Addition Of Dimethyl Sulfoxide Research Articles

Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) as a Potential Source of Interference in Research Related to Sulfur Metabolism-A Preliminary Study.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), an organosulfur compound, is widely used as the gold standard solvent in biological research. It is used in cell culture experiments and as a component of formulations in in vivo studies. Unfortunately, parameters related to sulfur metabolism are often not taken into account when using DMSO. Therefore, in this work we aim to show that the addition of DMSO to the culture medium (even in amounts commonly considered acceptable) alters some parameters of sulfur metabolism. For this study, we used three cell lines: a commercially available Caco-2 line (HTB-37, ATCC) and two lines created as part of our early studies (likewise previously described in the literature) to investigate the anomalies of sulfur metabolism in mucopolysaccharidosis. As the negative effects of DMSO on the cell membrane are well known, additional experiments with the partial loading of DMSO into polymerosomes (poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-block-poly(lactide-co-glycolide), PEG-PLGA) were performed to eliminate these potentially disruptive effects. The results show that DMSO is a source of interference in studies related to sulfur metabolism and that there are not just simple effects that can be corrected in the final result by subtracting control values, since complex synergisms are also observed.

Cell Damage Mechanisms during Cryopreservation in a Zwitterion Solution and Its Alleviation by DMSO.

Recently, zwitterions have been proposed as novel cryoprotectants. However, some cells are difficult to cryopreserve using aqueous zwitterion solutions alone. We investigated here the reason for cell damage in such cells, and it was the osmotic pressure after freeze concentration. Furthermore, the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been reported to improve the cryoprotective effect in such cells: the zwitterion/DMSO aqueous solution shows a higher cryoprotective effect than the commercial cryoprotectant. This study also clarified the mechanisms underlying the improvement in a cryoprotective effect. The addition of cell-permeable DMSO alleviated the osmotic pressure after the freeze concentration. This alleviation was also found to be a key factor for cryopreserving cell spheroids, while there has been no insight into this phenomenon.

Additive Blending Effects on PEDOT:PSS Composite Films for Wearable Organic Electrochemical Transistors.

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) employing conductive polymers (CPs) have gained remarkable prominence and have undergone extensive advancements in wearable and implantable bioelectronic applications in recent years. Among the diverse arrays of CPs, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a common choice for the active-layer channel in p-type OECTs, showing a remarkably high transconductance for the high amplification of signals in biosensing applications. This investigation focuses on the novel engineering of PEDOT:PSS composite materials by seamlessly integrating several additives, namely, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS), and a nonionic fluorosurfactant (NIFS), to fine-tune their electrical conductivity, self-healing capability, and stretchability. To elucidate the intricate influences of the DMSO, GOPS, and NIFS additives on the formation of PEDOT:PSS composite films, theoretical calculations were performed, encompassing the solubility parameters and surface energies of the constituent components of the NIFS, PEDOT, PSS, and PSS-GOPS polymers. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive array of material analyses, which reveal the intricacies of the phase separation phenomenon and its interaction with the materials' characteristics. Our research identified the optimal composition for the PEDOT:PSS composite films, characterized by outstanding self-healing and stretchable capabilities. This composition has proven to be highly effective for constructing an active-layer channel in the form of OECT-based biosensors fabricated onto polydimethylsiloxane substrates for detecting dopamine. Overall, these findings represent significant progress in the application of PEDOT:PSS composite films in wearable bioelectronics and pave the way for the development of state-of-the-art biosensing technologies.

A novel highly stretchable, freeze-resistant, and recyclable organohydrogel by waterborne polyurethane and DMSO-H2O binary solvent enhanced for multifunctional sensors

