Addition Of Nitrates Research Articles

Hemodynamic evaluation of the addition of isosorbide-5-mononitrate to nadolol in cirrhotic patients with insufficient response to the beta- blocker alone

The association beta-blockers plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate (I5M) has been proposed for the treatment of portal hypertension in patients with insufficient response to beta-blockers alone, according to hemodynamic criteria. The mechanism of action in these patients is not clearly defined. Fifteen patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices were evaluated by hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement and duplex-Doppler ultrasonography before and after 1 month of treatment with nadolol. Nine patients who did not exhibit a decrease in HVPG to 12 mm Hg or a percent decrease greater than 20% were classified as poor responders, and were studied again with the same methodology after 3 months of chronic administration of nadolol + I5M 20 mg twice per day. In poor responders, mean HVPG decrease after nadolol was 8.9% +/- 2.8%, and after the combination, it was 25.7% +/- 1.7% (P = .004). All patients except one became good responders to the association. Portal blood flow (PBF) decreased significantly after nadolol (P = .004), and remained unchanged after the addition of nitrates. Resistance to portal blood flow (RPBF) increased after nadolol (P = .02) and returned to baseline values during combined treatment (P = .03). In good responders, an adequate decrease in HVPG was associated with a decrease in PBF (P = .06) but no change in RPBF. A wide spectrum of combined changes in PBF and in RPBF after nadolol was observed in poor responders, ranging from no change in either parameter to a marked decrease in PBF counterbalanced by a marked increase in RPBF. The addition of I5M was followed in most cases by larger effects on resistance than on flow. Doppler parameters were not significantly correlated with the HVPG response to nadolol alone or associated with I5M. It is concluded that good hemodynamic responders to nadolol differ from poor responders in the lack of increase in RPBF after the drug. The addition of nitrates to nadolol is effective in decreasing portal pressure in most poor responders to nadolol alone. A decrease in outflow resistance is the main mechanism involved. (Hepatology 1997 Jul;26(1):34-9)

Biocontrol capability of Metschnikowia pulcherrima against Botrytis postharvest rot of apple

Abstract The biocontrol capability of two isolates of the yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima against Botrytis postharvest rot of apple was studied in vitro and on apples under different storage conditions. The biocontrol activity of M. pulcherrima 2.33 or 4.4 can be reduced or totally suppressed by the addition of several nitrates. The addition of 100 g l−1 fructose inhibited the pathogen per se, while leaving unaltered the antagonistic capability of M. pulcherrima. These results support the hypothesis that competition for nutrients plays a major role in the biocontrol capability of M. pulcherrima against Botrytis postharvest rot of apple. However, both yeasts strongly inhibited the growth and spore germination of B. cinerea in vitro even under non-restrictive nutrient conditions. There was no evidence for the involvement of diffusible toxic metabolites in the biocontrol efficacy. The antagonistic activity of M. pulcherrima was dependent on the concentration of the antagonist. At 107–108 cells ml−1, 2.33 was most effective when applied at least 6 h before the pathogen, while 4.4 provided consistent results when co-inoculated with B. cinerea or applied 1 h later. Rapid colonisation of fresh apple fruit wounds was observed at room temperature during the first 24–48 h, and then the populations stabilised for the remaining storage period. On apple wounds kept at 4°C, the increase in population density of M. pulcherrima was lower, but continued over 96–128 h after application of the antagonists until it reached the same saturation level observed on apples stored at room temperature.

