Addition Of Ferrocene Research Articles

Effects of laser pretreatment on the formation of nanostructured carbon on the surface of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride under high-power ion beam irradiation

The features of formation of surface morphology of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (pure and with the addition of the catalyst - ferrocene) under the influence of a high-power ion beam of nanosecond duration after the preliminary pulsed laser treatment of the polymer surface have been investigated. It was found that the morphology of the irradiated surface of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride after pulsed laser surface pretreatment differs significantly from the morphology of the irradiated surface of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride after a preliminary stationary heat treatment. For pure chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, pulsed laser pretreatment with increasing power leads to an increase in the porosity of the surface layer after high-power ion beam irradiation, whereas different surface morphologies, including fibers (including polymer fibers) of different diameters, can be obtained for the pre-stationary post-irradiation thermal treatment of this polymer. Pre-stationary thermal pretreatment of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride with the addition of ferrocene (Fe(C5H5)2) leads to a decrease in the diameter of formed carbon nanofibers (with an increase in the treatment temperature). During the pulsed laser pretreatment, an increase in the porosity of the treated layer and a slight increase in the proportion of nanofibers of larger diameter are observed. To explain the obtained differences for pulsed laser and stationary thermal pretreatment, the effect of polymer heating rate on the features of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride decomposition was analyzed.

Effect of Novel Compound Redox Initiators on Polymerization Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Acrylic Resin.

Aiming at the problems of long reaction time and the risk of explosion polymerization of acrylate resin, a small amount of ferrocene (Fc) is added to the existing dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO)/N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) initiators, and the compound redox initiators (BPO/DMA/ (Fc)) are proposed for acrylate resin polymerization at room temperature. The effect of the content of Fc in the resin on the reaction efficiency and the molding quality of products is researched, and the initiation mechanism of the compound redox initiators is analyzed. It is found that with the addition of Fc, the reaction time of the resin can be shortened by 68% at maximum, the heat release temperature of the resin can be reduced by 40% at maximum, the molecular weight of the reaction products can be increased by 74% at maximum, the tensile and bending properties of the resin castings are increased by 23% and 35% at maximum, respectively, and the bending strength and bending modulus are increased by 57% and 27% at maximum, respectively. The compound redox initiators proposed in this paper can improve the molding efficiency and quality of the product, lay a foundation for the application of acrylic resin in the field of pultrusion molding, perfusion molding, and other in situ molding of thermoplastic composites.

Effect of ferrocene as a combustion catalyst on the premixed combustion flame characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel

Fuel additives are widely used to optimize the combustion process, reduce the harmful emissions, and improve the performance of engines. Among the metal-based additives, ferrocene is soluble in most fuels, including biodiesel. Furthermore, it is easily available and has high stability, low toxicity, and high lipophilicity. It can evenly disperse in biodiesel without causing any change in the physicochemical properties. Therefore, it can serve as an effective combustion catalyst for biodiesel. In this study, the effect of ferrocene as a combustion catalyst on the pyrolysis and combustion performance of Jatropha biodiesel is investigated. The coupled technique of thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-MS) is used to analyze the evolution characteristics of multicomponent gaseous products generated during the pyrolysis and high-temperature oxidation of Jatropha biodiesel (JB100) and Jatropha biodiesel + ferrocene (JBF). The laminar premixed combustion flame and pollutant emissions of JB100 and JBF are examined using a variety of techniques, including OH planar laser-induced fluorescence (OH-PLIF), flue gas analysis, spectral analysis, transmission electron microscopy, etc. The results reveal that after adding ferrocene, the activation energy for the pyrolysis reaction of JB100 decreases by 4.66 kJ/mol and the complete weight loss temperature decreases by 10 ℃. Further, the addition of ferrocene reduces the endothermic heat by 0.38 mW/mg during the initial stage of the high-temperature oxidation reaction of JB100, and the amounts of final products CO2 and H2O are increased. Compared with JB100, JBF shows an enhanced OH group intensity in the combustion flame and a lower soot spectral peak. Furthermore, compared with JB100, under JBF combustion, the pollutant PM2.5 emissions decrease by 13.3 %, PM10 emissions decrease by 13.2 %, PM> 10 particulate matter emissions decrease by 19.3 %, CO emissions decrease by 6.8 %, NOx emissions increase by 21.2 %, and the size of soot particles decreases by 20.8 %.

