Addition Of Nanoclay Research Articles

Nanotechnology-Enabled Innovations in Cement: Enhancing Durability, and Impact Load Resistance with Nanocellulose, Nano Silica, and Nano Clay Additives

Nanotechnology-Enabled Innovations in Cement: Enhancing Durability, and Impact Load Resistance with Nanocellulose, Nano Silica, and Nano Clay Additives

Effect of Nanoclay Addition on Mechanical and Microstructure Properties of E-Glass Fiber and AA2022 Metal Skin Reinforced Epoxy Laminates

Effect of Nanoclay Addition on Mechanical and Microstructure Properties of E-Glass Fiber and AA2022 Metal Skin Reinforced Epoxy Laminates

The Input of Nanoclays to the Synergistic Flammability Reduction in Flexible Foamed Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composites.

Currently, postulated trends and law regulations tend to direct polymer technology toward sustainability and environmentally friendly solutions. These approaches are expressed by keeping materials in a loop aimed at the circular economy and by reducing the environmental burdens related to the production and use of polymers and polymer-based materials. The application of recycled or waste-based materials often deals efficiently with the first issue but at the expense of the final products' performance, which requires various additives, often synthetic and petroleum-based, with limited sustainability. Therefore, a significant portion of research is often required to address the drawbacks induced by the application of secondary raw materials. Herein, the presented study aimed to investigate the fire performance of polymer composites containing highly flammable matrix polyurethane (PU) foam and filler ground tire rubber (GTR) originating from car tire recycling. Due to the nature of both phases and potential applications in the construction and building or automotive sectors, the flammability of these composites should be reduced. Nevertheless, this issue has hardly been analyzed in literature and dominantly in our previous works. Herein, the presented work provided the next step and investigated the input of nanoclays to the synergistic flammability reduction in flexible, foamed PU/GTR composites. Hybrid compositions of organophosphorus FRs with expandable graphite (EG) in varying proportions and with the addition of surface-modified nanoclays were examined. Changes in the parameters obtained during cone calorimeter tests were determined, discussed, and evaluated with the fire performance index and flame retardancy index, two parameters whose goal is to quantify the overall fire performance of polymer-based materials.

Physico-mechanical Properties of Nano Bio-films For Application in Food Packaging

Petroleum-based packaging has long dominated the packaging industry, raising environmental concerns. As a result, the packaging industry has started using nano bio-plastics. Incorporating nanoparticles, nano bio-plastic packaging helps in prolonging product shelf life. Additionally, packaging manufactured of nano bio-plastic is made of biodegradable polymers. Nano bio-films made from polylactic acid (PLA) and nanoclay were produced using a solvent casting process. 1.0%, 3.0% and 5.0% (wt.) of nanoclay were added to the PLA solution. The mechanical, chemical, morphological and transparency properties of nano bio-films were investigated. To improve their suitability for food packaging applications, tensile test, Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-barrier test were performed. With tensile strength (TS) of 30.36 MPa and elongation at break (EAB) of 7.05%, respectively, nano bio-films with 3.0 wt. % nanoclay demonstrated higher mechanical properties than pure PLA film with about 35% of increment. In aspects of FTIR analysis, no significant differences were found with both nano bio-films and pure PLA film. The SEM morphology shows that adding nanoclay at 3.0 wt. % improves the adhesion between the PLA matrix and the nanoclay. The addition of nanoclay had a minimal impact on the PLA film's transparency, and it was interesting to see that nanoclay concentration of 1.0 wt. % and 3.0 wt. % had roughly the same light transmission values of 84.86% and 83.95%, respectively. According to the findings of this study, the PLA nano bio-film with 3.0 wt% nanoclay exhibits the optimum physico-mechanical properties.

Production of Defragmentable Bioplastic using Starch Extracted from Annona Muricata (Soursoup) Seed Reinforced with Bentonite Nanoclay

Abstract Seeds of Annona Muricata, often called soursop or guyabano were used as a source of starch for the production of defragmentable bioplastic. The researchers used mixture of water and starch content of 10 and 20 grams respectively from Annona Muricata (soursop) seeds with various concentration (20%, 25%, 30%) of glycerol (plasticizer) and reinforced with three different concentrations (0%, 3%, 6%) of bentonite nanoclay (filler). The characterization of the bioplastic was carried out by determining the effect of variation of the ratio between the quantity of starch from soursop seeds, bentonite nanoclay, and glycerol. The starch-based defragmentable bioplastic was evaluated with its water retention, degradation, and mechanical properties. The result showed that the tensile strength improved significantly with the addition of bentonite nanoclay and the elongation at break with the addition of glycerol. Same way in water retention test, where the presence of the bentonite nanoclay increased the strength of the bioplastic with its water solubility. In soil burial test, a higher level of glycerol concentration increased the rate of the bioplastic degradation. By adding the bentonite nanoclay as a filler, the rate of bioplastic degradation decreased compared to the bioplastic without filler. In shelf-life test, adding glycerol as plasticizer improved the shelf life of bioplastics. A high concentration of glycerol served as an anti-fungal for bioplastics.

