Addition Of Detergent Research Articles

Variação da resistência a compressão axial do concreto de cimento Portland com adição de detergente como aditivo incorporador de ar

O concreto simples, mistura obtida a partir da mistura de cimento, agregados (areia e brita) e água, pode ser considerado hoje, como o material de construção mais utilizado. Buscando melhorar ainda as características mecânicas do concerto; resistência a compressão, resistência a abrasão, permeabilidade, peso próprio e até mesmo o tempo de cura, diversos materiais e aditivos vêm sendo adicionados a mistura. O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar a variação da resistência a compressão e do peso específico do concreto de cimento Portland com adição de detergente, com a função de um aditivo incorporador de ar. Para isso foram feitos testes de pesagem e de compressão axial em corpos de prova moldados com três traços diferentes, sendo um deles sem adição de detergente e dois deles com acréscimo de detergente nas porcentagens de 0,125% e 0,250% em relação a quantidade de cimento determinado para a mistura. Através dos testes realizados, verificou-se a diminuição, tanto do peso como da resistência, de forma exponencial, assim sendo, quanto maior a porcentagem de detergente, em relação ao cimento, maior redução do peso e da resistência. Ainda notou-se uma redução na quantidade de água necessária a mistura para garantir uma boa consistência e trabalhabilidade.

Cell-free soluble expression of the membrane protein PsbS

Photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) is a membrane protein that plays an exclusive role in non-photochemical quenching for photoprotection of plants under high-light conditions. The activation mechanism of PsbS and its pH-induced conformational changes are currently unknown. For structural investigation of PsbS, effective synthesis of PsbS with selective isotope or electron-spin labels or non-natural amino acids incorporated would be a great asset. Here we present cell-free (CF) expression as a successful method for in vitro production of PsbS that would allow such incorporation. The addition of several detergents, liposomes and lipid nanodiscs was tested for achieving soluble CF expression of PsbS. We have optimized the CF method to yield soluble PsbS of ∼500 ng/μl using a continuous-exchange method at 30 °C, along with a successful purification and refolding of PsbS in n-Dodecyl β-D-maltoside (β-DM) detergent. We expect that the presented protocols are transferrable for in vitro expression of other membrane proteins of the Light-Harvesting Complex family.

Problems of sediment formation in internal combustion engines

The present article deals with some complex problems of sedimentation in internal combustion engines. The chemical composition of carbon deposits is determined and a multiparametric equation of the carbon deposit formation rate is made, taking into account the thermal mode of the unit. The solution of the problem under consideration is possible by means of some modern methods of analytical chemistry, which will contribute to the development of new formulations of effective anti-carbon and detergent additives.

The effect of over-based calcium sulfonate detergent additives on white etching crack (WEC) formation in rolling contact fatigue tested 100Cr6 steel

Abstract Over-based calcium sulfonate (OBCaSul) additives in oils are considered potentially critical in driving WEC formations, this ‘driving’ effect being unclear. Rolling contact fatigue testing of 100Cr6 steel using FE8 and PCS Micro-Pitting-Rig lubricated with oils containing varying OBCaSul concentrations have been conducted, tested samples being analysed using serial sectioning, Thermal desorption analysis (TDA) to measure hydrogen diffusion, and SEM/EDX of the tribofilms formed. Results show that OBCaSul concentration appears to affect WEC formation propensity, a reversal relationship of formations being shown between test rigs. Evidence shows oils containing OBCaSul form thick Ca dominated tribofilms, potentially promoting hydrogen diffusion and WEC formations in the FE8 rollers, where thinner Zn S tribofilms on the FE8 raceways may demote hydrogen diffusion and WEC formations.

