Addition Of Dust Research Articles

Effect of Stone Dust on Properties of Soil

Abstract: Stone dust is a kind of solid waste material that is generated from stone crushing industry which is abundantly available. It is estimated that each crusher unit produce 15%-20% stone dust. Disposal of such wastes poses lots of geo environmental problems such as landfill disposal problems, health and environmental hazards. The best way to eliminate these problems is to make use such waste. Keeping this in view an experimental study was conducted on locally available soil by mixing it with Stone Dust. The effect of randomly distributed Stone Dust on MDD, OMC, and CBR has been discussed in this report. The percentage of stone dust by dry weight of soil was taken as 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50%.The first series of compaction, specific gravity and CBR tests were conducted on the soil and the same tests were conducted in the second series on soil samples mixed with stone dust. Laboratory experiments favorably suggest that mixing stone dust with soil would be effective in improving soil properties. Due to rapid growth of population and industrialization there is tremendous increase in construction activities. The cities and villages are coming closer, there is fast growth of vehicles running on roads. There is shortage of land for construction of buildings, roads, highways and airfields. The land available may not be suitable for construction activities. The soil may be black cotton, clayey, and loamy. The existing site conditions may or may not be sufficiently strong enough to withstand the load coming on it. In order to overcome these problem ground improvement technique such as soil stabilization, soil reinforcement etc. are evolved. The mechanical stabilization of soil proves to be cost effective and reliable. As the property of clayey soil proves to be suitable for mechanical stabilization, the cohesive natured clayey soil were chosen and checked for their geotechnical properties with other general soil characteristics by varying the content of stone dust The modification of soil is carried out by addition of stone dust to original expansive soils in the range of 0 to 50% by the percentage increase of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% and the effect of stone dust on liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, dry density, optimum moisture content and CBR values is considered

Fabrication, characterization, and application of light weight thermal insulation material from combined buffing dust and plaster of paris for construction industry

Buffing dust, generated from tannery industries, is a source of air pollution in Pakistan. Valorization of the waste into another useful material is important to deal with the environmental pollution, while reducing waste disposal costs in landfills. To demonstrate its technological strength, this work fabricates a thermal insulation material made of plaster of Paris and the buffing dust (from tanning waste) in the form of a composite with superior mechanical properties and low thermal conductivity. Buffing dust with concentrations ranging from 5 to 20% (w/w) were loaded in the composite. The samples synthesized were made slurry of plaster of Paris, buffing dust, and water at ambient temperature. The physico-mechanical properties of composite were analyzed. It was found that the composite had better thermal insulation properties than the panels of the plaster of Paris. Its thermal conductivity was reduced to 15% after adding buffing dust (20% w/w). All the materials had physico-chemical properties like tensile strength (0.02 MPa and 0.06 MPa), density (700-400 kg/m3), water absorption (5.2–8.6%) and thermal conductivity (0.17000–0.09218 W/m-K). Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the material was thermally stable at temperatures ranging from 145 to 177 °C, while FT-IR results revealed that the composite contained O–H, N–H, and CO functional groups. SEM analysis displayed that the composite's homogeneity was reduced with low voids due to buffing dust addition, while EDX analysis showed that the composite contained 23.62% of S, 26.76% of Ca, 49.2% of O and 0.42% of C. This implies that buffing dust could be recycled to manufacture heat insulation materials for construction sector to reduce air pollution, while minimizing energy consumption. By integrating the buffing dust from tanning waste and the plaster of Paris as a composite for construction sector, this work promotes the recycling of unused waste, while saving public funds. Instead of paying landfill fees and polluting soil, the waste may be recycled at lower cost, while reducing environmental damage.

Mechanical properties of metakaolin-based geopolymers modified with different contents of quarry dust waste

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating quarry dust waste on the mechanical properties of metakaolin-based geopolymers. Sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide were used as alkaline activators. Five geopolymer mixtures were prepared with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% addition of quarry dust on the mass of solids in the mixture. The compressive strengths of the mixes ranged between 44.8 and 59.5 MPa after 28 days of ambient curing. The incorporation of quarry dust into the mass of solids in the mixture had a direct effect on the compressive strength. The results of the immersion absorption and void index tests corroborate with the compressive strength test results. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the quarry dust acted mainly as an inert filler material, improving the structure of the geopolymer matrix by densification. Therefore, the results showed that the incorporation of quarry dust is feasible and contributes to the trend of producing sustainable geopolymers with improved mechanical properties. In addition, new applications for the produced materials, such as mortars for fixing tiles and ceramics on floors, were made possible by the incorporation of quarry dust.