Mechanical Performance on Flax Fibre Epoxy Composites Filled with Montmorillonite Nanoclay for Lightweight Applications

The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical performance on develop flax/epoxy composite filled with montmorillonite nanoclay for lightweight applications. For this purpose, firstly, nanoclay at different weight percentages montmorillonite nanoclay such as 0.5, 1, 1.5 was dispersed homogeneously into epoxy resin with the help of ultrasanitization process. For better nanoclay distribution in composite, the montmorillonite nanoclay concentration higher than 1.5% was not analyzed. Secondly, using this mixture, flax fiber based composites were produced by vacuum bag molding process. Finally, the mechanical properties of flax/epoxy composites filled with different percentages montmorillonite nanoclay were determined with tensile, flexural, and in-plane shear test. From the experimental results obtained, the addition of montmorillonite nanoclay indicate positive effect on the performance of the composites compared with the neat composite samples, if the montmorillonite nanoclay distribute homogeneously in the epoxy. The composites added with 0.5 wt.% nanoclay showed the highest tensile modulus and tensile strength. Moreever, the elasticity modulus of composite samples with 0.5% nanoclay addition is approximately 87% higher than the pure composite. Also, the composite samples loaded with 1.5 wt.% of montmorillonite nanoclay performs better under flexural loading conditions.

Improvement of low-velocity impact and tribo-mechanical properties of unsymmetrical hybrid composites through addition of nanoclay

Improvement of low-velocity impact and tribo-mechanical properties of unsymmetrical hybrid composites through addition of nanoclay

Prediction of Mechanical Properties of Nano-Clay-Based Biopolymeric Composites.

An understanding of the mechanical behavior of polymeric materials is crucial for making advancements in the applications and efficiency of nanocomposites, and encompasses their service life, load resistance, and overall reliability. The present study focused on the prediction of the mechanical behavior of biopolymeric nanocomposites with nano-clays as the nanoadditives, using a new modeling and simulation method based on Comsol Multiphysics software 6.1. This modeling considered the complex case of flake-shaped nano-clay additives that could form aggregates along the polymeric matrix, varying the nanoadditive thickness, and consequently affecting the resulting mechanical properties of the polymeric nanocomposite. The polymeric matrix investigated was biopolyamide 11 (BIOPA11). Several BIOPA11 samples reinforced with three different contents of nano-clays (0, 3, and 10 wt%), and with three different nano-clay dispersion grades (employing three different extrusion screw configurations) were obtained by the compounding extrusion process. The mechanical behavior of these samples was studied by the experimental tensile test. The experimental results indicate an enhancement of Young's modulus as the nano-clay content was increased from 0 to 10 wt% for the same dispersion grades. In addition, the Young's modulus value increased when the dispersion rate of the nano-clays was improved, showing the highest increase of around 93% for the nanocomposite with 10 wt% nano-clay. A comparison of the modeled mechanical properties and the experimental measurements values was performed to validate the modeling results. The simulated results fit well with the experimental values of Young's modulus.

An experimental investigation of nano clay and functionalized nano graphene oxide effects on ablation of carbon/phenolic nanocomposites