Влияние предварительной термической обработки на морфологию углеродного слоя, формирующегося на поверхности хлорированного поливинилхлорида при воздействии мощного ионного пучка

The effect of preliminary heat treatment on the morphology of carbon layer formed on the surface of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride with the addition of ferrocene (10 % of polymer weight) under the impact of a high-power nanosecond-durable ion beam has been studied. Preliminary exposure of samples in an oven at different temperatures for 1 hour leads to partial dehydrochlorination of the surface layer of the polymer film and interchain crosslinking, creating centers for the start of the carbonization reaction, and thus affects the formation of carbon nanostructures during subsequent irradiation with a high-power ion beam. The possible mechanism of carbon nanostructures formation from chlorinated polyvinyl chloride under the impact of a high-power ion beam and the mechanism of the influence of preliminary heat treatment on it are considered. It has been established that different heat treatment temperatures lead to different morphologies of the resulting carbon nanostructures. On the control sample and the sample subjected to heating to 100 °C, only nanofibers are formed, preheating to 150 °C leads to the formation of a porous structure with nanosized pores under the nanofibers, and preheating to 200 °C leads to a significant decrease in the porosity and concentration of nanofibers.

Study on the fire extinguishing efficiency and mechanism of composite superfine dry powder containing ferrocene

This paper reported that ferrocene was utilized as the additive for extinguishants to suppress combustion reaction, which was known as composite superfine dry power containing Ferrocene (CSFP-Fc). Gaussian was applied to simulate the chemical inhibition mechanism of CSFP-Fc. It verified that the addition of ferrocene can promote the fire extinguishing performance of superfine ABC dry powder (SDP) to some extent. By studying the fire extinguishing effect on liquid hydrocarbon flames in the cup burner, it was determined that the optimal mass fraction of ferrocene added was 4 wt%. Then the physical and chemical properties of CSFP-Fc were characterized by laser particle size analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal gravity analyzer (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results indicated that CSFP-Fc had better fire extinguishing efficiency than ordinary ABC dry powder (ODP). Furthermore, the article confirmed that a more practical extinguishant was proposed and it can provide guidance for the application and development of extinguishants.

Large-scale and low-cost synthesis of porous carbon on the surface of commercial chlorinated polymers under the action of an intense electron beam of microsecond duration

The formation of a layer of porous carbon on the surface of low-cost commercial chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) with the addition of ferrocene under the action of an intense electron beam of microsecond duration was investigated. The polymer was irradiated using a pulsed fore-vacuum plasma source of a large-diameter electron beam (cross-sectional area ∼100 cm2), which allows minimizes polymer charging during irradiation. The methods of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, EDX spectroscopy, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to study the carbon layers. We found that the carbon layer consists mainly of thin (∼10 nm) sheets of amorphous carbon containing curved graphene layers up to 4 nm in length. According to the XPS data analysis, the relative fraction of graphitized carbon (sp2-hybridized carbon) reaches 80% in the surface layer with a thickness of up to 3 nm. Possible mechanisms for the formation of a porous carbon layer on the CPVC surface were discussed. The porous carbon layer has a specific capacitance of 14 mF/cm2 at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. In many applications, it can be an alternative to the laser-induced graphene formed on the surface of expensive high-temperature polyimide.

Formation of Microcrystals on a Surface of Commercial Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride under the Action of a High-Power Ion Beam of Nanosecond Duration

The formation of well-faceted microcrystals on the surface of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) with the addition of ferrocene (Fe(C5H5)2) under the action of a high-power ion beam (HPIB) was f...

Synthesis and combustion catalytic activity of ferrocene‐based energetic compounds

AbstractAmmonium perchlorate (AP) is a common oxidizer in composite solid rocket propellants due to its excellent burning characteristics, good processability, and storability. Owing to their outstanding catalytic effects, ferrocene, and its derivatives have become the most widely used burning rate catalysts (BRCs). The addition of ferrocene and its derivatives to AP rendered performance optimization. In this study, azole‐based ferrocenyl compounds were successfully synthesized. The compounds were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, UV‐vis spectroscopy, and other techniques. The thermal degradation of AP catalyzed by these compounds was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Results revealed that the decomposition peak temperature of AP dramatically decreases and that the released heat of AP significantly increases with the new compounds as additives. Hence, the six azole‐based ferrocenyl BR catalysts are favorable for the combustion catalytic activity.

