Addition Of Glass Powder Research Articles

TESTING THE TOUGHNESS OF POLYPROPYLENE FILLED WITH GLASS POWDER

The purpose of this paper is to show polymer waste as a raw material or otherwise usable material derived from a partial separation of communal waste. This paper describes the possibilities of polypropylene re-use through recycling with addition of glass powder, from the point of view of toughness caused by impact load. Standard test specimens, made of basic material – polypropylene, with addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of glass powder with granulation less than 0,5 mm, have been tested through six processing cycles. The measured values gave a possibility of forming patterns for changes of the observed material with different content of additives, through processing cycles, which can be helpful in further research and analysis.

TESTING THE TOUGHNESS OF POLYPROPYLENE FILLED WITH GLASS POWDER

The purpose of this paper is to show polymer waste as a raw material or otherwise usable material derived from a partial separation of communal waste. This paper describes the possibilities of polypropylene re-use through recycling with addition of glass powder, from the point of view of toughness caused by impact load. Standard test specimens, made of basic material – polypropylene, with addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of glass powder with granulation less than 0,5 mm, have been tested through six processing cycles. The measured values gave a possibility of forming patterns for changes of the observed material with different content of additives, through processing cycles, which can be helpful in further research and analysis.

Microstructure and energy-storage performance of PbO–B2O3–SiO2–ZnO glass added (Pb0.97La0.02)(Zr0.97Ti0.03)O3 antiferroelectric thick films

In this paper, Pb0.97La0.02(Zr0.97Ti0.03)O3 (PLZT 2/97/3) antiferroelectric (AFE) thick films with 0–5wt.% PbO–B2O3–SiO2–ZnO glass addition were successfully fabricated on alumina substrates via a screen printing method. The effects of the added glass on the microstructure, the dielectric properties, and the energy-storage performance of the PLZT 2/97/3 AFE thick films were investigated in detail. The results showed that the proper addition of glass powders was favor to form a denser microstructure with a pure perovsike phase. As a result, the dielectric properties and the energy-storage performance of AFE thick films were greatly improved by the addition of glass. The maximum recoverable energy-storage density of 3.1J/cm3 was obtained in 3-wt.% glass-added AFE thick films.

Alternative technique for removal of phosphorus in wastewater using chemically surface-modified silica filter

An innovative phosphorus removal filter made of silica granules was designed and evaluated for advanced wastewater treatment. The silica granules from natural mineral stones were formed into a porous body by sintering with addition of glass powder. The phosphorus was removed by the ionic exchange mechanism between OH− in Si(OH)4 and PO43− in wastewater. The silica filter was very effective in removing phosphorus in wastewater by ion exchange. We found the possibility of a phosphorus removal filter with no sludge production characteristics of flocculation treatment techniques, and it seems to be quite meaningful as a new wastewater treatment.

Using hybrid silica-conjugated TiO2 nanostructures to enhance the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract In this study, hybrid silica-conjugated TiO2 photoelectrodes were developed in order to enhance the efficiency of a dye-sensitized solar cell. The relative changes in surface crystallite size and chemical surface states of TiO2 composites were investigated by XRD, XPS, and UV–vis spectroscopy. Therein, the chemical compositions of the nanostructured photoelectrode surfaces were observed to significantly change when the glass powder Si atoms became chemically bonded with the Ti atoms on the photoelectrode surface without appreciable changes to the crystalline structure of TiO2. Furthermore, a significant conversion of Si–Ox into Si–O at the surface of the photoelectrode was observed following the addition of glass powder, which confirms the covalent bonding of Si and Ti atoms into Ti–O–Si. A maximum cell efficiency (η from 5.8% to 8.5%) was observed when 2 wt% of the low-temperature glass powder was added to the TiO2 with a constant amount of dye loading. This observed peak in solar cell efficiently is most likely due to an increase in light harvesting, which is a result of an enhancement of light scattering and the coordination between Ti and Si to establish a Ti–O–Si bond.