Conductive hydrogels have gained significant attention for wearable devices in recent years. However, hydrogel suffers from limitations such as poor stretchability, freezing under cold climates, and drying out in harsh environments, which restrict its practical applications. To address these issues. We synthesize waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and add it to the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel to enhance its mechanical properties. Additionally, DMSO is introduced to the system, aiming to enhance the environmental stability of the hydrogel through its interaction with water. Hence, we prepare a novel organohydrogel by incorporating WPU into PVA in a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-water (H2O) binary solvent system by one-pot method. The addition of DMSO and WPU enhances the mechanical properties of the organohydrogel, resulting in high mechanical strength (1.27 MPa), excellent stretchability (874%), and superior toughness (3.62 MJ/m3). In addition, the organohydrogel presents reliable freeze resistance and water retention properties due to DMSO interaction with water. More significantly, the organohydrogel can be recycled and reshaped into various shapes through a simple process. The reconstructed organohydrogel still has the original's mechanical properties and sensing capabilities and can continue to be used in flexible electronic devices. Moreover, the organohydrogel is developed for flexible multifunctional sensors, exhibiting high sensitivity (G = 1.89), a rapid response time (141 ms), and exceptional fatigue resistance (100 cycles). Notably, the sensor signals remain stable even after storage in extreme conditions. This study expands the working field of flexible hydrogel sensors and provides a new idea for the sustainable development of next-generation flexible hydrogel sensors.

Оптимизация состава криопротектора для сохранения репродуктивных клеток африканского сома

The article presents a study on the selection of the optimal composition of the protective medium for cryopres-ervation of the reproductive cells of male African catfish. Glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at concentrations of 3, 5 and 10% were studied as the main cryoprotective additives. The influence of these compounds on the quality indicators of catfish sperm (the percentage and time of sperm movement after activation), the level of sperm lipid peroxidation, and the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase before and after the cryopreservation process was assessed. A decrease in fish breeding indicators of the quality of African catfish sperm (the proportion of living cells, motility time) was established when DMSO was added to the basic cryomedium. The greatest decrease in the percentage of sperm motility before freezing is observed when DMSO is added at a concentration of 10%. A dose-dependent effect of a decrease in sperm activity after freezing was noted with an increase in the addition of DMSO to the cryogenic medium from 3 to 10%. It has been shown that 3% glycerol in a cryogenic medium does not contribute to the preservation of cells during freezing, cryodamage caused by the formation of ice crystals leads to a significant decrease in the motility of catfish sperm. The best indicators of sperm quality were obtained when using glycerol, the most effective concentration is 5% (40% of mobile reproductive cells within 53 s). The addition of 5% glycerol to the cryomedium contributes to the greatest decrease in the level of peroxidation of sperm lipids and an increase in catalase activity, which is fully consistent with the results on sperm motility. The calculated correlation coefficients confirm the dependence of the reproductive qualities of gametes on the antioxidant status of cells. The results indicate the importance of using antioxidants as cryoprotective additives to improve the quality of African catfish sperm breeding and indicate the need for more research to evaluate the effect of adding new potentially effective and safe antioxidants as cryoprotective additives.

Cryopreserved Platelets in a Non-Toxic DMSO-Free Solution Maintain Hemostatic Function In Vitro.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is regularly used as a cryoprotectant agent for the cryopreservation of platelets. However, DMSO is considered toxic. We therefore hypothesized that saline could be used as a non-toxic medium for the cryopreservation of platelets. Double-dose buffy coat platelets (n = 10) were divided and cryopreserved at -80 °C using 5-6% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or in NaCl (9 mg/mL). Paired testing was conducted pre-freeze, post-thaw (PT 1 h). Upon analysis, each bag was thawed and reconstituted in fresh plasma. Analyses included cell counts and the metabolic, phenotypic, and functional properties of the platelets together with thromboelastometry. The cryopreserved platelets showed several biochemical and ultrastructural changes compared to pre-freezing. Platelet recovery was approximately 17% higher in DMSO-free units (p < 0.001), but the platelet viability was reduced (p < 0.001). However, using controlled freezing (n = 6), the platelet viability was improved. The clot formation time (CFT) was comparable, but DMSO-free platelets showed slightly decreased maximum clot firmness (MCF) (p = 0.034). By reducing the reconstituted plasma volume, a reduced CFT and increased MCF were obtained (p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that platelets can be cryopreserved in saline without the addition of DMSO, with high recovery and maintained hemostatic function. However, controlled freezing is required to optimize platelet quality.