Phytoplankton responses to dust addition in the Fe–Mn co-limited eastern Pacific sub-Antarctic differ by source region

The seasonal availability of light and micronutrients strongly regulates productivity in the Southern Ocean, restricting biological utilization of macronutrients and CO2 drawdown. Mineral dust flux is a key conduit for micronutrients to the Southern Ocean and a critical mediator of multimillennial-scale atmospheric CO2 oscillations. While the role of dust-borne iron (Fe) in Southern Ocean biogeochemistry has been examined in detail, manganese (Mn) availability is also emerging as a potential driver of past, present, and future Southern Ocean biogeochemistry. Here, we present results from fifteen bioassay experiments along a north-south transect in the undersampled eastern Pacific sub-Antarctic zone. In addition to widespread Fe limitation of phytoplankton photochemical efficiency, we found further responses following the addition of Mn at our southerly stations, supporting the importance of Fe-Mn co-limitation in the Southern Ocean. Moreover, addition of different Patagonian dusts resulted in enhanced photochemical efficiency with differential responses linked to source region dust characteristics in terms of relative Fe/Mn solubility. Changes in the relative magnitude of dust deposition, combined with source region mineralogy, could hence determine whether Fe or Mn limitation control Southern Ocean productivity under future as well as past climate states.

The NC-CC dichotomy explained by significant addition of CAI-like dust to the Bulk Molecular Cloud (BMC) composition

Nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies of planetary materials provide insight into their genetic ties, informing our understanding of early Solar System isotopic architecture and evolution. Isotope anomalies of non‑carbonaceous (NC) and carbonaceous (CC) materials in multi-element space suggests their variability primarily emerged from mixing between several primordial nebular source regions in the nascent protoplanetary disk. In particular, it has been suggested that the elemental and isotopic compositions of CC meteorites reflect admixtures of NC-like, CI-like, and CAI-like components. Despite the plethora of elements for which isotope anomalies have been characterized, no mixing model has quantitatively reproduced CC meteorite compositions for more than two elements.In this paper, we leverage the recent characterization of Fe isotope anomalies in NC and CC materials, as well as CAIs, to place new constraints on the evolution of the early Solar System and the origin of the CC chondrites. We first respond to the recent proposal, based on Fe isotope analyses of returned samples from Cb-type asteroid Ryugu, that Ryugu and CI chondrites are genetically distinct from NC and CC bodies, originating from a third “CI reservoir” beyond the location of the CC reservoir. Namely, we propose that the appearance of such a trichotomy in meteoritic heritages arises from the current lack of Fe isotope data for CC achondrites. We go on to present a self-consistent mixing model that explains the Ti, Cr, Fe, and Ca concentrations and isotope anomalies of the CM, CV, CO, CK, and CR chondrite groups via admixing of (i) elementally OC-like material, (ii) CI/Ryugu-like material, (iii) isotopically CAI-like dust, and (iv) CAIs sensu stricto. We find that the CAI-like dust constitutes a major and broadly constant fraction (∼36%) of all CC chondrites, and identify the CI-like component with the bulk composition of the Solar System's parent molecular cloud, denoting it BMC for “Bulk Molecular Cloud.” We interpret our results in the context of a qualitative model for early Solar System isotopic evolution.

Cement–ash concrete with the addition of lime kiln dust

The article is devoted to the study of the effect of lime kiln dust (LKD) on the properties of concrete mixtures and concrete using Portland cement and fly ash. A possible mechanism for the formation of the structure of cement–ash paste with the addition of LKD is analyzed in detail. The positive effect of LKD on hydration (an increase in the content of hydration water by 40.50%) and structure formation due to an increase in the alkalinity of the cement–ash paste is shown. Using the method of the experiment mathematical planning, experimental–statistical polynomial models of the concrete component (Portland cement, fly ash, dust, superplasticizer, and aggregates) content influence on the workability of the concrete mixture and the strength of concrete at different ages were obtained. The introduction of lime–carbonate components into concrete mixtures increases the strength of concrete by 27%–54%. At the same time, with the consumption of cement up to 200 kg/m3, ash 100.150 kg/m3, and LKD 50.100 kg/m3, it seems possible to obtain concrete with a compressive strength of 20.30 MPa. The obtained models were analyzed, which made it possible to establish the positive effect of LKD additive on the compressive strength of concrete at the age of 7–180 days.