ASSESSMENT OF THE TREATMENT OF WALLPAINTINGS ON SITE: MEDINET HABU 1982–95

"ASSESSMENT OF THE TREATMENT OF WALLPAINTINGS ON SITE: MEDINET HABU 1982–95." Studies in Conservation, 41(sup2), p. 16

Production of microalgae from olive mill wastewater

With olive mill wastewater (alpechin) used as a nutrient medium, the influence of the aeration level and the composition of the culture medium were analysed in relation to the concentration of alpechin and KNO 3 added in a batch culture of the microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus obliquus. The pH and temperature of the culture were previously fixed at 6.5 and 30°C. As kinetic parameters, the maximum specific growth rate ( μ m) and the biomass productivity ( P max) were determined. The biomass composition obtained was evaluated for chlorophyll and crude protein content as well as fatty-acid composition corresponding to the lipid fraction. To achieve a balanced biomass composition in terms of proteins and lipids, the most suitable conditions included an alpechin concentration of 10%, without the addition of nitrates and with an aeration level of 1 v/v min. Under these conditions, the μ m values reached with both microalgae were around 0.03h −1.

Effect of acids, modifiers and chloride on the atomization of aluminium in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

The effect of HNO3, HCl and H2SO4, as well as various modifiers, Mg(NO3)2, Pd(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2 and NH4H2PO4, on the atomization of aluminium from a L'vov platform in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was investigated. No interference was observed on the integrated absorbance of Al from any acid studied. The m0 observed for 10 µg l–1(200 pg) Al aqueous solution, prepared by diluting a commercial Al stock solution with doubly de-ionized water, was much poorer than expected, owing to a failure to transfer Al to the furnace, it could be corrected by adding as little as 0.25% v/v of a mineral acid. The expected m0 for Al was unaffected by modifiers such as Mg(NO3)2, Pd(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2 and NH4H2PO4. Addition of either calcium, magnesium, or palladium nitrates produced a sharper absorbance peak, and Al was delayed in appearance. Either Ca(NO3)2 or Mg(NO3)2 can stabilize Al during pyrolysis, allowing a very high (> 1700 °C) thermal pretreatment temperature to be used. However, multiple atomization peaks were observed when using Mg(NO3)2. The multiple peaks became more troublesome as the tube aged. Calcium nitrate is recommended as a better modifier for those samples (e.g., bone) in which Ca is a large component of the matrix. A serious interference from chloride salts varied with chloride concentration, pH and pyrolysis temperature. This ‘suppressive’ interference from chloride was overcome by using Ca(NO3)2 as a modifier in HNO3, and a pyrolysis temperature in excess of 1400 °C.

Effect of Additives on Fermentation of Corn Silage Containing Different Amounts of Added Nitrate Nitrogen

Ammonium hydroxide, urea, calcium carbonate, and microbial inoculant were added to chopped whole corn plant containing different amounts of added nitrate. Chopped corn was ensiled in .002-mm plastic bags and fermented for 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 d. In Experiment 1, chopped whole corn plant was treated with ammonium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, microbial inoculant, or no additive. Potassium nitrate was added to each treatment to obtain 0, .200, .400, or .600% nitrate N in DM. In Experiment 2, chopped corn plant was treated with urea, calcium carbonate, or no additive. Nitrate N was added to each treatment at 0, .238, .477, and .953% of DM. Control and microbial-inoculated silages had similar concentrations of lactic acid, acetic acid, and ammonia and similar pH. Addition of urea and ammonia increased initial pH and slowed the decrease in pH compared with the control and with silage treated with microbial inoculant. Calcium carbonate increased concentrations of lactic and acetic acids compared with the control during Experiment 1 but had no effect on concentrations of these acids in Experiment 2. Treatments were ineffective in reducing nitrates. Addition of nitrates tended to increase silage pH but had only minor effects on concentration of lactic acid, acetic acid, and ammonia.

Germination response of Galium spurium L. to light

SummaryThe effects of intensity, duration and spectral quality of light were investigated on the germination of Galium spurium L. Light inhibited germination and the degree of this inhibition was related to the intensity and duration of exposure to light beyond the initial 36‐h imbibition period. Subsequent dry storage for up to 7 weeks and reincubation in the dark did not remove this inhibitory effect, indicating that a secondary dormancy was induced by continuous exposure to light. Germination was completely inhibited with intermittent 1‐h exposures of light every 3, 7 or 11 h for 8 days. Red, far‐red and blue light inhibited germination and the degree of inhibition was related to the duration of exposure. Far‐red light was more inhibitory than red or blue light. Green light promoted germination slightly. Nitrate salts in the medium during light exposure did not prevent the onset of light‐induced dormancy. In subsequent dark incubation, light‐induced dormancy was overcome by the addition of nitrates and, to a lesser extent, by kinetin and GA3.

