Diesel Additives Research Articles

Biodiesel/butanol blends as a pure biofuel excluding fossil fuels: Effects on diesel engine combustion, performance, and emission characteristics

Although both biodiesel and n-butanol are excellent renewable biofuels, most of the existing research works merely use them as the additives for petroleum diesel. As the main fuel properties of biodiesel and n-butanol are complementary, the biodiesel/ n-butanol blends are promising to be a pure biomass-based substitute for diesel fuel. In this paper, the application of the biodiesel/ n-butanol blends on an agricultural diesel engine was comprehensively investigated, in terms of the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics. First, the biodiesel/ n-butanol blends with 10%, 20%, and 30% n-butanol by weight were prepared and noted as BBu10 (10 wt% n-butanol + 90 wt% biodiesel), BBu20 (20 wt% n-butanol + 80 wt% biodiesel), and BBu30 (30 wt% n-butanol + 70 wt% biodiesel). It was found that adding 30 wt% n-butanol to biodiesel can reduce the viscosity by 39.3% and increase the latent heat of vaporization by 57.3%. Then the engine test results showed that with the addition of n-butanol to biodiesel, the peak values of the cylinder pressure and temperature of the biodiesel/ n-butanol blends were slightly decreased, the peak values of the pressure rise rate and heat release rate of the blends were increased, the fuel ignition was delayed, and the combustion duration was shortened. BBu20 has the approximate ignition characteristics with diesel fuel. Both the brake thermal efficiency and the brake-specific fuel consumption of BBu30 were increased by the average percentages of 2.7% and 14.9%, while NO x, soot, and CO emissions of BBu30 were reduced by the average percentages of 17.6%, 34.1%, and 15.4%, compared to biodiesel. The above variations became more evident as the n-butanol proportion increased.

Catalytic upgrading of biomass-derived vapors to bio-fuels via modified HZSM-5 coupled with DBD: Effects of different titanium sources

Different titanium (Ti) sources modified HZSM-5 coupled with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) were applied to upgrade biomass-derived vapors to prepare bio-fuels. Four objectives were included: (I) effects of different Ti species on active radicals were investigated, (II) effects of Ti sources on bio-fuel yield and properties were analyzed, (III) the availabilities of bio-fuels were evaluated from different composition angles, and (IV) the catalyst stabilities were characterized on different scales. The results showed that the interaction between low-valent titanium species and DBD could increase radicals. The rutile modification (TiRH5) had no positive effect on bio-fuel production, while the anatase modification (TiAH5) could induce photo-catalysis by coupling with DBD to increase both the yield (17.26%) and high heating value (HHV) (35.56 MJ/kg). The low-valent Ti modification (Ti3H5) further increased the yield to 17.77% and HHV to 36.47 MJ/kg, benefiting from the MAHs increase and the integration of more hydrogen-radicals under multiple interactions, while the conventional titanium dioxide (TiO2) modification (Ti4H5) lacked the catalytic effects. The bio-fuel from TiAH5 catalysis had potential for producing gasoline additives or substitutes, while the bio-fuel from Ti3H5 catalysis tended to become diesel additives or substitutes. The induced photo-catalysis and multiple interactions improved the stabilities of TiAH5 and Ti3H5, respectively.

Carbon Supported Phosphoric Acid Catalysts for Gas-Phase Synthesis of Diesel Additives

Carbon supported phosphoric acid (H3PO4/C) was found to be a more productive catalyst for the gas-phase synthesis of the diesel fuel additive/substitute oxymethylene ethers (OME) as compared to benchmark zeolite catalysts. In this contribution, the performance of catalysts H3PO4/C and related H2PO4−/C and HPO42−/C materials in OME synthesis from methanol and formaldehyde is described.Graphic

Investigation on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine with cardanol based hybrid bio-diesel blends

In this study the performance as well as emission tests were conducted on Kirloskar diesel engine (a single-cylinder 5.2 kW) using Cardanol as a bio-diesel. Cardanol was produced from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) blended with Honge methyl ester in addition of diesel. The bio-fuel blends 5C5H (5% cardanol + 5%Honge oil + 90% diesel),5C10H, 5C15H and 5C20H were prepared and tested at various loads (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and full load conditions) and results are compared with diesel at 205 bar injection pressure and 17.5 compression ratio. The experimental results showed that at full load, the brake thermal efficiency of 5C5H is 29.35% which is similar to that of diesel i.e., 31.05%. The lower emissions of CO, HC except NOx are encouraging to recognize 5C5H as an optimized fuel blend for a compression ignition engine.