Study and analysis of strength parameters of concrete with the addition of stone dust, PVC, and fibres

The strength parameters of cement can be upgraded through the expansion of different materials like “stone dust, PVC, and fibers”. “Stone dust”, a side-effect of stone pulverizing tasks, can be utilized as a fractional substitution for fine total in concrete. It works on the functionality, toughness, and compressive strength of cement. PVC particles can be integrated in with the general mish-mash to improve the flexural and influence strength of cement. The incorporation of fibers, like steel or polypropylene, works on the elastic and flexural strength of cement, “lessening breaking and expanding protection” from dynamic burdens. This abstract investigates the impacts of these added substances on substantial “strength parameters, featuring” their expected advantages in development applications.

Parameters of Concrete Modified with Micronized Chalcedonite.

The PN-EN 197-1:2012 standard allows the use of additives as the main component above 5.0% by mass, as well as as a secondary component in an amount less than 5.0% by mass of cement. Proper selection of additives positively affects the rheological characteristics and hardened concrete parameters during longer maturity periods. Additives have already become an integral component of concrete mixes. The aim of the research is to confirm the possibility of using the tested additive in the composition of concrete mixes in an amount of 15% relative to the amount of cement, which would solve the problem of storing and utilizing waste generated during the production of broken chalcedonite aggregates. The planned laboratory tests were carried out for concrete of three classes, C30/37, C35/45, C40/50, according to the PN-EN 206+A1:2016-2 standard, with the addition of chalcedonite dust in a constant amount of 15% relative to cement, and three series without additives as control series. The additive used for concrete mixes was chalcedonite dust with a diameter below 72 μm. It is waste from a broken aggregate mine. The research program included rheological tests of fresh concrete mix, i.e., air content, consistency, bulk density, as well as parameters of hardened concrete mix-compressive strength, absorbability, and capillary uptake. Compressive strength was tested after 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days. The laboratory tests aimed to verify whether the addition of 15% chalcedonite dust additive would not worsen the predicted hardened concrete parameters resulting from the designed concrete classes. All three tested series, C30/37, C35/45, and C40/50, with the addition of 15% chalcedonite dust relative to the amount of cement, achieved the assumed strength classes after 28 days of maturation. Concrete mix components were correctly designed. The addition of chalcedonite dust to the concrete mix did not cause a decrease in compressive strength to the extent that the analyzed series did not meet the normative requirements for concrete classes according to the PN-EN 206+A1:2014 standard. The results of absorbability testing indicate water absorption below 5%, while the increase in sample mass in the capillary uptake test gained similar values.

EFFECT OF DUST METALS AND COMPOST ON GROWTH OF Gundelia tournefortii L. AND CHEMICAL COMPOSTION OF IT᾿S EDIBLE PORTION

A field experiment was conducted at the Grdarasha Research Field station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University – Erbil using randomized complete block design (RCBD) during the years 2019-2021 to study the effect of five levels 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g of dust metals of Erbil steel factory (size 2mm mesh) in combination with compost of solid waste management and sorting of Akre district-Duhok province on growth, yield and chemical composition of Gundelia tournefortii L. The results indicated that powdery metal dust and compost fertilizer significantly increased length, diameter, fresh weight and dry weight of edible portion, and thus escalated the total yield of this plant for the two growing seasons. The highest value (669.07g/m2) of total yield was recorded by application 20g of dust metals combined with compost fertilizer in the second year. Chemical composition of edible portion also affected by fertilizer application Fe%, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Hg and Pb ppm. The results reviewed that the addition of mineral dust as nutrients and compost fertilizer significantly enhanced the concentration of these above elements in edible portion. The maximum response was obtained with the high levels of mineral treatments for all studied elements as compared with control.