Nitryl perchlorate as the essential intermediate in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

Because of its use as a solid propellent and more generally in pyrotechnic systems, the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) has been extensively studied. The breakdown of this salt is complicated, an exceptional feature being that the low-temperature (<∼570K) decomposition is incomplete (∼30%), yielding a residual solid with a composition and crystal structure very similar to those of the original reactant. Extensive rate measurements and kinetic analyses1–5 have produced two alternative general hypotheses of reaction mechanisms5, in which rate control has been attributed to steps involving the transfer of either a proton4 or an electron6. In the present study, we have found that the addition of various inorganic nitrates reduces the induction period to reaction and increases the extent of the low-temperature decomposition of AP. The measured rate of decomposition was close to that estimated for reaction involving nitryl perchlorate (NO2ClO4) as an intermediate and we have detected small quantities (∼0.08%) of an oxidized nitrogenous species in partly reacted AP. We therefore propose a novel reaction mechanism in which NO2ClO4 is the essential intermediate in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate.

The origin of an E.S.R. signal at g=2.03 from normal rabbit liver and the effects of nitrites upon it

Normal rabbit diet contains 45 p.p.m. of free nitrate. Replacement of this diet by one containing ten times less free nitrate resulted in a decrease in size and eventual loss of the signal. Addition of potassium nitrite to the drinking water of animals with no 2.03 signal resulted in the formation of such a signal and an increase in its size until it was equal to, or greater than, the average from rabbits on normal diet. Addition of nitrates to drinking water did not give rise to a g=2.03 signal, but to a characteristic triplet signal with a g=2.012. Chemical treatment of the various liver fractions showed that the g=2.03 signal, in pure form, could only be formed in the cell sap fraction. The possible origin of the various signals is discussed.

硝酸塩を含む水酸化アルカリ浴によるアルミニウムの酸化皮膜について

Studies were made on the oxide film formed on aluminum by dipping it in 1mol/l LiOH containing NO3-, and the properties of the film were discussed.It was found that LiOH, NaOH and KOH of 1mol/l had almost the same solvent power for aluminum. However, the solvent power of LiOH was decreased by the addition of nitrates, at which a thick uniform film was formed on the aluminum surface. The film formed by dipping at 70°C for 10min. was about 10μ in thickness and its Hv values measured by micro-vickers hardness tester with 50g load were about 130-190.A small amount of NH3 was found by analysis in the bath after the formation of film. It was suggested from this fast that NO3-in the bath behaved as an oxidizing agent.It was supposed by infrared-spectrum that a bonding of Al-OH was evident in the film.

Studies on Cataphoretic Deposition of Alumina

The influences of solvents and electrolytes on the yield, electrical conductivity, strength and eccentricity in the cataphoretic deposition of alumina were investigated. The cataphoretic suspension was composed of alumina powder, electrolytes, alcohol and water. The deposition was made by applying ground potential on the coating electrode and positive potential on the opposite electrode.The results are summarized as follows:(1) Hamaker's formula on cataphoretic deposition holds good even in the case in which electrolytes are added to the cataphoretic suspension.(2) Addition of water to the cataphoretic suspension containing alcohol as solvent increased the cataphoretic yield and electrical conductivity. The suspension containing 50%/50% alcohol-water gave good yield and presented smooth deposition surface.(3) The addition of nitrates saw better cataphoretic deposition than the addition of sulfate and acetate. Especially, the addition of aluminium nitrate (Basic) in combination with magnesium nitrate saw most stable and effective deposition.(4) Aluminium nitrate (Basic) increased hardness of alumina deposition after sintering, and decreased its ductility, while magnesium nitrate, on the contrary, decreased its hardness and increased its ductility. Their combination is therefore recommended.(5) The eccentricity of alumina deposition on coil decreased as the electrical conductivity of suspension increased.