The Result of Nano-Additives in Diesel Engine using Diesel-E Waste Plastics Pyrolysis Oil Fuel Blends: A Review

Primary pollutants IC engines are nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). For most recent years, researchers are rigorously working to discover the alternative fuel which will cut emission characteristics without compromising the performance. There are two methods in general to reduce emission in CI Engines. One way is using catalytic converter and another is to get better performance of Diesel engine using nano fuel additive. Adding fuel additive is one of the best ways to improve the performance of CI engines. Many researchers have contributed in this area and this paper consolidates the outcomes of different tests done on the CI engine utilizing nano fuel additives with pyrolysis oil in diesel fuel. It is understood that majority of the researchers report performance enhancement and reduction in emission characteristics with dosing of nano particles additives in diesel and biodiesel. The result of several nano particles on the enrichment in the performance characteristics and drop in emission of CI engine tested with diesel-biodiesel fuel blends are discussed.

Experimental study on the tribological behaviour of CeO2‐diesel blends on the injector body

AbstractThis paper aims to evaluate the impact of different qualities of nano‐cerium dioxide (CeO2) as the diesel additives on the friction and wear performance of the fuel injection system. Two different qualities of nano‐CeO2 were selected to prepare stably dispersed CeO2‐diesel blends. Their effects on the tribological behaviour of the injector body were studied on the RTEC friction tester. The results showed that the friction and wear properties of diesel blend with 10 ppm of CeO2 (whether CeO2‐1 or CeO2‐2) were all improved compared with pure diesel. With the increase of CeO2 addition (>10 ppm), the friction coefficient, wear width, and maximum wear depth of the wear scar increased. Compared with the blocky CeO2, adding spherical CeO2 into diesel had better friction and wear properties. Adding 10 ppm of CeO2 to diesel has no negative impact on the friction and wear performance of the injector body, especially the spherical CeO2.

Effect of Fe/Zn ratio in composite catalyst for synthesizing polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers

AbstractPolyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEn) are extremely effective diesel additives to reduce soot formation during combustion. We introduce a series of Fe‐Zn composite solid acid catalysts (SO42−/xFe2O3‐yZnO), for the condensation reaction of methanol and paraformaldehyde (PF) with a cheap and feasible route to efficiently synthesize PODEn. These catalysts were characterized by different characterization techniques, namely BET, XRD, SEM, EDS, FTIR, and NH3‐TPD and the results showed that Fe/Zn molar ratios strongly influenced the physicochemical characteristics of catalysts, thus affecting the methanol conversion and PODE1‐6 and PODE3‐6 selectivity. Accordingly, the methanol conversion was decreased and the selectivity of PODE3‐6 was increased after increasing the Zn molar content. Comparatively, SO42−/Fe2O3‐2ZnO exhibited superior catalytic activity among the various investigated catalysts due to the high acid density of strong acid sites. The optimal reaction conditions were observed to be at a 3.0 wt% catalyst loading (catalyst/reactant mass ratio), 2.5 hours ours of reaction time, a reaction temperature of 403 K, and a molar ratio of 3:1 of CH2O to methanol, achieving a high selectivity of 99.09% PODE1‐6 and 28.23% PODE3‐6 with 55.16% methanol conversion during the reaction.

The effects of nano-additives on exhaust emissions and toxicity on mankind

Nanoparticle additives and water emulsified fuels have been reported by many researchers to be the best methods in emission control and improving engine performance. The effects of nano additives the engine combustion and exhaust emission are thoroughly discussed from numerous researches from the past. The temperature of the carbon combustion is lowered by Cerium Oxide which improves the oxidation of HC. Complete fuel combustion is then achieved this way. The nano additives are then further discussed of its effects to humans by way of toxicity, engine corrosion, real time applications and limitations that ensue. The liver and kidney are seen to be affected by nano materials due to its toxicity. In dosing nanoparticles additives in diesel and biodiesel that are dosed with nanoparticle additives are reported by most researchers to enhance the performance of engines and reduce emission characteristics. Ce 2 O 3 , Copper, water-based coolants and Al 2 O 3 are the targeted nanomaterials. Thus, there are advantages and disadvantages of application nano-additives on engines and effects on humans.

