Addition Of CuCl2 Research Articles

In vitro and in vivo accumulation of the anticancer Ru complexes [RuII(cym)(HQ)Cl] and [RuII(cym)(PCA)Cl]Cl.

The cellular accumulation and the underlying mechanisms for the two ruthenium-based anticancer complexes [RuII(cym)(HQ)Cl] 1 (cym = η6-p-cymene, HQ = 8-hydroxyquinoline) and [RuII(cym)(PCA)Cl]Cl 2 (PCA = N-fluorophenyl-2-pyridinecarbothioamide) were investigated in HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cells. The results showed that the cellular accumulation of both complexes increased over time and with higher concentrations, and that 2 accumulates in greater quantities in cells than 1. Inhibition studies of selected cellular accumulation mechanisms indicated that both 1 and 2 may be transported into the cells by both passive diffusion and active transporters, similar to cisplatin. Efflux experiments indicated that 1 and 2 are subjected to efflux through a mechanism that does not involve p-glycoprotein, as addition of verapamil did not make any difference. Exploring the influence of the Cu transporter by addition of CuCl2 resulted in a higher accumulation of 1 and 2 whilst the amount of Pt detected was slightly reduced when cells were treated with cisplatin. Complexes 1 and 2 were further explored in zebrafish where accumulation and distribution were determined with ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS. The results correlated with the in vitro observations and zebrafish treated with 2 showed higher Ru contents than those treated with 1. The distribution studies suggested that both complexes mainly accumulated in the intestines of the zebrafish.

Copper Complexes with N,N,N-Tridentate Quinolinyl Anilido-Imine Ligands: Synthesis and Their Catalytic Application in Chan-Lam Reactions.

The treatment of 2-(ArNC(H))C6H4-HNC9H6N with n-BuLi and the subsequent addition of CuCl2 afforded the anilido-aldimine Cu(II) complexes 1-5 Cu[{2-[ArN=C(H)]C6H4}N(8-C9H6N)]Cl (Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3 (1), 2,4,6-(CH3)3C6H2 (2), 4-OCH3C6H4 (3), 4-BrC6H4 (4), 4-ClC6H4 (5)), respectively. All the copper complexes were fully characterized by IR, EPR and HR-MS spectra. The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that 2 and 4 are mononuclear complexes, and the Cu atom is sitting in a slightly square-planar geometry. These Cu(II) complexes have exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the Chan-Lam coupling reactions of benzimidazole derivatives with arylboronic acids, achieving the highest yields of up to 96%.

Metformin Impedes Oxidation of LDL In Vitro.

Metformin is the most commonly prescribed glucose-lowering drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether metformin is capable of impeding the oxidation of LDL, a crucial step in the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. LDL was oxidized by addition of CuCl2 in the presence of increasing concentrations of metformin. The extent of LDL oxidation was assessed by measuring lipid hydroperoxide and malondialdehyde concentrations, relative electrophoretic mobilities, and oxidation-specific immune epitopes. Cytotoxicity of oxLDL in the vascular endothelial cell line EA.hy926 was assessed using the alamarBlue viability test. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to determine free energies of reactions between metformin and radicals typical for lipid oxidation. Metformin concentration-dependently impeded the formation of lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde, and oxidation-specific immune epitopes when oxidation of LDL was initiated by addition of Cu2+. The cytotoxicity of oxLDL was reduced when it was obtained under increasing concentrations of metformin. The quantum chemical calculations revealed that only the reaction of metformin with hydroxyl radicals is exergonic, whereas the reactions with hydroperoxyl radicals or superoxide radical anions are endergonic. Metformin, beside its glucose-lowering effect, might be a suitable agent to impede the development of atherosclerosis and associated CVD. This is due to its capability to impede LDL oxidation, most likely by scavenging hydroxyl radicals.

Density functional theory study of acid-catalyzed conversion of glucose to hydrochar precursors under hydrothermal conditions