148. Some aspects of the anion-exchange behaviour of uranyl nitrate in the presence of other inorganic nitrates

The addition of inorganic nitrates to aqueous solutions of uranyl nitrate enhances the uptake of uranium on the anion-exchange resin Deacidite FF in the onder anuninum> calcium> lithium> ammonium. The predominating cause is considered to be the facilitation of formation of nitrate complexes by the uranyl ion, and of the subsequent ion-exchange, due to the decrease in the effeetive water content of the system resulting from hydration of the added cation. Visible absorption spectra revealed no new peaks ascribable to an anionic uranyl nitrate complex. (auth)

Electrodeposition of Copper from the Monoethanolamine Bath

Copper has been electrodeposited on steel by using a complex copper‐monoethanol‐amine solution. This does not deposit copper on steel by immersion. The deposits are smooth, fine grained, bright, and adherent, and the bath is comparable to the cyanide bath. The inclusion of rochelle salt considerably improves its performance. The optimum conditions are: copper oxalate 60 g/l, monoethanolamine 60 ml/l, rochelle salt 60 g/l, 2.4–4.8 amp/dm2 (22.3–44.6 amp/ft2), pH 9.5, and 24°C. The addition of nitrates has some beneficial effect.

Effects of Nitrogen Supply on Rates of Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants

On the basis of the foregoing data it is evident that the composition of any given plant is in a marked degree correlated with its respiratory activity. Thus tomato plants very high in carbohydrates but low in their nitrate or soluble nitrogen content may have a relatively low respiratory rate, whereas one which is higher in its nitrate content will have an appreciably higher one. Or any given plant high in its carbohydrate reserves will have its respiratory rate increased if nitrates are supplied to it in abundance, other conditions remaining the same. Although all the plants used in the various experiments were very high in reserve carbohydrates, a relatively slight change in the amount of this reserve had a great effect upon the time required for nitrates to make their appearance in the tops of the plants after they had been applied in the nutrient solution. In every case the addition of nitrates to plants high in reserve carbohydrates caused an increase in respiration, the greater such reserve the mor...