This work aims to study thermal stability and ablative behaviors of Carbon/Phenolic composites containing nano clay, nano graphene oxide and hybrid additives. To this end a detailed explained and illustrated process is involved to synthesize factionalized graphene oxide based on Hummers method. The XRD test result shows a major shift in basal plane reflection to below 2θ = 20° in the provided spectrum, which indicates achievement in the functionalization process. Prepared nanoparticles suspensions are then mixed by resol resin with desire wt% to outcome nanocomposites. An in-depth analysis of SEM images with focus on the dispersion, morphology, and interaction of the nanofillers with the resin matrix reveals that nanoparticles are dispersed properly with no agglomeration. 200 gr/m2 carbon woven fabric is then impregnated with prepared nanocomposites employing an own made prepreg machine to use to construct standard flexural as well as oxy acetylene test specimens. Using bending test, thermogravimetric analysis and oxyacetylene torch test, effects of different percentages of considered nanoparticles on the mechanical properties, thermal stability and ablative of carbon/phenolic composites are assessed and the results are reported. According to the results, adding only 0.1 wt% of nano graphene oxide increases char yield around 5% and remain back surface temperature under 100°C during flame test. Moreover samples with 0.2 wt% of nano clay and hybrid (0.05 wt% nano graphene oxide and 0.1 wt% nano clay) additives provides best reaming amount of solid.

Mechanical and thermal properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer-clay nanocomposites

Abstract The effect of Montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay on static mechanical and thermal characteristcs of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites is studied. The static tensile properties of epoxy/MMT nanoclay, which are important properties of GFRP composites, are investigated. The predicted stress-strain curves of epoxy with 0 and 1 wt.% of nanoclay follow experiments. The predicted elastic modulus and tensile strength of epoxy with 3 wt.% of nanoclay are 74 and 230% higher than neat epoxy. For GFRP composites with 0, 1, 3, and 5 wt.% of MMT nanoclays, the measured tensile strengths are 587, 600, 628, and 724 MPa, and flexural strengths are 626, 726, 906, and 542 MPa. For composites with former nanoclays, interlaminar shear strengths are 23, 25, 31, and 28 MPa, and Izod impact strengths are 83, 94, 207, and 145 kJ/m2. Thus, mechanical strengths of composites with 0–5 wt.% of nanoclays improve considerably than pristine sample. The predicted static tensile stress-strain curves of GFRP composites with above nanoclays follow experimental behavior. For GFRP composites with 0 and 1 wt.% of MMT nanoclays, glass transition temperatures are 91 and 101°C, and storage moduli at ambient temperature are 35 and 41 GPa. The thermal conductivities of GFRP composites with 0, 1, and 3 wt.% of MMT nanoclays at ambient temperature are 0.32, 0.36, and 0.42 W/(m·K). Thus, thermal properties of composites are affected significantly on addition of nanoclays.

Effect of halloysite addition on the dynamic mechanical and tribological properties of carbon and glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites

Composite materials have become prominent in the aerospace, automotive, wind energy, biomedical, and machine tool industries. This has demanded the evaluation of the dynamic mechanical and tribological behaviour of composites to understand their performance and ensure their reliability and safety in varied operating conditions. In this study, the effect of halloysite nano-clay addition on the dynamic mechanical and tribological properties of the carbon/glass hybrid composites was investigated. The composites were produced with the vacuum assisted resin infusion process. by varying the content of halloysite nano-clay (1, 3, and 5 wt%). The dynamic mechanical properties of the manufactured composites were examined at temperatures ranging from 30 °C to 180 °C. The tribological properties of the specimens were assessed by varying the applied load (10, 20, and 30 N), sliding speed (1.5, 3, and 4.5 m/s) and sliding distance (500, 1000, and 1500 m). Box-Behnken design was utilized to optimize the number of experiments. The results showed that the halloysite-added samples had better dynamic mechanical and tribological properties than the carbon/glass hybrid composites. Especially, hybrid composites containing 3 wt% halloysite outperformed the other composites investigated. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the worn surface and wreckage in the investigated composite specimens.

Vanillin‐Based Photocurable Anticorrosion Coatings Reinforced with Nanoclays

AbstractThis study investigates the chemical–physical properties and anticorrosion effectiveness of UV‐cured coatings produced using epoxidized vanillin (DGEVA) as biobased precursor, then reinforced by the addition of nanoclay. After optimizing the UV‐curing parameters of three different formulations by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the thermo‐mechanical properties of the coatings are assessed by differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC), dynamic thermal mechanical analysis (DTMA), and pencil hardness. The coatings are applied on mild steel substrates and then their barrier properties are investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, immersing the samples in 3.5 wt% NaCl aerated solutions. The results show the good corrosion protective effectiveness of the biobased coatings. The nanoclay addition has a beneficial effect, as it hinders the diffusion of the aggressive ions from the electrolyte solution to the metal substrate. The reported findings demonstrate the possibility of using biobased precursors and UV‐curing technology to reduce the environmental impact of the coating industry.