Study on Fatigue and Rutting Behaviour of Flexible Pavement as a result of marble dust addition in subgrade soil

Study on Fatigue and Rutting Behaviour of Flexible Pavement as a result of marble dust addition in subgrade soil

Use of brick dust to optimise the dewatering process of hydrated lime mortars for conservation applications

The impact of dewatering on lime mortars modified using brick dust was studied, as it is of particular importance in conservation applications. Dewatering takes place when freshly mixed mortars come into contact with a porous substrate, such as brick or stone, during on site construction. Since the dewatering process between the mortar and its substrate can modify the mortar properties, understanding the dewatering process enables pozzolan-modified hydrated lime mortars to be optimised for the masonry units being bonded. Evaluation of the water transport kinetics on brick dust—hydrated lime binder systems demonstrated their more water releasing behaviour. Investigations of non-dewatered and dewatered specimens in the volume ratio of 1:1:2 (lime:brick dust:sand) showed that the addition of brick dust to lime mortar increased dewatering, which in turn led to greater compressive strength, carbonation depth, decreased porosity and depth of water penetration. These properties are of great importance in the conservation of historic masonry, as mortars that are too strong or possess low permeability can accelerate degradation. This study will enable identification of the most suitable mix designs thereby increasing the durability and prolonging the life of historic masonry.

Explosion hazards of mixed aluminum/aluminum hydride dust cloud in a closed vessel

Aluminum (Al) and aluminum hydride (AlH3) powders are important energetic materials but show an explosion risk when suspended in air. The explosion hazard of mixed dust forms the basis of safety design in industrial processes. In this work, the explosion characteristics and mechanism of Al/air, AlH3/air, and Al/AlH3/air were investigated by experiments and simulations. The results show that the induction time of Al dust explosion is longer than that of AlH3, but the explosion severity of Al dust is smaller than that of AlH3. For the three-component Al/AlH3/air system, the addition of AlH3 dust can shorten the explosion induction time of the mixed system. The maximum explosion pressure (Pmax) of the dust mixture first increases and then decreases with mixed concentrations. At a mixed concentration of 900 g/m3 and an AlH3 content of 80%, the Pmax of the mixed dust is reached.

Waste marble dust-filled sustainable polymer composite selection using a multi-criteria decision-making technique

This research works with the optimal design of marble dust-filled polymer composites using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique. Polylactic acid (PLA) and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET)-based composites containing 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt% of marble dust were developed and evaluated for various physicomechanical and wear properties. The results showed that the incorporation of marble dust improved the modulus and hardness of both PLA and rPET. Moreover, a marginal improvement in flexural strength was noted while the tensile and impact strength of the matrices were deteriorating due to marble dust addition. The outcomes of wear analysis demonstrated an improvement in wear resistance up until 10 wt% filler reinforcement, after which the incidence of dust particles peeling off from the matrix was observed, thereby reducing its efficiency. The best tensile modulus of 3.23 GPa, flexural modulus of 4.39 GPa, and hardness of 83.95 Shore D were obtained for 20 wt% marble dust-filled PLA composites. The lowest density of 1.24 g/cc and the highest tensile strength of 57.94 MPa were recorded for neat PLA, while the highest impact strength of 30.94 kJ/m2 was recorded for neat rPET. The lowest wear of 0.01 g was obtained for the rPET containing 5 wt% marble dust content. The experimental results revealed that for the examined criteria, the order of composite preference is not the same. Therefore, the optimal composite was identified by adopting a preference selection index-based MCDM technique. The findings demonstrated that the 10 wt% marble dust-filled PLA composite appears to be the best solution with favorable physical, mechanical, and wear properties.

Impact of nano-marble dust on characteristic development of sisal-jute hybrid composites

Environmental awareness brings the attention towards the biodegradable natural fibre composites in most of the industrial and manufacturing sectors. The light weight, low cost, ease-in-availability, biodegradability and non-toxic inherited nature of natural fibres have predominated over the synthetic fibres. Jute hybrid composites are very common from the early decades for their superior mechanical performance. In this research work, the woven form of natural fabric like jute and sisal has been hybridised with synthetic S-glass fabrics have been reinforced in epoxy matrix by most convenient and economic hand layup process. The nano-marble dust, the waste of marble industry was used as filler in the hybrid composites. The natural fabrics are mercerised before fabrication for improvement in fibre texture in order to get better interfacial bonding, as waste materials, wax, lignin contents and other foreign ingredients are removed by the process. The various characteristics such as physical, mechanical and thermal are studied for the prepared composite specimens. It is observed that the tensile strength of the composite improved drastically due to the presence of nano-marble dust. The impact strength is also enhanced due to the addition of nano-marble dust and more no. of glass fabric layers in composite. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the composite containing nano-marble dust and glass fibre mat exhibited maximum degradation temperature of 410.4°C.