Optimization of Enzymatic Synthesis of D-Glucose-Based Surfactants Using Supported Aspergillus niger Lipase as Biocatalyst

Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules with the ability to modify the surface tension between two surfaces. They can be obtained by various methods, the main one being synthetic, from petroleum-based substrates. Their universal use in a wide range of fields has created a global market and, consequently, ecological, and economic expectations for their production. Biocatalyzed processes, involving enzymes, can address this objective with processes complying with the principles of green chemistry: energy saving, product selectivity, monodispersity, and reduction in the use of solvents, with energy eco-efficiency. For example, fatty-acid carbohydrate esters are biobased surfactants that can be synthesized by lipases. In this work, we were interested in the synthesis of D-glucose lauric ester, which presents interesting properties described in the literature, with Aspergillus niger lipase, rarely described with sugar substrates. We optimized the synthesis for different parameters and reaction media. This lipase appeared to be highly selective for 6-O-lauroyl-D-glucopyranose. However, the addition of DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) as a co-solvent displays a duality, increasing yields but leading to a loss of selectivity. In addition, DMSO generates more complex and energy-intensive purification and processing steps. Consequently, a bio-sourced alternative as co-solvent with 2MeTHF3one (2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one) is proposed to replace DMSO widely described in the literature.

Structural and optical study of conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS and its composite with GO

Conducting polymers such as PEDOT:PSS have received tremendous attention as possible substitute for ITO as transparent and conductive material in flexible electronic devices. Due to its extraordinary electrical, physical, and chemical properties Graphene has sparked huge interest in many advanced technologies. To enhance the aggregate properties, conducting polymers have been reinforced with graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) etc. In this study, thin films of PEDOT:PSS and GO composites were deposited on glass substrates by spin-coating technique. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added to PEDOT:PSS to enhance the conductivity. The films were characterized by four probe, XRD, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Ellipsometry. Conductivity measurement by four probe technique shows highest conductivity of 1170 S/cm for 5% DMSO doped PEDOT:PSS films. XRD shows shift in peak position of PEDOT:PSS films due to addition of DMSO and GO. Spectroscopic ellipsometry study indicates an increase in refractive index due to addition of GO in PEDOT:PSS.

Succinic Acid Production from Glycerol by Actinobacillus succinogenes: Techno-economic, environmental, and exergy analyses

A significant commercial chemical namely succinic acid can be produced using glycerol from the biodiesel industry. Previously, key attributes of the upstream and the downstream processing in the synthesis of bio-based succinic acid were identified, which substantially influence the technological competitiveness compared to petroleum-based production. Accordingly, this study aims to simulate succinic acid production from glycerol with the most promising technology. The techniques of reactive extraction and direct crystallization, as well as the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an electron acceptor, are investigated. Selected scenarios are evaluated based on techno-economic, energy, exergy, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions performances to acquire a broader perspective on the sustainability of the technology. The obtained results indicate that the addition of DMSO in the fermentation is key for the bio-based succinic acid production – the best profit of 190 million USD of the net present value, 33.3% of the internal rate of return, and 4.48 years of the payout period are estimated. Additionally, bio-based succinic acid production could compete with the petrochemical route, particularly the reduction of GHG by 26%. Therefore, the production of succinic acid from glycerol is feasible given the positive net present value and lower GHG emissions compared to the petrochemical route.

Dosage-Dependent Toxicity of Universal Solvent Dimethyl Sulfoxide to the Partial Nitrification Wastewater Treatment Process

Laboratory-scale bioreactors were used to study the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the start-up, pollutant removal efficiency, and microbial community of nitrification (basic wastewater treatment process). The partial nitrification start-up time with 1 and 2% DMSO addition was 14 and 20 days, and reactor with 3.5% DMSO addition did not start up successfully until 42 days. When the DMSO concentration was above 2%, it had a significant inhibitory effect on the nitrification process. Although the abundance of Nitrosomonas increased from 9.7% (the control) to 11.9% (3% DMSO), the specific oxygen uptake rate of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria decreased from 0.64 to 0.08 mg O2/(gMLSS·min). The principal component analysis results indicated that when the DMSO concentration exceeded 2%, the microbial community was significantly different from that at a low concentration. The key classes of Blastocatellia and Clostridia under low concentration DMSO changed to Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria under high DMSO content environment. LC–MS analysis revealed that DMSO was degraded in the reactor, and a large amount of methanesulfenic acid was generated. Apparently, the widely used biological solvent DMSO was toxic to microorganisms at high concentration, and the concentration should be less than 2% when using DMSO as a solvent.