Growth of Seedling in Relation to Composition of Seed

1. Different kinds of seedlings produce very different growth responses when exposed to the same external influences. The responses are often related to the chemical composition of the seed. 2. If the nitrogen content of the seed is low in proportion to the carbohydrates, the response as measured by an increase in total growth in terms of green weight is greater when nitrates but no CO2 (except traces given off in respiration) are utilized than when CO2 but no nitrates are utilized. 3. If the nitrogen content of the seed is high in proportion to the carbohydrates, the response as measured by an increase in total growth is greater when CO2 but no nitrates are utilized than when nitrates but no CO2 (except for traces given off in respiration) are utilized. 4. The greatest total amount of growth, however, is produced by seedlings from both high and low-nitrogen seeds by allowing the seedlings to utilize both nitrates and CO2. 5. The utilization of both nitrates and CO2 tends to result in a shifting of the relative amounts of shoots and roots, that is, there are qualitative as well as quantitative responses to these external influences. The proportion of shoots to roots of low-protein seeds tends to be increased because of the relatively larger increase in the amount of shoots, if nitrates but no CO2 is utilized; whereas the proportions of shoots to roots of seedlings of high-protein seeds are not increased and in some cases are even decreased by this treatment. 6. The shoot to root ratios of seedlings of low-protein seeds are not noticeably affected if CO2 but no nitrates are utilized, but the shoot to root ratios of high-protein seeds tend to be greatly reduced if CO2 but no nitrates are utilized. This shifting of ratios is a result of a greater increase in the amount of roots than of shoots. 7. The proportions of shoots to roots of seedlings of low-protein seeds tend to be slightly increased if both CO2 and NO3 are utilized, but the proportions of shoots to roots of seedlings of high-protein seeds are very greatly decreased by such treatment, because the weight and number of roots increase much more than the shoots. 8. The modification of type of growth is correlated with extent of modification in quantity of growth. Those treatments which result in the greatest increase in quantity of growth are the ones which produce the greatest change in type of growth. (The foregoing statements apply to growth of seedlings in the light.) 9. A high-protein, high-oil food supply appears to be the most efficient in producing growth both in darkness and in light. This is not surprising, since both types of foods are constituted of a relatively large proportion of the condensed compounds of their respective types. For example, high-protein seeds contain relatively much more of basic nitrogen and consequently have a great amount of nitrogen in proportion to their weight; oils contain a great amount of carbon in proportion to their weight. 10. The shoot to root ratios of seedlings grown in darkness appear to vary with the proportion of nitrogen to carbohydrates in the food reserves of the seed, the higher the nitrogen in proportion to carbohydrate content the higher the shoot to root ratios of the seedlings. There is some evidence that addition of nitrates to the culture medium of the seedlings grown in darkness can modify the type of growth (increase shoot to root ratios), but in only a few cases do nitrates increase the amount of growth. 11. Since wide variations in growth responses are associated with variations in the types and quantities of storage materials in the seed, it seems inadvisable to draw conclusions as to the effect of mineral nutrients or carbon dioxide treatment upon the subsequent growth of the plants when the observations are based on growth responses during the first three weeks of growth only. Before studying the effect of an element or compound on growth (in general), it would seem desirable to conduct experiments in which the storage supply of the element or compound in question has been at least partially exhausted, by allowing the seedlings to grow to maximum size without that substance. This method has been employed by animal workers for some time. 12. Although contradictory results have not been found in the different series of experiments, the results are not considered conclusive but will be repeated and elaborated.

Protein Synthesis by Plants I. Nitrate Reduction

1. Reduction of nitrates to nitrites and ammonia was obtained by tomato plant extract in slightly alkaline solution in the presence of fructose or glucose and some free oxygen in darkness as well as in light. 2. The reduction was most active in solutions having a PH value of approximately 7.6. 3. The expressed juice of nitrogen-high tomato plants (containing both nitrates and sugar in abundance), after adding N/10 NaOH to bring to a PH value 7.6, gave a very rapid reduction of nitrates to nitrites at 50° C. 4. The expressed juice of carbohydrate-high tomato plants (containing much sugar but no nitrates), brought to PH 7.6, gave no reaction for nitrites after 20 hours at 50° C. Upon addition of nitrates there was even more rapid reduction than by the nitrogen high juice. 5. Tomato plant juice boiled and brought to a PH value 7.6 reduced nitrates as rapidly as the unheated juice. 6. The rate and amount of reduction of nitrates to nitrites by tomato plant extract were exactly the same in darkness as in light. 7. Probably the rate of reduction of nitrates to nitrites by carbohydrate-high tomato plants in darkness was the same as in light for the first few days. Then disturbing differences appeared which are not yet understood. 8. In carbohydrate-high tomato plants the reduction of nitrates was localized in the following regions: at the stem tip just behind the growing region; in the leaf cells, especially near the phloem and in the cortical cells of the petioles; in the stem, especially near the nodes, in the phloem parenchyma, and in cells in the cortex near the phloem. 9. All these regions were slightly alkaline in reaction. The pith cells were acid. In the carbohydrate-high plants before nitrate was supplied there was less difference. The pith cells were slightly acid while the phloem parenchyma was about neutral in reaction. 10. Amino acids (newly synthesized) appeared at the nodes and in petioles and blades of young leaves and just behind the stem tips of carbohydrate-high tomato plants three or four days after nitrate had been supplied to the soil. The amino acids were aspartic acid, asparagin, alanine, leucine, cystine, and histidine.