Improving performance and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engine: Effect of ferrocene nanoparticles to diesel-biodiesel blend

The impact of different concentrations of ferrocene nanoparticles to diesel and B30 (30%biodiesel and 70% diesel) base fuels on performance, combustion characteristics, and CO2 and NOx emissions characteristics of a compression ignition (CI) engine is investigated. The biodiesel was prepared through esterification and transesterification processes to waste frying oil. A 4-stroke, air-cooled, single cylinder CI engine was used to perform these experiments. The results revealed that thermal efficiency of CI engine running on B30 fuel was less than this of neat diesel fuel. The addition of ferrocene to diesel and B30 base fuels has increased brake thermal efficiency by 3% and 8%, respectively. The optimal concentrations of ferrocene nanoparticles in diesel and B30 base fuels were specified as 250 and 300 mg/L, respectively. The ferrocene has increased CO2 and decreased NOx emissions for diesel fuel at medium and high loads. Adding ferrocene to B30 base fuel has increased CO2 at all loads while NOx has only decreased at high loads, respectively.

Advanced Ga2O3/Lignin and ZrO2/Lignin Hybrid Microplatforms for Glucose Oxidase Immobilization: Evaluation of Biosensing Properties by Catalytic Glucose Oxidation

In this study, novel Ga2O3/lignin and ZrO2/lignin hybrid materials were obtained and used as supports for the adsorption of the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx). A biosensor system based on the hybrid supports was then designed to determine the concentration of glucose in various solutions. The obtained bioinspired platforms were analyzed to determine chemical and physical properties of the support structures. A determination was made of the effectiveness of the proposed method of immobilization and the quality of operation of the constructed glucose biosensor in electrochemical tests. To characterize the materials, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), electrokinetic (zeta) potential measurements, atomic force microscopy (AFM), particle size measurements (NIBS technique), and elemental analysis (EA) were used. In further research, glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized on the surface of the obtained functional Ga2O3/lignin and ZrO2/lignin biomaterials. The best immobilization capacities—24.7 and 27.1 mg g−1 for Ga2O3/lignin and ZrO2/lignin, respectively—were achieved after a 24 h immobilization process. The Ga2O3/Lig/GOx and ZrO2/Lig/GOx systems were used for the construction of electrochemical biosensor systems, in a dedicated carbon paste electrode (CPE) with the addition of graphite and ferrocene.

Bio-inspired magnetite/lignin/polydopamine-glucose oxidase biosensing nanoplatform. From synthesis, via sensing assays to comparison with others glucose testing techniques

Glucose monitoring has become a crucial part of diabetes care, and is also of importance in the food industry. However, the measurements are subject to certain limitations and errors. These may result from many factors, including the strip manufacturing process, inappropriate storage, temperature, coding, aging, etc. Here, we discuss the measurement of glucose in real samples using techniques such as photometric assay, glucometers, and using a proposed biosensor. Biosensor platforms based on the multicomponent material magnetite/lignin/polydopamine-glucose oxidase with the addition of ferrocene and a dedicated carbon paste electrode (CPE/Fe3O4/Lig/PDA/GOx/Fc) were fabricated for glucose detection in real, commercially available glucose-based samples. To determine the morphological features of the materials, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and zeta potential measurements were carried out. Moreover, to determine the effectiveness of glucose oxidase immobilization the Bradford assays was applied. Analysis of glucose-based products was carried out based on photometric measurements using an AU480 Chemical Analyzer from Beckam Coulter, with the use of three glucometers (Wellion Calla light® WELL 900LB, CERA-CHEK 1Code®Model G400, iXell®Rev.04/10-PL), and with the use of our proposed CPE/Fe3O4/Lig/PDA/GOx/Fc biosensor. Tests on real samples demonstrated the repeatability of the results. The results showed that this biosensor has excellent potential for application in the determination of glucose in various commercial products.

Effect of ferrocene on the fabrication of honeycomb-patterned porous polystyrene films and silver functionalization of the film

Honeycomb-patterned (HCP) porous polystyrene (PS) film was fabricated by the breath figure method with inclusion of ferrocene in the PS solution for silver (Ag)-functionalization. Ag-functionalized HCP porous PS film was obtained by immersing the fabricated film in aqueous silver nitrate solution through interfacial reduction by ferrocene. The addition of ferrocene in the polymer solution also affected the morphology of the HCP porous film during the fabrication process. Depending on the used ferrocene concentration, morphology of the obtained Ag morphology on the film surface was different. By increasing the ferrocene concentration the reduced silver particles changed to silver nanowire without much aggregation and also increased the conductivity of the films. This method of silver-functionalization on the polymer film unleashes the futuristic applications in interdisciplinary fields such as substrates for Raman scattering and antibacterial studies.