The effects of glass powders prepared by spray pyrolysis on the structures and conductivities of silver electrode

Bi-based glass powders for silver electrodes were directly prepared by high temperature spray pyrolysis process. The prepared glass powders at temperatures of 1200 and 1300 °C had spherical shape, dense structures and narrow size distributions. The XRD pattern had broad peak at around 28°, which is the character of glass material. The glass transition temperature of the powders was 505 °C. The glass layer formed from the powders prepared at a temperature of 1200 °C had no voids inside and surface of the layer fired at 550 °C. The silver electrode formed from the paste without glass powders had porous structure with several microns pores. The porosities of the silver electrodes decreased with increase of the glass content added to the silver paste. The addition of glass powders to the silver paste decreased the sheet resistances of silver electrode. The sheet resistances of the silver electrodes with 0 and 5 wt% glass were 2.4 and 2.07 mΩ □ −1 at a firing temperature of 550 °C.

Uso de pó de vidro como fundente para produção de grês porcelanato

O grês porcelanato possui excelentes propriedades como: resistência mecânica, química, elevada dureza, etc. Atualmente, vários estudos de novos materiais estão sendo realizados, como por exemplo, a incorporação de resíduos industriais sem a mudança do processo ou qualidade do produto final. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a possibilidade do uso de um resíduo de vidro em massas cerâmicas para produção de grês porcelanato. Foram preparadas misturas contendo diferentes quantidades de argila, resíduo de vidro na forma de pó, feldspato e quartzo moído. As amostras foram queimadas em diferentes temperaturas entre 1000-1250°C, com isoterma de 30 minutos. As amostras queimadas foram caracterizadas e a composição contendo feldspato e pó de vidro como fundentes, apresentaram as melhores propriedades mecânicas e tecnológicas. A adição de resíduo de pó de vidro mostrou ser um eficiente fundente, pois além de acelerar o processo de densificação durante a queima do produto cerâmico, este material pode substituir o feldspato que é um mineral em estágio de exaustão.

Electrical conductivity based characterization of plain and coarse glass powder modified cement pastes

This paper describes the use of electrical conductivity to characterize plain and coarse glass powder modified cement pastes. It is observed that the glass powder addition facilitates improved hydration of the cement grains. For the proportions investigated in this study, and the particle size of glass powder, this advantage is negated by the reduced amount of hydration products, i.e., the dilution effect. The variation of electrical conductivity and its derivative with time can be related to the various phases in the microstructural development of the paste. It is observed from the time derivative of conductivity plots that the addition of glass powder results only in minor changes in the setting time of the pastes. Higher the glass powder content, higher the normalized conductivity (ratio of conductivity at a certain glass powder content to that of plain paste) at very early times, and then it falls to a value closer to or less than 1.0 at later times. A parallel model is used to represent effective conductivity as a function of the pore solution conductivity, porosity, and pore connectivity factor. The pore solution conductivity increases with increase in glass powder content. The porosity of the pastes reduces with increase in glass powder content at early ages and increases at later ages. A reduced pore connectivity factor is observed for pastes with higher glass powder content at later times. However, this does not imply increased volume of hydration products as is commonly interpreted for normal pastes, but the electrical conduction pathways are made more tortuous by the relatively large volume of un-reacted filler material in the pore structure.

Engineered sintering aids for PbO-based electroceramics

Borate- and silicate-based glasses that devitrify on heating to form ferroelectric lead titanate have been developed. Their potential for use as sintering aids in PbO-based electroceramics has been evaluated by studying the densification of PbTiO3 (PT) with increasing wt.% addition of glass powder. When ≥3 wt.% of a borate-based glass was added, ≥94% theoretical density was achieved at 1,100 °C but for a silicate-based glass system 10 wt.% glass addition was required to achieve the same density. As the wt.% glass content increased the maximum and room temperature permittivity decreased and there was also a decrease in T c and the c/a ratio. The decrease in T c is believed to be due to increased clamping from neighbouring grains as the density of the PT increases. The decrease in maximum and room temperature permittivity is related to the presence of secondary phases.