Combustion analysis of CuO2 nanoparticles addition with neochloris oleoabundans algae biodiesel on CI engine

An experimental research is performed to determine the performance, combustion as well as emission qualities of a variable compression engine at constant speed using Copper Oxide nanoparticles as being fuel-borne additives in diesel–biodiesel blend. In this research, the effects of adding CuO2 nanoparticles to neochloris oleoabundans methyl ester-diesel blended (B20) fuel on compression-ignition engine had been experimentally investigated. The B20 with 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm dosage of CuO2 nanoparticles were examined at various engine loads and constant engine speed. The fuel blends were labelled as B20, B20 + 25 ppm, B20 + 50 ppm, B20 + 75 ppm and B20 + 100 ppm. Moreover, even without the any engine alterations, the combustion properties of those fuel blend samples were investigated through the experimentally measured standards like viscosity, density, cloud point, calorific value and pour point while the engine combustion has also been examined through the factors like cylinder pressure, net heat release as well as rate of pressure rise. The experimental outcomes show that the use of biodiesel blend along with CuO2 nano particles in diesel fuelled engine has revealed better combustion than B20 fuel.

Effect of microwave synthesized hydroxyapatite nanorods using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis added waste cooking oil (WCO) methyl ester biodiesel blends on the performance characteristics and emission of a diesel engine

Abstract Global warming and climate change are the major challenges of the current century which is due to the combustion in diesel engine and subsequent increase of emission. The biodiesel is a potential fuel which is the alternate for fossil fuels. The biodiesel is an attractive option for the present scenario and is produced economically from cooking oil residue by transesterification process in presence of alkali Catalyst (KOH) at a temperature of 60 °C with 1:2.5 methanol to oil molar ratio. The present investigation deals with the test samples prepared by adding 100 ppm of microwave synthesized Hydroxyapatite Nano-rods using Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis (HRS E: Hap) additives with help of two different solvents (de-ionized water and methanol) in 15% water and WCO biodiesel emulsion. The fuel samples are categories into B0PM0PW30, B0PM30PW0, B20PM0PW30, B20PM30PW0, B100PM0PW30 and B100PM30PW0. Ultra-sonicator is used for achieving uniform dispersion of additives in fuel samples to improve the performance and effective controlling of emission in a diesel engine. The preparation of solvent is by mixing Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis (HRSE: Hap) additives in biodiesel and diesel, where the brake thermal efficiency, emission and specific fuel consumption going to be tested in Kirloskar Engine TV 1 diesel Engine. The findings revealed that the methanol-based nanoparticles dispersed test fuel (B20HW100) significantly improved by 12%, succeeded by 30decrease of NO emission, 60% decrease of carbon monoxide emission, 44% decrease of hydrocarbon emission and 38% decrease of smoke emission while compared to B100.

Experimental studies on the influence of copper oxide nanoparticle on biodiesel-diesel fuel blend in CI engine

ABSTRACT An experimental research is performed to determine the performance, combustion and emission qualities of a variable compression engine at constant speed using copper oxide nanoparticles as being fuel-borne additives in diesel–biodiesel blend. In this research, the effects of adding CuO2 nanoparticles to neochloris oleoabundans methyl ester-diesel blended (B20) fuel on compression-ignition engine had been experimentally investigated. The B20 with 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm dosage of CuO2 nanoparticles were examined at various engine loads and constant engine speed. The fuel blends were labeled as B20, B20 + 25 ppm, B20 + 50 ppm, B20 + 75 ppm, and B20 + 100 ppm. Moreover, without any engine alterations, the performance, combustion, and emission properties of those fuel blend samples were investigated through the experimentally measured standards such as viscosity, density, cloud point, calorific value, and pour point while the engine performance were examined through the factors such as EGT, BSFC, BTE, exhaust emission of HC, CO, NOx, and smoke opacity. The experimental outcomes show that the use of biodiesel blend along with CuO2 nano particles in diesel-fueled engine revealed better combustion, good improvement in performance characteristic and also decreased in exhaust emissions.