Eliminating effects of particle adsorption to the air/water interface in single-particle cryo-electron microscopy: Bacterial RNA polymerase and CHAPSO

Preferred particle orientation presents a major challenge for many single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) samples. Orientation bias limits the angular information used to generate three-dimensional maps and thus affects the reliability and interpretability of the structural models. The primary cause of preferred orientation is presumed to be due to adsorption of the particles at the air/water interface during cryo-EM grid preparation. To ameliorate this problem, detergents are often added to cryo-EM samples to alter the properties of the air/water interface. We have found that many bacterial transcription complexes suffer severe orientation bias when examined by cryo-EM. The addition of non-ionic detergents, such as NP-40, does not remove the orientation bias but the Zwitter-ionic detergent CHAPSO significantly broadens the particle orientation distributions, yielding isotropically uniform maps. We used cryo-electron tomography to examine the particle distribution within the ice layer of cryo-EM grid preparations of Escherichia coli 6S RNA/RNA polymerase holoenzyme particles. In the absence of CHAPSO, essentially all of the particles are located at the ice surfaces. CHAPSO at the critical micelle concentration coats the air/water interface and eliminates particle absorption there, allowing particles to randomly orient within the vitreous ice layer. We find that CHAPSO reduces orientation bias for a number of bacterial transcription complexes containing E. coli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerases. Findings of this study confirm the presumed basis for how detergents can help remove orientation bias in cryo-EM samples and establishes CHAPSO as a useful tool to facilitate cryo-EM studies of bacterial transcription complexes.

Mycobacterial MenJ: An Oxidoreductase Involved in Menaquinone Biosynthesis.

MenJ, annotated as an oxidoreductase, was recently demonstrated to catalyze the reduction (saturation) of a single double bond in the isoprenyl side-chain of mycobacterial menaquinone. This modification was shown to be essential for bacterial survival in J774A.1 macrophage-like cells, suggesting that MenJ may be a conditional drug target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other pathogenic mycobacteria. Recombinant protein was expressed in a heterologous host, and the activity was characterized. Although highly regiospecific in vivo, the activity is not absolutely regiospecific in vitro; in addition, the enzyme is not specific for naphthoquinones vs benzoquinones. Coenzyme Q-1 (a benzoquinone, UQ-1) was used as the lipoquinone substrate, and NADH oxidation was followed spectrophotometrically as the activity readout. NADPH could not be substituted for NADH in the reaction mixture. The enzyme contains a FAD binding site that was 72% occupied in the purified recombinant protein. Enzyme activity was maximal at 37 °C and pH 7.0; addition of divalent cations, EDTA, and reducing agents such as dithiothreitol to the reaction mixture had no effect on activity. The addition of detergents did not stimulate activity, and addition of saturating levels of FAD had relatively little effect on the observed kinetic parameters. These properties allowed the development of a facile assay needed to study this potential drug target, which is also amenable to high throughput screening. The Km values for UQ-1 using recombinant MenJ from Mycobacterium smegmatis or M. tuberculosis without saturating concentrations of FAD were found to be 52 ± 9.6 and 44 ± 4.8 μM, respectively, while the KmNADH values were determined to be 59 ± 14 and 64 ± 15 μM. The Km for MK-1, the menaquinone analogue of UQ-1, using recombinant MenJ from M. tuberculosis without saturating concentrations of FAD but in the presence of 0.5% Tween 80 was shown to be 30 ± 2.9 μM. Thus, this is the first report of a kinetic characterization of a member of the geranylgeranyl reductase family of enzymes.

Improved reutilization of industrial crude lysine to 1,5-diaminopentane by enzymatic decarboxylation using various detergents and organic solvents

World-wide production of l-lysine has rapidly increased in recent years. In the industrial scale production, it is cost effective to minimize waste as many waste materials are generated during downstream processing. Therefore, the conversion of crude lysine to a more valuable product reduces waste emission. In this study, 1,5-diaminopentane (DAP, trivial name: cadaverine) was produced by l-lysine decarboxylation using Hafnia alvei. The conditions of enzymatic reaction were determined. In particular, the addition of specific detergent (Brij 56) was significantly affected in the bioconversion system. Addition of hydrophobic organic solvent improved the mixing of the reactants. Finally, an industrial crude form of lysine served as a substrate. The DAP conversion by analytical, feed and industrial crude l-lysine was 93.9%, 90.3%, and 63.8%, respectively.