Influence of a transient spark plasma discharge on producing high molecular masses of chemical products from l-cysteine

Cold atmospheric pressure plasmas are considered a forthcoming method in many research areas. Plasma modification of biomolecules has received much attention in addition to plasma-treated biomaterials. Hence, in this work, we operated a transient spark plasma (TSP) discharge to study its effect on the l-cysteine chemical structure. the TSP was configured in a pin-to-ring electrode arrangement and flowed by Ar gas. We also investigated the effect of two chemicals; dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by the bubbling method to show how they can change the creation of new chemical bioproducts. Ultraviolet–Visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy were used to investigate any changes in chemical bonds of cysteine structure and to depict the generation of new biomolecules. Based on the displayed results plasma-generated reactive species had a great role in the chemical structure of the cysteine. Entering DMSO and H2O2 into the plasma caused the creation of new products and the heaviest biomolecule was produced by the simultaneous addition of DMSO and H2O2. The results also predicted that some chemical products and amino acids with a higher value molecular masse produced from the polymerization process of cysteine solution. The strong oxidation process is responsible for the heavy chemical compounds.

IMPACT OF GLYCEROL AND DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE ON THE PERSISTENCE OF PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA DURING ITS PRESEVATION AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

Bacterium Pasteurella multocida type B:2 is the causative agent of Hemorrhagic Septicemia in bovines in Pakistan. This organism is also being used for oil adjuvanted (Montanide ISA 50 V2) vaccine for mass vaccination in cattle &amp; buffaloes in Punjab, Pakistan. A study was conducted to study the impact of glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on persistence of P. multocida duringits course of storage at 0, 4 and – 20 °C. Pure seed of P .multocida was grown in Brain Heart Infusion(BHI) broth at pH 7.4 and incubated at 37 °C for 18 hrs. in shaking incubator. The growth was observed for its purity microscopically as well as culturing on MacConkey’s &amp; Nutrient agar slants. The pure culture was divided into three parts. One part was added with 5 % sterilized DMSO (final concentration) and second part was added with 10 % sterilized DMSO (final concentration) and 15 % glycerine (final concentration) while third part was kept as control without addition of DMSO and glycerine. All three parts were aliquoted (1 mL) in sterilized 1.5 mL eppendroff tubes and stored at three different temperatures i.e 0, 4 and – 20 °C. Eppendroff tubes from different temperatures were thawed in water bath (22 °C) and subjected to direct culturing on BHI broth, microscopic examination, purity testing on slants, culture turbidity / Optical Density (OD) values, dry biomass calculation and mice inoculation test for three months with 15 days intervals. The results indicated that pure P. multocida culture mixed with 10 % sterilized DMSO and 15 % sterilized glycerol stored at – 20 °C survived for three months and can be used for HS vaccine production without losing its survival.

The gelatin-based liquid marbles for cell cryopreservation.

As an alternative and a straightforward cryopreservation biotechnological tool, liquid marble provides a promising cryopreservation approach. Currently, effective cell preservation mainly based on the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and fetal bovine serum (FBS). As state-of-the-art cryoprotectant (CPA), DMSO, has intrinsic toxicity, which is the bottleneck of its widespread application. The complex compositions of FBS have the potential risks of pathogenic microorganism contamination. However, efficient cell cryopreservation using liquid marbles, a platform independent of DMSO and FBS, has not been well investigated yet. Herein, we explore the cryoprotection role of liquid marbles based on gelatin solution. Gelatin has a superior biocompatibility, which DMSO is incomparable. During a freeze-thaw cycle, gelatin produces negligible osmotic pressure, and has high ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity to induce the formation of smaller and smooth ice crystals. Moreover, the specific structure of liquid marble also provides favorable supports for cell survival. The cryopreservation efficiency of mouse fibroblasts cells L929 via the gelatin-based liquid marble was as high as 90%, and the recovered cells could maintain their normal functionalities. This work opens a new window of opportunity for non-toxic and efficient cryopreservation of liquid marbles without the need of DMSO and FBS addition.

Simultaneous Regulation of Solvation Shell and Oriented Deposition toward a Highly Reversible Fe Anode for All-Iron Flow Batteries.