Improving the fire-retardant performance of industrial reactive coatings for steel building structures

The main aim of this study was to determine key factors that regulate fire-retardant effectiveness of intumescent coatings comprising of ammonium polyphosphate, melamine, pentaerythritol, polymer binder. Fulfillment of the research objectives resulted in the development of a coating with R120 fire resistance. The expected service life of the coating is at least 15 years when applied at Z2 type of environmental conditions (indoor use). It was established that in order to provide fire resistance of around R30 it is advisable to use the styrene-acrylic polymers as binders for both water-based and organic-based intumescent systems. The ratio of target components ammonium polyphosphate/melamine/pentaerythritol in such systems should be close to 2/1/1. The coating thickness is to be 0.4–0.5 mm. To achieve higher fire resistance (R60 or more) the coating should include a vinyl acetate derivative as a binder (copolymers with ethylene or vinylversatate). Target components ratio in this case is to be close to 3.5/1/1.5, while the coating thickness should be kept at 1.6–1.8 mm. If the required class of fire resistance is above R120, coating thickness is usually to be kept above 3.5 mm. In order to achieve higher fire resistance, it is advisable to use nano-clay additives and reinforcing fibers in intumescent compositions.The obtained results were used in the development of intumescent coating, which is produced industrially and provides over R120 fire resistance of steel, which was confirmed in standardized full-scale fire tests.

Effects of Nanofillers and Synergistic Action of Carbon Black/Nanoclay Hybrid Fillers in Chlorobutyl Rubber

Nanocomposites based on chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR) have been made using a variety of nanofillers such as carbon black (CB), nanoclay (NC), graphene oxide (GO), and carbon black/nanoclay hybrid filler systems. The hybrid combinations of CB/nanoclay are being employed in the research to examine the additive impacts on the final characteristics of nanocomposites. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), together with resistivity values and mechanical property measurements, have been used to characterise the structural composition of CIIR-based nanocomposites. AFM results indicate that the addition of nanoclay into CIIR increased the surface roughness of the material, which made the material more adhesive. The study found a significant decrease in resistivity in CIIR–nanoclay-based composites and hybrid compositions with nanoclay and CB. The higher resistivity in CB composites, compared to CB/nanoclay, suggests that nanoclay enhances the conductive network of carbon black. However, GO-incorporated composites failed to create conductive networks, which this may have been due to the agglomeration. The study also found that the modulus values at 100%, 200%, and 300% elongation are the highest for clay and CB/clay systems. The findings show that nanocomposites, particularly clay and clay/CB hybrid nanocomposites, may produce polymer nanocomposites with high electrical conductivity. Mechanical properties correlated well with the reinforcement provided by nanoclay. Hybrid nanocomposites with clay/CB had increased mechanical properties because of their enhanced compatibility and higher filler–rubber interaction. Nano-dispersed clay helps prevent fracture growth and enhances mechanical properties even more so than CB.

The Time-Dependent Interfacial Adhesion between Artificial Rock and Fresh Mortar Modified by Nanoclay.

The time-dependent interfacial adhesion between rock and fresh mortar is key for printing concrete linings in mountain tunnels. However, a scientific deficit exists in the time-dependent evolution of the interfacial adhesion, which can cause adhesion failure when printing tunnel lining. Nanoclay has the potential to increase the interfacial adhesion and eliminate the adhesion failure. Before the actual printing of tunnel linings, the time-dependent interfacial adhesion between artificial rock and fresh mortar modified by nanoclay should be understood. This paper studied the time-dependent interfacial adhesion based on fast tack tests, fast shear tests, and isothermal calorimetry tests. With the addition of nanoclay, the maximum tensile stress and the maximum shear stress increased. Compared with a reference series, the maximum interfacial tensile stress in a 0.3% nanoclay series increased by 106% (resting time 1 min) and increased by 209% (resting time 32 min). A two-stage evolution of the interfacial adhesion was found with the addition of nanoclay. In the first stage, the time-dependent interfacial adhesion increased rapidly. A 0.3% NC series showed an increase rate six times higher than that of the reference series. As the matrices aged, the increase rate slowed down and followed a linear pattern of increase, still higher than that of the reference series. The stiffening of fresh matrices resulted in the interface failure mode transition from a ductile failure to a brittle failure. The effect of nanoclay on flocculation and on accelerating the hydration contributed to the time-dependent interfacial adhesion between artificial rock and fresh mortar.