Metal concentrations in used engine oils: Relevance to site assessments of soils

ABSTRACTUsed engine oils contain metals, which upon entering soils may pose risks to human health or the environment. In this study, previously published concentrations of 23 metals in 213 used engine oil samples from the early 1970s to the mid-1990s are statistically evaluated. Neat (100%) used engine oils were found to contain relatively high concentrations of lead, calcium, and zinc, attributable to piston blow-by of leaded gasoline, calcium salt detergent additives, and zinc-bearing anti-corrosion/anti-oxidation additives, respectively. Wear metal concentrations were lower. The lead concentration in used engine oils in the U.S. declined between the 1970s and early 1990s, potentially providing a basis to constrain the “age” of used engine oil(s) in soils. The concentrations of 23 metals in used engine oils were compared to soil risk benchmarks in 15 representative jurisdictions in the U.S., Canada, Australia, and Europe. The maximum concentrations in neat (100%) used engine oil of eight metals – Be, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se, Ag, and Ti – were lower than their collective minimum benchmarks in soils for the jurisdictions surveyed, indicating their concentrations in soils could not be reasonably expected to exceed any soil benchmarks. Nine metals (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sn, V and Zn), but particularly arsenic, cadmium, lead, tin, and zinc, were identified as potential contaminants of concern (PCOC) for soils from locations impacted with used engine oils, owing to their higher median concentrations (i.e., 2.5, 1.4, 1038, 5.0, and 922 mg/kg in oil, respectively) relative to most soil benchmarks. Site-specific benchmarks and metal concentrations at reasonable oil in soil concentrations require consideration when developing the suite of PCOC metal analytes for conducting site assessments of soils impacted by used engine oil.

Reconstitution of a Tail‐anchored Mitochondrial Membrane Protein

Tail‐anchored (TA) proteins have a single transmembrane domain (TMD) located on the C‐terminus with the bulk of the protein facing the cytosol; in contrast with the conventional membrane protein that is translated directly into the membrane of interest. TA proteins are involved in organelle division, vesicle trafficking, and apoptosis. TA proteins lack an N‐terminal signal sequence and exhibit wide sequence variation in the TMD. Thus, TA proteins are likely inserted into the membrane post translationally. We asked if we can reconstitute Fis1, a mitochondrial outer membrane TA protein, in a detergent micelle to determine its structure. We were able to purify soluble recombinant Fis1 in the absence of detergent. Preliminary results suggest that in the absence of detergent, Fis1 exists in a soluble aggregate that can be disrupted by addition of detergent. This soluble aggregate is likely facilitated by the TMD of Fis1. We further show that in the detergent micelle Fis1 is oriented such that the cytoplasmic domain faces the solvent, reminiscent of the orientation on the mitochondrial surface. Using properly reconstituted Fis1 in detergent micelles, we collected CD, DLS, NMR, and EPR data with the goal of determining a high‐resolution structure of Fis1 in the membrane, which is an outstanding question in the mitochondrial fission field. More generally, this work has many implications for TA membrane protein reconstitution.Support or Funding InformationNIH R01‐GM067180This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

The Effect Of Additional Detergent In Crude Palm Oil In The Process Of Separation Stearin

This study aims to find out how much stearin is formed from the addition of detergent and to understand the process of separation of crude olein with crude stearin from raw material of crude palm oil (CPO). Using a detergent fractionation system, detergent fractionation is a continuous crystallization of oil with controlled cooling and the separation of fractions by weight or centrifuge after supplementing surfactant.