Enhanced Signal Amplification in a Toll-like Receptor-4 Biosensor Utilizing Ferrocene-Terminated Mixed Monolayers.

A major challenge in effectively treating infections is to provide timely diagnosis of a bacterial or viral agent. Current cell culture methods require >24 h to identify the cause of infection. The Toll-like Receptor (TLR) family of proteins can identify classes of pathogens and has been shown to work well in an impedance-based biosensor, where the protein is attached to an electrode via a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). While the sensitivity of these sensors has been good, they contain a high resistance (>1 kΩ) SAM, generating relatively small signals and requiring longer data collection, which is ill-suited to implementation outside of a laboratory. Here, we describe a novel approach to increase the signal magnitude and decrease the measurement time of a TLR-4 biosensor by inserting a redox-active ferrocenyl-terminated alkanethiol into a mixed SAM containing hydroxyl- and carboxyl-terminated alkanethiols. The SAM formation and modification was confirmed via contact angle and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, with TLR-4 immobilization demonstrated through a modified immunosorbent assay. It is shown that these TLR-4 biosensors respond selectively to their intended target, Gram-negative bacteria at levels between 1 and 105 lysed cells/mL, while remaining insensitive to Gram-positive bacteria or viral particles at up to 105 particles/mL. Furthermore, the signal enhancement due to the addition of ferrocene decreased the measurement time to less than 1 min and has enabled this sensor to be used with an inexpensive, portable, hand-held potentiostat that could be easily implemented in field settings.

Preparation and hydrophobicity improvement of fluorinated poly (styrene-acrylate) / ferrocene composites

In this work, fluorine containing poly (styrene-acrylate) / ferrocene (FPSA / Fc) composites were prepared by directly mixing FPSA latexes with ferrocene and ethanol co-solvent. Vesicles were obtained while occurring oxidation of composite films, and ruptured to form micropores when carrying out heated process of oxidized films, resulting in increasing roughness and hydrophobicity of composite films. TEM images confirmed that two kinds of structures including ferrocene aggregates and adsorbate latexes existed in composite latexes. The average particle size was decreased after addition of ferrocene. SEM and AFM photos indicated that vesicles and micropores were observed on the oxidized and heated composite films, respectively, and the improvement of surface roughness was subsequently occurred. Water contact angle (WCA) results described that the oxidation had increased the hydrophilicity of composite films, in contrast, the rupture of vesicles had increased the hydrophobicity. The maximum WCA of composite film is up to 121° when the dosage of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) and ferrocene were 10.0 and 0.5 wt%, respectively. TGA curves demonstrated that the thermal stability was improved because of the addition of ferrocene and oxidation.

Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of wear-resistant Zn-Ferrocene composite coatings with high anticorrosive properties in alkaline environments

Zn coatings are widely applied due to their low cost and negative potential in steel construction and reinforcing steel bars in concretes. However, Zn coatings have been found to perform unsatisfactorily in moist and alkaline environments. In the aqueous alkali environments that inevitably form when concretes fail, galvanized reinforcing steel bars have extremely low corrosion resistance and, consequently, are subject to corrosion. Facing these problems, various additives, including organic and inorganic compounds, have been introduced into Zn coatings to obtain enhanced corrosion resistance, with fewer experiments focusing on organometallic compound composited coatings. As a typical organometallic compound, ferrocene possesses high resistance to corrosive media, such as acids and alkalis. This makes ferrocene an extremely appropriate additive for composite Zn coatings. In this study, Zn-Ferrocene composite coatings were synthesized via electrodeposition with ultrasound assistance. Ferrocene was successfully incorporated using electrochemical control, with a maximum ferrocene content determined to be 19.4% of the C present in the composite coating. The surface morphologies and crystalline structures of the resultant coatings were significantly altered to thin, flake-like hexagonal crystals, a characteristic that was associated with the electrodepositing atomic matrix. The addition of ferrocene greatly improved the wear resistance of the composite coatings, with a 25% mass loss of pure zinc within the coating. The best properties were obtained at an ultrasound assistance level of 15 W. In addition, the corrosion mechanism of the composite coatings was studied at the molecular level. It was found that the corrosion resistance of the composite coatings in alkaline solutions was noticeably enhanced, with an Rct value doubled showing the charge transfer process was inhibited. These results indicate that ultrasound-assisted Zn-Ferrocene composite coatings hold much promise for their potential use in reinforced steel bars in concretes and other abrasive environments.