Hydrothermal carbonization is a thermochemical technology to convert sludge into hydrochar through the use of Lewis and Brønsted acids. However, the mechanisms by which Lewis and Brønsted acids catalyze the conversion of small-molecule carbohydrates into hydrochar remain unclear. In this study, we used glucose as a small-molecule modulo, and Lewis (CuCl2) and Brønsted (NH4+) acids as catalysts to investigate the reaction mechanisms in the sludge hydrothermal process using density functional theory. Glucose was isomerized to fructose catalyzed by CuCl2 and Cl−, followed by three consecutive dehydrations of fructose to produce 5-hydroxymethylfurfural catalyzed by NH4+. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural proceeded through multiple NH4+-catalyzed hydration and dehydration reactions to produce small organic molecules, polymerization of which generated hydrochar precursor polymers. The addition of CuCl2 and NH4+ reduced reaction energy barriers during this process. The NH4+-catalyzed polymerization reaction energy barrier between two 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was decreased by 28.0 kcal/mol, whereas that between 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 1,2,4-benzenetriol was decreased by only 0.72 kcal/mol. Compared to the noncatalytic process, the intermolecular hydrogen transfer in the NH4+-catalyzed conversion of 5- hydroxymethylfurfural to levulinic acid was the best catalytic effect throughout the catalytic process. In this study, using quantum chemical theory, we investigated the conversion mechanism of the CuCl2-and NH4+-catalyzed hydrothermal formation of hydrochar precursor polymers from glucose at the atomic level, thus contributing to the design of catalysts for sludge hydrothermal carbonization and providing theoretical support for this technology.

CuCl2-modified ionic liquids for alkylation of benzene with 1-dodecene

Abstract Benzene and 1-dodecene are often alkylated to produce linear alkylbenzene (LAB). LAB is the raw material for the production of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), a very important anionic surfactant used in both industrial cleaning and commercial laundry processes, as well as in household laundry detergents. In the present study, we investigated the use of [Et3NH]Cl–2AlCl3 modified with CuCl2 as a catalyst for the alkylation of benzene with 1-dodecene, specifically looking at the effect of reaction conditions on product activity. The results showed that a conversion of 1-dodecene of 100.0 % and a selectivity of LAB of 93.79 % could be obtained when the following ideal reaction conditions were present: molar ratio of benzene/1-dodecene = 6, reaction temperature = 25 °C, reaction time = 10 min, stirring speed of 1000 rpm and addition of 5.0 mol % CuCl2). The catalyst concentration was 7.0 mol %. FTIR and 31P-TMPO-NMR measurements were performed to characterise the ionic liquid before and after the addition of CuCl2. After the addition of CuCl2, it was found that the acidity of the ionic liquid had decreased. The regeneration of the catalyst was also investigated and the cause of inactivation of the catalyst was determined. The results showed that CuCl2 modified the ionic liquids and decreased the benzene/1-dodecene ratio, but the high product selectivity was maintained.

Intensification of NO2 removal in sulfite solutions with reusable copper chloride: Mechanism and process parameters

A novel strategy was proposed to scrub NOx pollutant originated from sintering flue gases by oxidation combined with wet flue gas denitrification technology. CuCl2 that could be adopted repeatedly was introduced as an additive into the sulfite solution to enhance NO2 removal. Comparing with the sulfite solution (0.05 mol/L), the absorption efficiency improved from 75% to 100%, and the stabilization period extended from 10 to 40 min notably with the addition of CuCl2. The intensification by CuCl2 addition was related to the formation of CuCl during the reaction of CuCl2 and SO32−, which was found to be more effective in removing NO2. Afterwards, CuCl transformed to Cu2+ substance again and this mutual transformation between CuCl and Cu2+ substance indicated a cyclic use of CuCl2 additive. Moreover, the feasible reaction pathway was further proved by DFT calculations. Additionally, the investigation on NO2 absorption at various operating parameters provided theoretical support for the practical application of CuCl2 in denitrification.

A Fenton-like cation can improve arsenic trioxide treatment of sclerodermatous chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease in mice.

Graft-versus Host Disease (GvHD) is a major complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplant. GvHD is characterized by the chronic activation of immune cells leading to the development of systemic inflammation, autoimmunity, fibrosis and eventually death. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is a therapeutic agent under clinical trial for the treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and chronic GvHD (cGvHD). This therapy is admittedly rather safe although adverse effects can occur and may necessitate short interruptions of the treatment. The aim of this study was to combine ATO with a divalent cation, to generate a Fenton or Fenton-like reaction in order to potentiate the deletion of activated immune cells through the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated effects of ATO in a mouse model, and thereby enabling the use of lower and safer ATO concentrations to treat patients with cGvHD. In vitro, among the various combinations of divalent cations tested, we observed that the combination of ATO and CuCl2 (copper chloride) induced a high level of oxidative stress in HL-60 and A20 cells. In addition, this co-treatment also decreased the proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes during a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). In vivo, in a cGvHD mouse model, daily injections of ATO 2.5 µg/g + CuCl2 0.5 µg/g induce a decrease in lymphocyte activation and fibrosis that was equivalent to that induced by ATO 5 µg/g. Our results show that the addition of CuCl2 improved the effects of ATO and significantly limited the development of the disease. This co-treatment could be a real benefit in human patients to substantially decrease the known ATO side effects and optimize ATO treatment in pathologies characterized by activated cells sensitive to an increase in oxidative stress.