The Effect of Conditions of the Expression of the Recombinant Outer Membrane Phospholipase А1 from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis on the Structure and Properties of Inclusion Bodies

The effect of the concentration of an inducer (IPTG) and the time of induction at 37°С on the heterologous synthesis of the mature membrane protein phospholipase А1 (PldA) from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in the form of inclusion bodies (IBs) and on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of IBs has been studied. The sizes, shape, stability (solubility in urea and detergents, resistance against proteolysis), the secondary structure of the protein of IBs, and the presence of amyloid structures have been determined by electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and optical spectroscopy. It was found that IBs have a shape close to spherical and a rough surface and are cleaved by proteinase K. The protein contained in IBs has an ordered secondary structure with a high content of β-structure. As the inducer concentration and the time of expression increase, the conformation of the recombinant protein in IBs undergoes changes, as indicated by an increase in the stability of IBs and a decrease in the enzymatic activity of the protein. When IBs are dissolved in 0.06% SDS and 5 M urea, the recombinant protein retains the secondary structure in a partially modified form, and the addition of a zwitterionic detergent at a micellar concentration does not transform the protein conformation into the native one.

Aktivitas Ekstrak Biji Tanaman Mindi (Melia azedarach L.) terhadap Spodoptera litura F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and biological activity of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) seed extract against armyworm, Spodoptera litura F. The first instar larvae were fed extract-treated broccoli leaves for 2 days, then were maintained on untreated leaves until the third instar stage. Records were kept in regard to the larvae mortality and developmental time of surviving larvae from the first instar to the third instar. The result showed that M. azedarach L. seed extract at concentration of 50 g.l -1 (5%) exhibited moderate insecticidal activity against S. litura larvae (43,30%-68,33% mortality). Addition of detergent at 0,2% to extract did not increase insecticidal activity of the extract. However, boiling seed extract at con c entration of 50 g.l -1 (5%) during 10 until 20 minutes increased insecticidal activity of extract (66,67%-68,33% mortality). Generally, M. azedarach seed extract treatment did not affect on developmental time of S . litura larvae. Keywords: armyworm, biological activity, botanical insecticide, chinaberry tree, extract

Gas Phase Studies of the Amyloid-β Peptide

The amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is an amphiphilic peptide that exhibits self-aggregating properties forming the amyloid fibrils that can be found in the brains of Alzheimer patients. Today it is believed that that it is the soluble Aβ oligomers rather than the mature fibrils that are the main neurotoxic species. These small peptide-assembles are known to associate with membranes and form pores that can transport Ca2+ into the cell, which in part could be responsible for their neurotoxic properties. However, most biophysical methods that have been developed to study Aβ target either the monomer or the mature fibrils, and not the low abundance and polydisperse oligomers.We have developed a soft ionization mass spectrometry (MS) method that retains and detects these non-covalent oligomer interactions in the gas phase. And since MS is a non-averaging technique the aggregation kinetics for different oligomeric species, as well as reduced and oxidized peptides, could be followed simultaneously. The high-resolution MS was also coupled to an ion mobility spectrometer that separates ions of the same m/z according to collisional cross section, yielding information about peptide conformations in the gas phase. Additionally, peptide interactions with other molecules, such as membrane mimicking detergents can be monitored. Large complexes between Aβ(1-40) and detergent micelles was shown to survive in the MS and could be identified. Detergent head group charges seem to be essential for peptide-micelle interactions, both in the gas phase and in solution, as no structure induction is observed upon addition of non-ionic detergent. The developed methodology is promising for future detection of pore-forming oligomers in micelles, and probably also in other more sophisticated membrane models.

Detergent Disposal into Our Environmentand Its Impact on Marine Microbes

Detergents figure in an extensive array of industrial and home cleaning applications, released into the flow of wastewater coming from the home, can far-reaching environmental impacts. Microorganisms are crucial to nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers, pathogen, antibiotic producer, biodegradation of pollutants etc. The research is aimed to examine effect detergent disposal to bacterial population growth in marine environment both in vitro and in situ condition. Seawater samples were collected from Sungai Kayu Ara Village, and Dumai River estuary, Siak Regency and Dumai City, Riau Province. Experimental method with complete randomized design (RAL) 2 (two) factors; a detergent brand (a1: ATTACK, a2; RINSO and a3; SURF) and b concentration of detergent concentration with 5 (five) concentration level, b1 (0%) as control, b2 (0.3%), b3 (0.6%), b4 (0.9%) and b5 (1.2%) wass applied. The study showed that there was an effect of detergent addition, periode of exposure, and doses to the growth of bacterial population both in vitro and in situ conditions. The higher levels of detergent in the water column and the longer contamination duration, causing more and more depressed bacterial populations. It is suggested to run a further research on identification, and growth optimatioan of the species capable of degrading detergent.