Effect of Phosphorus-Nitrogen based Flame-Retardant Combined with Zinc Borate on Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Clay Nanocomposites

A phosphorus-nitrogen containing 6,6'-(piperazine-1,4-diyl)bis(6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) (DOPO-PZ) flame-retardant was synthesized and its effect combined with zinc borate (ZnB) and nanoclay (NC) on thermal stability and flame retardancy of epoxy resin was studied. Various epoxy composites containing DOPO, DOPO-PZ, ZnB and NC using curing agent diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) were prepared. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs of the composites showed intercalated nanostructure of epoxy-clay nanocomposites. In thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pure epoxy gave 3.4% char yield at 700 ºC in nitrogen atmosphere, while in case of EP/DOPO-PZ/ZnB/NC sample having 1% phosphorus content, 5 wt.% zinc borate (ZnB) and 3 wt.% nanoclay (NC), the char yield is increased to 24.0%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study showed decrease in the glass transition temperature (Tg) on the addition of flame-retardant due to plasticization effect and increase in Tg on addition of nanoclay due to formation of nanostructure of epoxy composites. The EP/DOPO-PZ/ZnB/NC nanocomposite sample exhibited a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 29.2% and passed the UL-94 test with a V-0 rating and thus achieved a sufficient flame retardancy.

Investigation of Microstructural Properties of Nano-modified Concrete for Sustainable Environment

The creation and evaluation of Nano-modified concrete, with an emphasis on its microstructural characteristics, is the main goal of this extensive study. The inclusion of nanosilica and nanoclay not only enhances the characteristics of concrete but also contributes to mitigating soil pollution. By adding nanosilica and nanoclay as additional cementitious materials, the study intends to assess the structural integrity of nano-modified concrete using cutting-edge techniques like Scanning electron microscopy, Transition electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Four different concrete compositions with variable amounts of nanosilica and nanoclay additions (0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of nano additives by weight of fine aggregate) and a 3% cement replacement rate were cast and evaluated throughout the experimental phase. A comparison with regular concrete revealed significant improvements in microstructures, demonstrating the efficacy of nano-modified concrete without sacrificing necessary characteristics. Slump values increased with the addition of nano-silica and nanoclay, indicating better workability and smoother concrete surfaces. The study's findings indicate that the development of Nano-modified concrete has great potential as an advanced building material. In addition to providing instant structural gains, the use of nanosilica and nanoclay enhances the long-term performance of concrete buildings and creates new opportunities for creative and long-lasting building techniques.

Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives

Abstract To sustain the life of flexible pavement materials, the quality of the binder needs to be modified and improved. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the optimum mechanical performances, Marshall characteristics, and moisture damages of hot asphalt mixtures containing nano-clay (nC) additives. Three nominated contents of nC additives of 3, 5, and 7% of the hot asphalt weight were combined by a shear blender at 4,000 rpm for 45 min at 150 ± 5°C. Significant mechanical tests were carried out to estimate the modified asphalt mixture characteristics, such as Marshall stability and moisture susceptibility. Mechanical test results showed that the use of nC as an additive was suitable for enhancing the main characteristics of hot asphalt mixes. Generally, it was found that the indirect tensile strength ratio and stability values of the asphalt mixtures containing 3, 5, and 7% of nC were improved by 8, 23, and 24% and 12.5, 40, and 52%, respectively. The 7% nano-clay additive showed superior values of tensile strength and stability as compared with all asphalt mixtures (i.e., 94% and 15.8 kN, respectively).

Photodegradation resistance and flammability of bio-based wood-nanoclay-polyurethane foam nanocomposites

Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF) filled with lignocellulosic fillers have gained considerable interest due to their mechanical performance and eco-friendly characteristics. However, their flammability and photodegradation resistance properties still need further improvement, which may be achieved by incorporating various particles. This study investigated the effect of adding 2.5% of wood flour and 5%–15% of an organophilic nanoclay (relative to the wood flour weight) on the RPUF morphology, density, compressive strength, thermal stability, flammability, and photodegradation resistance. The addition of wood flour and nanoclay made the RPUF cells more rounded and disrupted but did not affect density. The compressive properties were adversely impacted. Nevertheless, the nanoclay significantly improved both flammability and photodegradation resistance compared to the neat RPUF.

Sustainable green concrete: investigating the influence of recycled aggregates, polypropylene fibres, and nano clay additives on physical and mechanical properties

Sustainable green concrete: investigating the influence of recycled aggregates, polypropylene fibres, and nano clay additives on physical and mechanical properties