Effects of Stone Dust on Lime Stabilized Granular Soil.

This Paper investigated Materials by adding percentage of Stone Dust on the 10% Lime treated soil and observe the improvement of Geotechnical properties. This method expected to improve the Performance of Flexible Pavement by treating the Sub-base Materials locally available in the Construction corridor. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effects of granular materials by varying the percentage of Stone Dust 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% on the 10% Lime treated soil. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) was analysed as the measure of Performance of Flexible Pavement. Investigation showed that as the increase in Lime CBR values increased to 22.4% at 10% Lime compared to 4.7% at 0% but after addition of Stone Dust CBR observed to be improved from 22.4% to 47.1% at 30% Stone Dust which is equivalent to 47.6%. Either as the increase in Lime content the UCS has shown an improvement by 24% where at 2% UCS value was 0.8Mpa and at 10% UCS value was 3.3Mpa after seven days curing and submerged into water for four hours as per standards, as the addition of Stone Dust on the 10% Lime treated Soil UCS values has been increases slightly from 3.3Mpa to 4.76Mpa at 30% Stone Dust + 10% Lime. As the study jointly analysed the associated factors for the Performance of Flexible Pavements which were CBR and UCS, therefore it was established the optimum 10% Lime + 30% Stone Dust content of and established.

Physical, mechanical and sliding wear behaviour of epoxy composites filled with micro-sized marble dust composites

The main purpose of this paper is to establish the utilization of waste material i.e. marble dust for the preparation of polymeric composites. Here, epoxy/marble stone dust composites are prepared for different content of marble stone dust using the hand lay-up method and their physical, mechanical and sliding wear properties are evaluated. In the present investigation, it is observed that the addition of micro-sized marble stone dust increases the density as well as the void content of the epoxy composites. The addition of filler in epoxy results in low absorption of water i.e. 1.15 % for maximum filler loading of 40 wt% and immersed in water for a duration of 168 h. The tensile strength and flexural strength show decreasing trends with filler loading, whereas, the tensile modulus, flexural modulus, compressive strength and hardness are increasing with marble stone dust loading. The tensile strength and flexural strength of the composite marginally decrease to 28.5 MPa and 37.2 MPa respectively for a marble dust loading of 40 wt%. The maximum compressive strength and hardness obtained in the work are 94 MPa and 86.2 Shore-D number respectively which is an appreciable increment over the properties of neat epoxy. Taguchi’s experimental design was used to obtain the optimal parameter setting to minimize a specific wear rate. From the analysis, it was found that the content of marble dust is the most noteworthy factor in minimizing the material loss of the composite body.

Kriging Interpolation Approach for Monitoring of Ambient Air Quality in Opencast Iron Ore Mining Region of Keonjhar District, Odisha, India

Joda- Barbil region of the Keonjhar District, Odisha is blessed with vast natural resources especially, high-grade iron and manganese ore deposits, due to which it has occupied a vital position in the mineral map of India. Mining of minerals resources is an important commercial activity indispensable for the economic development of a nation. Opencast iron ore mining and other ancillary activities influence the adjoining ecology and environment. Numbers of environmental issues are arising due to unscientific widespread opencast mining activities and have a direct impact on other natural resources like land, water, soil, air, flora and fauna. Ambient air gets severely affected due to the addition of fugitive dust and other pollutants directly or indirectly at every stage of mining activity starting from exploration, exploitation and mineral beneficiation. All forms of pollutants reduce the ambient air quality and enhance the health risk of the people living nearby villages. Increasing air pollution levels in the mining region can have immediate effects on the health of indigenous community and also on flora. A Kriging interpolation method has been applied to monitor the ambient air quality in opencast iron ore mining region of Keonjhar district. This practice is very useful for sustainable and eco-friendly mining as it is cost-effective and time-saving techniques and can interpret the spatial dispersion of pollution levels in un-sampled regions. Kriging interpolation analysis revealed that the ambient air quality level during the year 2005 to 2008 were high around Barbil, Thakurani and Noamundi. Keywords: Ambient Air Pollutants, Opencast Mining, Kriging Interpolation, Keonjhar District