Mechanism of Laser Initiated Carbon Nanotube Ignition

AbstractThis work investigated carbon nanotube reactions when subjected to a laser irradiation. It was found that the laser produced a fast explosion‐like result. The addition of ferrocene to the carbon nanotube powder was found to increase the decomposition temperature and reaction of photo‐initiated nanotubes. Incomplete combustion was found as a result of particle scattering and limited thermal transfer in loose samples however in confined samples a burning front can develop resulting in more complete combustion.

Insightful investigation of smoke suppression behavior and mechanism of polystyrene with ferrocene: An important role of intermediate smoke

SummaryAiming to investigate the smoke suppression mechanism of ferrocene in model polystyrene (PS) during combustion, we exploited the vapor‐phase and condensed‐phase behaviors. Cone calorimeter testing result showed that 3 wt% ferrocene imparted PS with 56.9% reduction in total smoke production. The analysis of the char after cone calorimeter testing demonstrated that the condensed‐phase smoke suppression mechanism was weak owing to the absence of charring behavior. The vapor‐phase mechanism was focused on the analysis of the small‐molecule smoke precursors and initially formed smoke intermediates. Transmission electron microscopy of initially formed smoke intermediates of PS/3Ferrocene revealed that enormous γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles from ferrocene participated in the initial formation of smoke intermediates, which subsequently underwent notable thermal oxidation degradation with decreased smoke residue. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results manifested that the small‐molecule smoke precursors remained almost unchanged with addition of ferrocene. Conclusively, the smoke suppression mechanism with ferrocene predominantly originated from the intensive thermal oxidation of smoke intermediates, which opened a viable route for excellent smoke suppression design.

Electrochemical investigation of electrochromic device based on WO3 and Ti doped V2O5 films by using electrolyte containing ferrocene

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on WO3 and Ti doped V2O5 films are fabricated by using lithium (LiClO4) liquid electrolyte containing ferrocene redox couple. The addition of ferrocene in electrolyte enhances electrochromic properties of device. The device based on LiClO4-Ferrocene electrolyte has larger charge density than that based on LiClO4 electrolyte. In the 600–1500nm wavelength range, the transmittance of colored device is under 2% and it has faster coloring response. At 680nm wavelength, it shows larger changes in transmittance from 68% to 1.8% while device based on LiClO4 electrolyte changes transmittance from 68.3% to 11.5%. The cycling data reveal that device based on LiClO4-Ferrocene electrolyte can yield more stable electrochromic properties at 65°C than room temperature. In order to deeper understand the effect of electrolyte on films and devices, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the voltage distribution of films based on an analog cell are separately measured and analyzed in LiClO4 and LiClO4-Ferrocene electrolytes. Results indicate that compared with LiClO4 electrolyte, films have lower charge-transfer resistance and the distributed voltage on Ti doped V2O5 film is larger in LiClO4-Ferrocene electrolyte, which can enhance optical properties of ECD by improving charge density of Ti doped V2O5 film.

Formation of Nanostructured Carbon Layers on the Surface of Chlorinated Polymers under High-Power Ion Beam Irradiation

A comparative study of the effect of a high-power ion beam of nanosecond duration on layers of reactive industrial chlorinated polymers (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride) containing a catalytic additive (ferrocene) is carried out. The formation of amorphous carbon nanofiber layers on the surface of chlorinated polymers is revealed. The characteristic diameter and length of nanofibers depends on the type of polymer and irradiation mode and is equal to 30–250 nm and 10 μm, respectively. The growth rate of carbon nanofibers is estimated. Its value might reach ~160 μm/μs. A possible mechanism for carbon nanofiber formation on the surface of chlorinated polymers with the addition of ferrocene under high-power ion beam irradiation is discussed.

Birefringence control of solution-cast film of cellulose triacetate

We controlled the optical anisotropy of a solution-cast film composed of cellulose triacetate (CTA) by adding ferrocene. Owing to the molecular orientation in the film plane of solution-cast films, which results from the normal stress applied during the solvent evaporation process, the average refractive index is usually higher in the plane of the film than in the thickness direction. We found that the addition of ferrocene, which is miscible with CTA, reduced the optical anisotropy by nematic interaction; i.e., ferrocene molecules are forcibly embedded into the film plane accompanying the CTA chains. Because the direction of anisotropic polarizability of ferrocene is perpendicular to the long axis of the molecule, the refractive index in the thickness direction is reduced. Furthermore, the stress-optical coefficient in the glassy state is reduced by the addition of ferrocene.