Pressure-Engineered Optical and Charge Transport Properties of Mn2+/Cu2+ Codoped CsPbCl3 Perovskite Nanocrystals via Structural Progression.

In this work, compared with the corresponding pure CsPbCl3 nanocrystals (NCs) and Mn2+-doped CsPbCl3 NCs, Mn2+/Cu2+-codoped CsPbCl3 NCs exhibited improved photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence quantum yields (PL QYs) (57.6%), prolonged PL lifetimes (1.78 ms), and enhanced thermal endurance (523 K) as a result of efficient Mn2+ doping (3.66%) induced by the addition of CuCl2. Furthermore, we applied pressure on Mn2+/Cu2+-codoped CsPbCl3 NCs to reveal that a red shift of photoluminescence followed by a blue shift was caused by band gap evolution and related to the structural phase transition from cubic to orthorhombic. Moreover, we also found that under the preheating condition of 523 K, such phase transition exhibited obvious morphological invariance, accompanied by significantly enhanced conductivity. The pressure applied to the products treated with high temperature enlarged the electrical difference and easily intensified the interface by closer packaging. Interestingly, defect-triggered mixed ionic and electronic conducting (MIEC) was observed in annealed NCs when the applied pressure was 2.9 GPa. The pressure-dependent ionic conduction was closely related to local nanocrystal amorphization and increased deviatoric stress, as clearly described by in situ impedance spectra. Finally, retrieved products exhibited better conductivity (improved by 5-6 times) and enhanced photoelectric response than those when pressure was not applied. Our findings not only reveal the pressure-tuned optical and electrical properties via structural progression but also open up the promising exploration of more amorphous all-inorganic CsPbX3-based photoelectric applications.

Molecular Alterations in Spermatozoa of a Family Case Living in the Land of Fires—A First Look at Possible Transgenerational Effects of Pollutants

In our previous work, we reported alterations in protamines/histones ratio, in DNA binding of these proteins and their involvement in DNA oxidative damage in 84% of the young men living in the Land of Fires. In the present work, we extended our findings, evaluating any alterations in spermatozoa of a family case, a father and son, living in this area, to also give a first look at the possibility of transgenerational inherited effects of environmental contaminants on the molecular alterations of sperm nuclear basic proteins (SNBP), DNA and semen parameters. In the father and son, we found a diverse excess of copper and chromium in the semen, different alterations in SNBP content and low DNA binding affinity of these proteins. In addition, DNA damage, in the presence of CuCl2 and H2O2, increased by adding both the father and son SNBP. Interestingly, son SNBP, unlike his father, showed an unstable DNA binding and were able to produce DNA damage even without external addition of CuCl2, in line with a lower seminal antioxidant activity than the father. The peculiarity of some characteristics of son semen could be a basis for possible future studies on transgenerational effects of pollutants on fertility.

Accessing decavanadate chemistry with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and evaluation of methylene blue bleaching

Two decavanadates (trisH)4[H2V10O28]·10H2O (1) and (trisH)6[V10O28] (2) have been synthesised from NaVO3 or V2O5 in an aqueous solution of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (tris). Bimetallic derivatives [Cu(OH2)5(trisH)]2[V10O28]·6H2O (3) and [Cu(OH2)3(2–amp)]2(trisH)2[V10O28]·2H2O (4) were obtained by the addition of CuCl2 or CuCl2/2–amp (2–(aminomethyl)pyridine) to the route that gave 2. The products were characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR, Raman and EPR spectroscopies. Moreover, 4 was effective in bleaching a methylene blue (MB) solution under natural light in acidic media by either degradation of the dye or precipitation of a MB-decavanadate salt depending on the experimental conditions.

Investigation on the effect of transition metal chloride on anthracite combustion

In recent years, the international community has paid more attention to environmental pollution and climate change caused by the use of fossil fuels. How to strengthen the efficient use of coal has become a problem that must be solved. This work aims to study the effect of transition metal chlorides (CuCl2, FeCl3 and ZnCl2) on the promotion of “burn off” reaction and the improvement of anthracite heat release efficiency by using TG-DSC, FTIR and EPR. The effect of adding three transition metal chlorides on oxygen absorption and heat release of anthracite was studied by TG-DSC. Results show that the addition of CuCl2, FeCl3 and ZnCl2 can promote the “burn off” reaction, thereby increasing the heat release efficiency of anthracite. Specifically, the addition of CuCl2 increases the heat release of the anthracite by 15%. FTIR was used to study the structural changes during the heating process of raw coal and coal with transition metal chlorides. Results show that CuCl2 can effectively promote the direct pyrolysis of aliphatic functional groups and reduce the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups. In addition, the mechanism of CuCl2 promoting the “burn off” reaction was studied by ESR spectra analyses. It is found that the free radical concentration of the coal with CuCl2 is higher than that of the raw coal, which indicating that the “burn off” reaction is an oxidation reaction dominated by free radical. This work may have a guiding significance for the efficient utilization of anthracite.