Effect of detergent and sawdust addition on hydrocarbon reduction and growth of <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L (Okra) in a petroleum-contaminated soil

A study to investigate the effect of sawdust and detergent on hydrocarbon reduction and the growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in petroleum polluted soil was carried out. The study was conducted at the Centre for Ecological Studies, University of Port Harcourt. Bonny light crude (300 ml) was used to pollute 10 kg soil. Detergent (20 g), sawdust (200 g) and sawdust: detergent (200 g: 20 g) were used as the amendment materials alongside a control (pollution but un-remediated) arranged in a completely randomized design of 12 replications. After 30 days post-amendment, 3 seeds of okra (var: V35-45 days) were grown in each treatment pot for 6 weeks. Soil Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) and okra growth performance (shoot length, leaf number, root length, total fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area and leaf area ratio) were analyzed. Results showed significant (p=0.05) reductions in THC of 44.23%, 26.5%, 70.80% and 10.79%, in detergent (20 g), sawdust (200 g), sawdust (200 g) + detergent (20 g) and control, respectively. Improved growth performances of okra were observed in the amended soil as compared to the control. Okra growth performance was in the order of: 200 g sawdust + 20 g detergent combination > 200 g sawdust > 20 g detergent. This implies that these two materials are good bio-stimulation materials especially when used in combined form for THC reduction and growth of okra.Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus L., contamination, crude oil, sawdust, total hydrocarbon content

Effect of detergent and sawdust addition on hydrocarbon reduction and growth of <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L (Okra) in a petroleum-contaminated soil

Effect of detergent and sawdust addition on hydrocarbon reduction and growth of <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L (Okra) in a petroleum-contaminated soil

Coproduction of protease and mannanase from Bacillus nealsonii PN-11 in solid state fermentation and their combined application as detergent additives

Bacillus nealsonii PN-11 produces thermo-alkalistable mannanase and protease active in wide temperature and pH range. Optimization of coproduction of protease and mannanase from this strain and application of cocktail of these enzymes as detergent additives were studied. On optimization mannanase yield of 834Ug−1 (11.12 fold increase) and protease yield of 70Ug−1 (4.7 fold increase) could be obtained in a single fermentation. Purification and characterization of mannanase have been done earlier and protease was done during this study and has a molecular mass of 48kDa. pH and temperature optima for protease were 10.0 and 65°C respectively. It was completely stable at 60°C for 3h and retained >80% of activity at pH 11.0 for 1h. Both the enzymes were compatible with detergents individually and in a combination. The wash performance of the detergent on different type of stains improved when protease or mannanase were used individually. However destaining was more efficient when a combination of mannanase and protease was used.

A user's guide for α-synuclein biomarker studies in biological fluids: Perianalytical considerations.

Parkinson's disease biomarkers are needed to increase diagnostic accuracy, to objectively monitor disease progression and to assess therapeutic efficacy as well as target engagement when evaluating novel drug and therapeutic strategies. This article summarizes perianalytical considerations for biomarker studies (based on immunoassays) in Parkinson's disease, with emphasis on quantifying total α‐synuclein protein in biological fluids. Current knowledge and pitfalls are discussed, and selected perianalytical variables are presented systematically, including different temperature of sample collection and types of collection tubes, gradient sampling, the addition of detergent, aliquot volume, the freezing time, and the different thawing methods. We also discuss analytical confounders. We identify gaps in the knowledge and delineate specific areas that require further investigation, such as the need to identify posttranslational modifications of α‐synuclein and antibody‐independent reference methods for quantification, as well as the analysis of potential confounders, such as comorbidities, medication, and phenotypes of Parkinson's disease in larger cohorts. This review could be used as a guideline for future Parkinson's disease biomarker studies and will require regular updating as more information arises in this growing field, including new technical developments as they become available. In addition to reviewing best practices, we also identify the current technical limitations and gaps in the knowledge that should be addressed to enable accurate and quantitative assessment of α‐synuclein levels in the clinical setting. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Crystallisation of Miraculin - A Taste Modifying Glycoprotein from the Fruits of Richadella Dulcifica

