows: unthinned, unfertilized (untreated); unthinned, fertilized with ammonium nitrate, dicalcium phosphate, and potassium sulfate; thinned, unfertilized; thinned, fertilized with urea; thinned, fertilized with ammonium nitrate; thinned, fertilized with ammonium nitrate and dicalcium phosphate; and thinned, fertilized with ammonium nitrate, dicalcium phosphate, and potassium sulfate. Elemental application rates were 300 kg nitrogen, 100 kg phosphorus, 129 kg calcium, 100 kg potassium, and 41 kg sulfur per hectare. Growth and foliar nutrient concentrations were monitored for 5 years. Five-year height growth and diameter growth of the 20 tallest trees per 0.08-ha measurement plot were both substantially greater in all thinned or fertilized treatments than in the unthinned, unfertilized treatment. The three best treatments for height growth (the treatments containing ammonium nitrate and dicalcium phosphate) had 65% more growth than the unthinned, unfertilized treatment. The two best treatments for diameter growth (thinned, fertilized with ammonium nitrate and dicalcium phosphate) had 106% more growth than the unthinned, unfertilized treatment. The effects of thinning alone were small compared with the effects of fertilization alone or fertilization combined with thinning. Initial foliar nitrogen concentrations showed that the site was nitrogen deficient, and both nitrogen sources, urea and ammonium nitrate, increased growth. The addition of dicalcium phosphate resulted in significantly greater incremental growth above that attributed to nitrogen alone, but the further addition of potassium sulfate did not increase growth significantly. Increases in foliar nitrogen and phosphorus associated with fertilization were still evident 5 years after treatment. All sizes of trees responded to treatment, and growth of the total stand followed the same trends as for the 20 tallest trees per plot. Basal area growth on an absolute basis was best in the unthinned, fertilized treatment (more than twice that of the unthinned, unfertilized treatment) and on a percent basis was best in the thinned treatment fertilized with ammonium nitrate, dicalcium phosphate, and potassium sulfate.

セメント中のアルカリ硫酸塩がコンクリートの諸性状に及ぼす影響

An experimental study was performed to clarify the influence of high alkali content of portland cement on the properties of concrete by addition of potassium sulfate. The results suggest that increase of alkali content in cement not only causes the flash set of fresh concrete resulting in slump loss but reduces the strength of concrete. Addition of blast furnace slag to these high alkali cements makes up for the loss in slump and strength to a large extent.

Effects of Compression During Formation on the Mechanical Strengths and Physical Properties of Composite Hydroxylapatite/Plaster Implants for Bone Reconstruction

AbstractComposite hydroxylapatite/plaster of Paris implants, preformed or formed during the surgical implantation procedure, are undergoing study for the surgical reconstruction of craniofacial bones. It is frequently necessary to accelerate setting times of the hydroxylapatite/plaster (HA/PP) mixtures by the addition of potassium sulfate; in many of these cases rapid delivery of the moistened implant mixture to the surgical site may be achieved by employing a non-tapered syringe with a plunger. This device can facilitate implantation of quick-setting moistened mixtures through soft tissue tunnels or small incisions, and can result in a less invasive surgical procedure. During experimental surgery it was found beneficial to effect maximum compression of the moistened HA/PP mixture against a sterile glass plate prior to its extrusion from the cylinder. This resulted in elimination of excess water from the mixture. Discs formed from compressed mixtures showed greater mechanical or breaking strengths after setting than discs formed without prior compression when evaluated with a Stokes Hardness-Tester. Examination by light and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the greater compactness of the compressed mixtures.

Effects of Dietary Methionine, Cystine and Potassium Sulfate on Serum Cholesterol and Urinary Ascorbic Acid in Rats Fed PCB

Liver weight, liver and urinary ascorbic acid levels and serum cholesterol concentration were higher in rats fed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) than in controls. The influences of methionine, cystine and potassium sulfate on these metabolic responses were studied. Methionine or equivalent moles of cystine or potassium sulfate were added to a basal diet containing 10% soy protein isolate. The basal diet contained 0.3% of total sulfur-containing amino acids (S-AAs). When methionine was added to the basal diet, maximum gain in body weight was obtained with 0.5% of dietary S-AAs, while the highest values in serum cholesterol and urinary ascorbic acid were obtained with 0.8% of dietary S-AAs in rats fed PCB. Dietary addition of cystine had little effect on body weight gain. Nevertheless, in rat fed PCB, urinary ascorbic acid and serum cholesterol were significantly higher in rats fed the cystine-supplemented diet than in those fed the unsupplementd diet. Addition of potassium sulfate had no effect on body weight gain, urinary ascorbic acid or serum cholesterol. These results suggest that more S-AAs are required for the highest metabolic response to PCB than for maximum growth, and the higher requirement for S-AAs cannot be replaced by inorganic sulfate.

Coagulation and reversal of charge of lyophobic colloids by hydrolyzed metal ions: III. Aluminum Sulfate

Coagulation and reversal of charge effects of freshly prepared and aged solutions of aluminum sulfate on silver iodide sols have been studied. The aging was achieved by heating aluminum sulfate solutions of various concentrations at 90° for different periods of time. The entire [Al 2(SO 4) 3]-pH domain of coagulation and stabilization due to reversal of charge has been established. A lack of correlation between turbidity and mobility measurements was found to be due to coagulation effects of sulfate ions. Addition of potassium sulfate causes a considerable increase in the critical coagulation concentration (c.c.c.) in acidic solutions (pH = 3.0) but has little effect upon the c.c.c. in solutions at higher pH (5.4–6.4).

Spectrophotometric determination of traces of oxygen in water

Winkler's method of determining oxygen in water by titration of the iodine can not be applied with concentrations below 0.03 mg O 2/litre. We studied the spectrophotometric determination of the iodine-starch complex described by bairstow, francis, and wyatt and succeeded in improving its stability by the addition of potassium sulphate. The intensity of the blue colour is very sensitive to variation of temperature. Below 10° C this influence can be neglected. Upwards from 30° C the intensity rapidly decreases. Instead of performing the determination at 10° C we plotted the extinction coefficient of dilute solutions as a function of the iodine concentration for temperatures ranging from 10 to 30° C. With “the aid of this graph the iodine concentration can be found when the extinction coefficient and the temperature of a solution are determined. With this method we can determine oxygen in water in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.4 mg O 2/litre. Duplicates (for water with a low content of oxygen) differ not more than 0.002 mg O2/litre.