Developing low-cost all-iron hybrid redox flow batteries (RFBs) presents a practical alternative to the high-cost all-vanadium RFBs and is deemed vital for grid-scale energy storage applications. However, the intrinsically poor Fe anode reversibility associated with the deposition and dissolution of metallic iron greatly limits the cycling performance and long-term stability of all-iron hybrid RFBs. Herein, a highly reversible and dendrite-free Fe anode is reported for all-iron RFBs through regulation of polar solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on FeCl2 anolyte, which simultaneously reshapes Fe2+ solvation structure and induces controllable oriented Fe deposition. Combining both experimental and theoretical analyses, the polar DMSO additives prove effective in replacing H2 O molecule from the primary solvation shell of Fe2+ cation via the Fe2+ -O (DMSO) bond and meanwhile inducesa fine-grained Fe nucleation on the preferred Fe (110) plane, which are responsible for the minimized hydrogen evolution and dendrite-free Fe deposition that significantly enhance Fe anode reversibility. The all-iron RFB based on the proposed FeCl2 -DMSO anolyte demonstrates an excellent combination of peak power density of 134mW cm-2 , high energy efficiency of 75% at 30mA cm-2 , and high capacity retention of 98.6% over 200 cycles, which presents the best performance of all-iron RFBs among previously reported research.

Permeability improvement of reverse osmosis membranes by addition of dimethyl sulfoxide in the interfacial polymerization media

In this study, it is presented a solvent addition method to significantly increase the performance of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Polyamide (PA) thin film composite RO membranes were prepared by interfacial polymerization (IP) method with a mixture containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in different weight percentages. With the addition of DMSO, the selective PA layer was successfully activated, increasing its water flux to 41.7 L/m2 h while preserving a NaCl rejection of up to 95.7%. Morphological characteristics and properties of the model PA film under the influence of solvent with different weight percentages of DMSO showed the structural deformation caused by the activation of the PA layer, which affects the pore size and separation properties of the membrane. The research provides an expandable way to fabricate high-performance membranes in terms of flux and desalination with good resistance to fouling agents of polymeric membranes.

A distributable LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of serum thyroglobulin

BackgroundDespite its clear advantages over immunoassay-based testing, the measurement of serum thyroglobulin by mass spectrometry remains limited to a handful of institutions. Slow adoption by clinical laboratories could reflect limited accessibility to existing methods that have sensitivity comparable to modern immunoassays, as well as a lack of tools for calibration and assay harmonization. MethodsWe developed and validated a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based assay for the quantification of serum thyroglobulin. The protocol combined peptide immunoaffinity purification using a commercially available, well-characterized monoclonal antibody and mobile phase modification with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for enhanced sensitivity. To facilitate harmonization with other laboratories, we developed a novel, serum-based 5-point distributable reference material (Husky Ref). ResultsThe assay demonstrated a lower limit of quantification of 0.15 ng/mL (<20 %CV). Mobile phase DMSO increased signal intensity of the target peptide at least 3-fold, improving quantification at low concentrations. Calibration traceable to Husky Ref enabled harmonization between laboratories in an interlaboratory study. ConclusionsSensitive mass spectrometry-based thyroglobulin measurement can be achieved using a monoclonal antibody during peptide immunoaffinity purification and the addition of mobile phase DMSO. Laboratories interested in deploying this assay can utilize the provided standard operating procedure and freely-available Husky Ref reference material.

Microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvents/dimethyl sulfoxide system for efficient valorization of sugar bagasse waste into platform chemicals: A biorefinery approach for circular bioeconomy

The exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) such as sugar bagasse waste in biorefineries is the most cost-effective and favourable sustainable approach to producing essential platform chemicals, materials, and energy environmentally benignly. Herein, a microwave-mediated deep eutectic solvents (DESs)/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) system for efficiently processing LB waste into platform chemicals was proposed thereof. Under optimized appropriate diverse parameters such as solvent varieties, catalyst dosage, DMSO addition, reaction time and temperature, the proposed catalytic system (i.e., microwave mediated DESs/DMSO system) has demonstrated significant yields of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), furfural (FF) and levulinic acid (LevA) of 31.29 %, 28.38 % and 35.65 %, respectively. These favourable results were obtained at the reaction temperature of 140 °C for 40 min. The anticipated catalytic system's activation energy (Ea) was found to be 29.11 kJ/mol. Hence, a practical, inexpensive and sustainable process with the potential of high-value platform chemicals, explicitly for a sustainable strategy in a circular bioeconomy was proposed.