The crystallisation of miraculin - a glycoprotein was studied. The protein was extracted and purified to homogeneity from the pulp of the fruits of Richadella dulcifica using a three-step chromatographic process involving Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography, Ion Exchange Chromatography, and Gel Filtration Chromatography respectively at ordinary temperatures. The activity of the protein was ascertained using psychometric analysis: 100g/ml of the lyophilised protein provoked sweetness with 0.02M citric acid. Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis was used to determine the purity of the protein. Experimental conditions used in 80 different crystallisation trials were chosen for the initial screening experiments. Polymorphism in the resulting precipitated, micro-crystalline, or crystalline protein samples was identified and rated numerically on a rough but quantitative scale. Correlation between these estimates of crystal quality and all the 80 different crystallisation trials were identified. Twelve out of the 80 trials were selected for further crystallisation work by changing the concentrations of salts and precipitants and the addition of detergents until favourable conditions were achieved for the crystallisation of the protein. Orthorhombic crystal forms of the protein with sizes ranging from 0.2mm to 0.4mm were obtained using the hanging drop technique of the vapour diffusion method from 30% PEG 600, 0.1M LiCl, 0.1M CaCl2, 0.1M HEPES buffer, 0.02M 1-O-nOctyl-D-glucopyranoside (BOG) and miraculin at a concentration of 20mg/ml. The crystalline miraculin gave a band of 44kd on SDS-PAGE

Recommendations for cerebrospinal fluid collection for the analysis by ELISA of neurogranin trunc P75, \u03b1-synuclein, and total tau in combination with A\u03b2(1\u201342)/A\u03b2(1\u201340)

BackgroundThe pathophysiology of neurodegeneration is complex. Its diagnosis requires an early identification of sequential changes in several hallmarks in the brains of affected subjects. The presence of brain pathology can be visualized in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by protein profiling. It is clear that the field of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) will benefit from an integration of algorithms including CSF concentrations of individual proteins, especially as an aid in clinical decision-making or to improve patient enrolment in clinical trials. The protein profiling approach requires standard operating procedures for collection and storage of CSF which must be easy to integrate into a routine clinical lab environment. Our study provides recommendations for analysis of neurogranin trunc P75, α-synuclein, and tau, in combination with the ratio of β-amyloid Aβ(1–42)/Aβ(1–40).MethodsProtocols for CSF collection were compared with CSF derived from subjects with normal pressure hydrocephalus (n = 19). Variables included recipient type (collection, storage), tube volume, and addition of detergents at the time of collection. CSF biomarker analysis was performed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Data were analyzed with linear repeated measures and mixed effects models.ResultsAdsorption to recipients is lower for neurogranin trunc P75, α-synuclein, and tau (<10%), as compared to Aβ(1–42). For neurogranin trunc P75 and total tau, there is still an effect on analyte concentrations as a function of the tube volume. Protocol-related differences for Aβ(1–42) can be normalized at the (pre-)analytical level using the ratio Aβ(1–42)/Aβ(1–40), but not by using the ratio Aβ(1–42)/tau. The addition of detergent at the time of collection eliminates differences due to adsorption.ConclusionsOur study recommends the use of low protein binding tubes for quantification in CSF (without additives) of all relevant CSF biomarkers. Pre-analytical factors have less effect on α-synuclein, neurogranin trunc P75, and total tau, as compared to Aβ(1–42). The ratio of Aβ(1–42)/Aβ(1–40), but not Aβ(1–42)/tau, can be used to adjust for pre-analytical differences in analyte concentrations. Our study does not recommend the inclusion of detergents at the time of collection of CSF. The present results provide an experimental basis for new recommendations for parallel analysis of several proteins using one protocol for collection and storage of CSF.