Influence of cetane-detergent additives into diesel fuel with RME content increased to 10% on the parameters of indicator diagrams and rate of heat release in a diesel engine

This publication is the next part of the article “The influence of cetane-detergent additives in diesel fuel increased to 10% of RME content on energy parameters and exhaust gas composition of a diesel engine”. The cause-effect analysis of the phenomena related to the impact of 3 additive packages used in diesel oil with RME content increased to 10% (compare to standard diesel fuel with 7% of RME) was described. The basis for the analysis of the impact of the tested fuels on energy parameters and composition of exhaust gases were the parameters of indicator diagrams and heat release parameters. It was found that the first set of additives affects the delay of auto-ignition of fuel and kinetic fuel combustion speed only at low engine loads. In this range of engine operation the NOx concentration in the exhaust gas is low and besides there is a large of EGR.The second additive package was operated at high engine loads but its impact on the lower self-ignition delay was quantitatively small. Therefore, in the third packet of additives, the amount of additives used in the second packet was doubled. Then a satisfactory shortening of the self-ignition delay and reduction of the max rate of kinematic heat release was achieved as a reason of a reduction of NOx concentration in the exhaust up to 8% (compared to the reference fuel).

Experimental and Numerical Study on Autoignition Characteristics of the Gasoline/Diesel/Ethanol and Gasoline/Diesel/PODE/Ethanol Fuels

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) with high oxygen content and ethanol with high octane number are ideal additives for diesel and gasoline, respectively. Previous studies have shown that dies...

A simple method for the production of fuel and fuel additives from renewable low-viscosity mineral oils (Number-10 oil) and their mixtures

In this study, the production of fuel and fuel additives from low-viscosity waste renewable mineral oils, called number-10 oil in Turkey, and also of their mixtures, was investigated in detail. The direct addition of these oils and their blends to diesel cause clogging of the fuel pumps of the vehicles due to the crystallization of the waxes present in them, especially at low temperatures. Because of this congestion in the pump, the fuel cannot be pumped to the injectors properly at a constant pressure; this results in incomplete combustion of the fuel, which causes environmental pollution. This problem was solved by developing a simple, economical and environmentally friendly process. It was achieved by blending these oils or their mixtures with suitable solvents and by setting the total oil/total solvent ratio to be at least 1/3 (w/w). Once these oils were blended with suitable solvents or their mixtures, and when the total oil/total solvent ratio was adjusted to be at an optimum, it was noticed that there was no wax crystallization even at very low temperatures down to −35 °C. If these mixtures are prepared using these guidelines, they can be used as fuel or fuel additives in diesel- or gasoline-consuming vehicles without causing air pollution and without reducing the performance of the vehicles, while providing fuel savings up to 15%.

Thermodynamic analysis based on simultaneous chemical and phase equilibrium for dehydration of glycerol with methanol

Glycerol can be dehydrated with methanol to produce tri-methyl glyceryl ethers (TMGE) and di-methyl glyceryl ethers (DMGE) as excellent diesel additives. Based on the simultaneous chemical and phase equilibrium, the thermodynamic equilibrium for dehydration of glycerol with methanol was studied in a wide range of reaction conditions (T = 40–300 °C, P = 0.5–7.5 atm and methanol/glycerol = 4:1–8:1 mol/mole). The improved genetic algorithm was applied to minimize Gibbs free energy of system corrected by UNIFAC model, which will provide an alternative of thermodynamic equilibrium analysis for the similar systems containing multi-phases, multi-components and multi-reactions. It was found that glycerol conversion is about 99.9% in the whole study range. The TMGE selectivity decreases with temperature due that the reaction is exothermic, but increases after the temperature rises to a certain value due to endothermic effect of components evaporation. In addition, the effects of pressure and the mole ratio of glycerol to methanol were investigated in this paper. Increasing the feed ratio of methanol to glycerol leads to the TMGE selectivity of 99.7%. More water ranging from 56% to 33% of equilibrium content, is generated with the mole ratio of methanol/glycerol from 4:1 to 8:1. Phase distribution of the equilibrium composition was demonstrated in this paper.