Betoni na bazi kompozitnih cementa sa dodatkom granulisane visokopećne šljake i cementne prašine

A set of experimental-statistical models has been obtained that makes it possible to predict the workability and strength of concrete on a composite binder, including the addition of dust from cement clinker kilns and granulated blast-furnace slag, as well as polycarboxylate superplasticizer Sika VC 225. The values of the critical water-cement ratio are determined, which determine the area of constant water demand and take into account the binder normal consistency, as well as the adsorption coefficients of fine and coarse aggregates. Experimental-statistical models of the coefficients that determine the yield of concrete strength per 1 kg of composite cement and Portland cement Cem I contained in it are obtained.

Nitrogen limitation prevents the effects of iron or dust additions on biological carbon fixation in the Gulf of California

This paper reports the effect of dissolved iron (dFe) and dust additions on the Biological Carbon Fixation (BCF) rates in the surface layer of the central Gulf of California (GC). Two on deck experiments were conducted in the summer of 2016 at an oceanographic station located in the Guaymas Basin. Each experiment consisted in the incubation of natural phytoplankton assemblages collected at three distinct depths within the upper 50 m layer and amended either with iron (FeCl3) or dust leachate, followed by the quantification of BCF rates using the 13C assimilation method. A very warm (∼30 °C) water column strongly stratified and with reduced phytoplankton biomass (<1 mg chlorophyll a m−3) was indicative of an oligotrophic environment. In addition, the surface levels of NO3−+NO2− (<0.1 μM), dFe (1.71 ± 1.04 nM), as well as the Fe:N (78 ± 47 nmol μmol−1) and N:P (0.04 ± 0.01) ratios revealed that phytoplankton was under conditions of inorganic nitrogen limitation. BCF rates measured during the experiments ranged between 0.46 ± 0.04 and 6.24 ± 0.34 mg C m−3 h−1 with the highest values at the maximum of fluorescence and their vertical distribution was associated with the carbon biomass of picophytoplankton and diatoms. Despite the oligotrophic condition that predominated during the cruise, most of the Fe or dust additions did not show a significant effect (p > 0.05) on the magnitude of BCF rates, which was attributed to the fact that N, rather than Fe, was the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton production. However, Fe limitation cannot be completely ruled out as two samples (one for each treatment) showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in BCF rates. We suggest that atmospheric supply of dust during the summer could play a relevant biological role maintaining high concentrations of dFe (and other bioactive metals) in the surface waters of central GC.

Driving factors of interglacial paleosol formation on the Chinese loess plateau and the effect of precession and ice sheets

The loess-paleosol sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) are an important terrestrial paleoclimate record. However, quantitative understanding of the response of paleosol development to various climate and environmental factors remains poor. Based on simulations with combined soil-climate models (SoilGen2-LOVECLIM1.3), this study investigates the sensitivity of paleosol development to different soil forming factors as well as the influence of ice sheets and astronomical forcing during the interglacials of the past 500 ka. Sensitivity analyses show that precipitation, dust addition and evapotranspiration are the dominant factors controlling the interglacial paleosol formation, but their relative importance varies between intergalcials and for different soil properties such as calcite and clay contents. Our results show that the simulated S1, S2, S3, S5-1 paleosols, which correspond to MIS 5, 7, 9 and 13 respectively, exhibit strong relationship with precession through its control on precipitation, whereas the precession signal is weak in the simulated S4 paleosol, in line with the weak precession variation during MIS 11. The results also show variable length of lags between different soil properties and precession and also in different interglacials. The lag between the simulated calcite and precession is shorter than that of clay. Moreover, clay content also shows strong relation with temperature during MIS 5 and MIS 13. Large ice sheets in the early and late phases of the interglacials have substantial impact on both temperature and precipitation in the CLP and thus on carbonate leaching and clay migration. Therefore, the simulated paleosols result mainly from the joint effect of precession and ice sheets via their control on local climate, and they show qualitative agreement with observations.