Transcriptional and Epigenetic Consequences of DMSO Treatment on HepaRG Cells.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used to sustain or favor hepatocyte differentiation in vitro. Thus, DMSO is used in the differentiation protocol of the HepaRG cells that present the closest drug-metabolizing enzyme activities to primary human hepatocytes in culture. The aim of our study is to clarify its influence on liver-specific gene expression. For that purpose, we performed a large-scale analysis (gene expression and histone modification) to determine the global role of DMSO exposure during the differentiation process of the HepaRG cells. The addition of DMSO drives the upregulation of genes mainly regulated by PXR and PPARα whereas genes not affected by this addition are regulated by HNF1α, HNF4α, and PPARα. DMSO-differentiated-HepaRG cells show a differential expression for genes regulated by histone acetylation, while differentiated-HepaRG cells without DMSO show gene signatures associated with histone deacetylases. In addition, we observed an interplay between cytoskeleton organization and EMC remodeling with hepatocyte maturation.

Delamination by Repulsive Osmotic Swelling of Synthetic Na-Hectorite with Variable Charge in Binary Dimethyl Sulfoxide-Water Mixtures.

Swelling of clays is hampered by increasing layer charge. With vermiculite-type layer charge densities, crystalline swelling is limited to the two-layer hydrate, while osmotic swelling requires ion exchange with bulky and hydrophilic organic molecules or with Li+ cations to trigger repulsive osmotic swelling. Here, we report on surprising and counterintuitive osmotic swelling behavior of a vermiculite-type synthetic clay [Na0.7]inter[Mg2.3Li0.7]oct[Si4]tetO10F2 in mixtures of water and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Although swelling in pure water is restricted to crystalline swelling, with the addition of DMSO, osmotic swelling sets in at some threshold composition. Finally, when the DMSO concentration is increased further to 75 vol %, swelling is restricted again to crystalline swelling as expected. Repulsive osmotic swelling thus is observed in a narrow composition range of the binary water-DMSO mixture, where a freezing point suppression is observed. This suppression is related to DMSO and water molecules exhibiting strong interactions leading to stable molecular clusters. Based on this phenomenological observation, we hypothesize that the unexpected swelling behavior might be related to the formation of different complexes of interlayer cations being formed at different compositions. Powder X-ray diffraction and 23Na magic angle spinning-NMR evidence is presented that supports this hypothesis. We propose that the synergistic solvation of the interlayer sodium at favorable compositions exerts a steric pressure by the complexes formed in the interlayer. Concomitantly, the basal spacing is increased to a level, where entropic contributions of interlayer species lead to a spontaneous thermodynamically allowed one-dimensional dissolution of the clay stack.

Effect of cosolvent on the solubility of glucose in ionic liquids: Experimental and molecular dynamics simulations

The present study attempts to measure the solubility of glucose in three neat ionic liquids (ILs), namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfonate [Emim][MeSO3], 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate [Emim][EtSO4], 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate [Emim][SCN] and IL/cosolvent mixtures as a function of temperature. The IL [Emim][MeSO3] has shown higher solubility of glucose than other ILs. The experimental glucose solubility data was further correlated with Apelblat empirical equation along with regression using a local thermodynamic model such as NRTL (non-random two-liquid). The thermodynamic functions of dissolution, such as enthalpyΔdissol∘H, Gibbs energy Δdissol∘G and entropy Δdissol∘S were also determined using the modified van't Hoff equation. The dissolution functions for all the systems studied were positive, indicating that the process is endothermic, non-spontaneous, and entropically viable. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added as a cosolvent to enhance the solubility of glucose in ILs by reducing viscosity, which leads to a higher mass transfer rate of solute in solvent even at low temperatures. Furthermore, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to understand the microscopic interactions of glucose-IL and glucose-IL/DMSO systems. From the MD simulations, it was observed that anions of IL dominate the solvation of glucose, whereas the cation plays a secondary role. The addition of DMSO to ILs, weakens the stronger interactions between anion and cation of IL, thereby enhancing the solvation of glucose by increasing the interaction energies and contact probabilities between glucose and anion of ILs.