Combustion characteristics and emissions of a common rail diesel engine using nanoparticle-diesel blends with carbon nanotube and molybdenum trioxide

One of the most important challenges in engine applications is to reduce emissions. Improving fuel quality by adding nanoparticles is an appropriate method to meet this challenge. In the study, two typical nanometre materials, i.e., CNT (which is non-metallic and possesses excellent thermal conductivity) and nano-MoO3 (which represents the metal oxides and owns favourable catalytic function), were examined comparatively as additives in neat diesel. CNT-diesel and MoO3-diesel nano-fuels were prepared using the appropriate physical and chemical dispersion methods. Experiments were performed in a single-cylinder common rail diesel engine to investigate and compare the combustion and emissions performances of nano-fuels with neat diesel. It was found that both CNT-diesel and MoO3-diesel achieved better performance in fuel economy, combustion and emissions than neat diesel. These outcomes may be due to the excellent thermal conductivity and surface deficits of CNT and the good catalytic oxidation function of MoO3. In addition, CNT-diesel was found more promising, because it seems to produce more benefits in promoting combustion efficiency and emissions reduction than MoO3-diesel.

Numerical Simulation of Pollutants Emitted from Diesel Engine Combustion

Based on the control research of diesel engine combustion emission pollutants, a reasonable numerical simulation study is carried out. At present, hydrocarbon fuel is a common fuel in transportation. Its combustion quality directly affects emissions. Reducing sulfur content and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content in diesel can effectively reduce particulate matter emissions. Because of the poor atomization of diesel fuel, diesel in cylinder cannot be completely burned, resulting in the formation of soot, and diesel additives can increase the degree of combustion completion, and then optimize to achieve the effect of reducing soot. Therefore, the numerical simulation of pollutants is carried out and effective measures are taken to control combustion. The combustion model chosen here is Vortex Cluster Fragmentation Model 20, which is based on turbulent mixing rate.

Synthesis and Characterization of New Solketal Alkylesters Usable as Diesel Biobased Fuel Additives

There are described experimental studies on the esterification of solketal, (the cyclic acetal produced from glycerol and acetone reaction), by transesterification reactions of the -OH group with methyl esters of C3 -C10aliphatic acids (propionic, pentanoic, hexanoic, octanoic and decanoic). The goal was to obtain better additives for diesel and biodiesel fuels, as compared to solketal. The measured physical properties (especially density, viscosity and water solubility) of the synthesized solketal esters, closer to the corresponding ones for the diesel and biodiesel fuels, permit to suppose that these new compounds should be better additives for diesel type fuels, as compared with solketal. For three of these esters there were studied the liquid-vapor equilibrium at different temperatures, determining also the Antoine equation coefficients for the calculation of vapor pressure.

Investigation of combustion and emission characteristics of n-hexane and n-hexadecane additives in diesel fuel

One of the most important basic requirements of diesel-powered vehicles that they have lower pollutant emissions and fuel consumption. In diesel engines, combustion and engine performance are influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the used fuel. Engine design studies are not enough to increase engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions alone. By adding fuel additives in diesel fuel, the physical and chemical properties of the fuel can be improved. Fuel additives affect engine performance, combustion and emissions positively by exerting catalyst effect during combustion. In this study, n-hexane and n-hexadecane were added in diesel fuel (D0) by volume of 4, 12 % and 20 %. With respect to D0 fuel, in DHD20 and DHX20 fuels engine torque increased by 1.60 % and 1.32 %, respectively, while the brake specific fuel consumption decreased by 3.12 % and 1.98 %, respectively. Maximum cylinder pressures and heat release rate values of the ingredient added fuels increased. It was seen that NOx emissions increased while HC, CO and soot emissions decreased with increasing contribution ratio.

Thermal Degradation Characteristics of Rapeseed Biodiesel And Its Blends With Petroleum Diesel

Biodiesel is always blended with petroleum diesel to serve as the transport fuel, to obtain the specific impact of petroleum diesel addition on thermal degradation for biodiesel; in this study, the thermal degradation characteristics of biodiesel and biodiesel blends with diesel are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis at heating rates of 10, 15, and 20 K min−1 in the temperature range of 298 to 873 K. The kinetic parameters of activation energy are calculated based on the iso-conversional method, namely the Friedman method and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method, and the reaction order is determined by Avrami theory. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters of enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs-free energy are also calculated.