Characterization of the Surface of the HLW Glass R7T7 Reacted in Salt Brines

ABSTRACTBorosilicate glasses are proposed as waste form for the final disposal of High Level Waste (HLW) in salt formations by the Federal Republic of Germany. To check the safety of this waste form the corrosion of the non-radioactive borosilicate glass R7T7 in salt brines has been studied in collaboration with the Hahn-Meitner-Institut, Berlin. Temperatures up to 190°C and S/V ratios (surface area to solution volume ratio) between 3.3 and 1000 m were applied. S/V was varied by the addition of glass powder. The results presented here concern the characterization of the surface composition of the corroded glass (corroded at 190°C in a brine containing high amounts of MgCl-, called Q brine in this paper) after removing the reaction product layer. The corrosion conditions were chosen to obtain samples typical of long term (silica saturation) corrosion. The surface composition was analyzed quantitatively by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) by using external standard glasses with a composition similar to R7T7. Additionally scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed.

Mechanical strength of the piezoelectric ceramic TsTBS-3, modified by addition of glass powder

Mechanical strength of the piezoelectric ceramic TsTBS-3, modified by addition of glass powder

Effects of Addition of Glass Powders Containing BaO and TiO<sub>2</sub> on Temperature Characteristics of Dielectric Properties of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> Ceramics

In the previous paper, the authors confirmed that addition of glass powders rich in BaO and TiO2 to BaTiO3 crystal powders was effective to extend the firing range of the pressed mixture and to obtain BaTiO3 ceramics with dielectric properties little influenced by sintering temperature (J. Ceram. Assoc. Japan 75, 278 (1967)). In the present study, temperature characteristics in dielectric properties were measured at 1 kc/sec (applied voltage, 2V) by means of Bridge method in the cooling process of the specimens from 160°C to -60°C. On the same specimens, observation of microstructure by electron microscope was made in order to investigate structure dependency of the temperature characteristics.The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) By addition of glass powders of a BaO-Mg(Ca)O-TiO2-SiO2-Al2O3 system, the BaTiO3 ceramics with temperature characteristics of dielectric properties little affected by sintering temperature were able to be prepared. 2) The temperature characteristics in dielectric properties of the BaTiO3 ceramics thus prepared are much influenced by the composition of the glass powders added. The MgO component is especially effective in decreasing the temperature changes of their dielectric properties. 3) Addition of the MgF2 crystal powders together with the BaO-TiO2-SiO2-Al2O3 glass powders (glass 7.5, MgF2 2.5 by wt%) to BaTiO3 powders is effective in decreasing temperature changes of dielectric properties and also in raising dielectric constant near room temperature of the BaTiO3 ceramics. 4) Effects of addition of the glass powders on temperature characteristics of dielectric properties can be reasonably explained on the basis of the electron microscopic observation of the microstructure of the specimens.

Effects of Addition of Glasses Containing BaO and TiO<sub>2</sub> on Properties of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> Ceramics

In order to extend to firing range and also improve the dielectric properties of BaTiO3 ceramics, glass powders of the BaO-TiO2-SiO2-Al2O3 system were added as the binding agent in a total amount of 5 to 15wt% to BaTiO3 crystal powders. Compositions of the glasses prepared were in ranges of 40 to 55 BaO, 22 to 33 TiO2, 5 to 12 SiO2 and 5 to 18 Al2O3wt%. The mixtures of crystal and glass powders (particle size: both less than 325 mesh) were formed by dry-pressing, being subjected to the measurement of firing range (from the temperature corresponding to the water-absorption-zero to the deformation temperature). Measurements of dielectric properties were made at room temperature with frequency of 1Mc/sec, of the mixtures fired at 1200° to 1400°C for 60 min.The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) The firing range of the pressed compacts extends by about 100° to 200°C by addition of the glass powders rich in BaO and TiO2. 2) Dielectric properties of the sintered specimens become less sensitive to their firing temperature by addition of the glasses. 3) Dielectric constant of the sintered specimens are much affected by the composition of glasses added; the MgO component in glass is effective to increase the dielectric constant of the specimens. 4) Addition of the glass powders together with MgF2 crystal powders most increases the dielectric constant of the specimens. 5) Effects of the addition of glass powders can be reasonably explained on the basis of the electron microscopic observation of the microstructure of the specimens.