Natural Kaolin: Sustainable Technology for the Instantaneous and Energy-Neutral Recycling of Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions.

Kaolin, a natural and inexpensive clay mineral, is ubiquitous in soil, dirt, and airborne particles. Amongst four commonly available clay minerals, kaolin, as a result of its layered structure, is the most efficient natural gaseous Hg adsorbent to date (Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity Qm =574.08 μg g-1 and Freundlich Qm =756.49 μg g-1 ). The Hg uptake proceeds by homogeneous monolayer and heterogeneous processes. Hg physisorption on kaolin occurs in the dark, yet the adsorption rate is enhanced upon irradiation. The effects of several metal complexes, salts, halides and solvents on the Hg uptake were examined. The addition of CuCl2 particles leads to a significant enhancement of the Hg uptake capacity (>30 times) within second timescales and without irradiation. The physisorption with kaolin is switched to chemisorption upon the addition of CuCl2 to kaolin. This process is entirely reversible upon the addition of Zn/Sn granules at room temperature without any added energy. However, the investment of a small amount of renewable energy can speed up the process. This technology demonstrates the facile and efficient capture and recycling of elemental Hg0 from air. A wide range of metal particles and diverse physicochemical processes, which include the microphysics of nucleation, are herein examined to explore the potential reaction mechanism by using a suite of complementary analytical techniques. These new mechanistic insights open a new era of energy-neutral environmental remediation based on natural soil/airborne particles.

Optical and electrical performance of copper chloride doped polyvinyl alcohol for optical limiter and polymeric varistor devices

PVA composite films with different wt.% of CuCl2, by the cast method, were prepared. The semi-crystalline phases of PVA have been reduced by more addition of CuCl2 as confirmed with the help of X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. The thermal stability is surveyed by differential thermal analysis. The morphology of CuCl2 particles is studied by scanning electron microscopy, which shows the semi-spherical particles of size varied from (0.31–1.19) μm to (3.1–5) μm for 0.037 wt% CuCl2/PVA and 3.700 wt% CuCl2/PVA (CPVA5) films, respectively. With the increment of the additive, the absorptive property of the films is increased. The indirect and direct energy gap were estimated. The power with 632.8 nm and 533 nm of the laser sources has been reduced to 40% and 47% via CPVA5 films. The AC electrical conductivity follows the Jonscher's power law. The forward lnI (A) – lnV (V) behaviors show that the doped films have high voltage breakdown.

Noncanonical interactions between serpin and β-amylase in barley grain improve β-amylase activity invitro.

Serpin protease inhibitors and β‐amylase starch hydrolases are very abundant seed proteins in the endosperm of grasses. β‐amylase is a crucial enzyme in the beer industry providing maltose for fermenting yeast. In animals and plants, inhibitory serpins form covalent linkages that inactivate their cognate proteases. Additionally, in animals, noninhibitory functions for serpins are observed such as metabolite carriers and chaperones. The function of serpins in seeds has yet to be unveiled. In developing endosperm, serpin Z4 and β‐amylase showed similar in vivo spatio‐temporal accumulation properties and colocalize in the cytosol of transformed tobacco leaves. A molecular interaction between recombinant proteins of serpin Z4 and β‐amylase was revealed by surface plasmon resonance and microscale thermophoresis yielding a dissociation constant of 10−7 M. Importantly, the addition of serpin Z4 significantly changes β‐amylase enzymatic properties by increasing its maximal catalytic velocity. The presence of serpin Z4 stabilizes β‐amylase activity during heat treatment without affecting its critical denaturing temperature. Oxidative stress, simulated by the addition of CuCl2, leads to the formation of high molecular weight polymers of β‐amylase similar to those detected in vivo. The polymers were cross‐linked through disulfide bonds, the formation of which was repressed when serpin Z4 was present. The results suggest an unprecedented function for a plant seed serpin as a β‐amylase‐specific chaperone‐like partner that could optimize β‐amylase activity upon germination. This report is the first to describe a noninhibitory function for a serpin in plants.

Preparation of Nanoparticles Copper Oxide using an Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet

In this work, nanoparticles copper oxide were prepared by using an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet in NaCl–NaOH–NaNO3 electrolytic system. Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet was employed as the electrode (Cathode) while the anode was made of the copper strip. The formation and structure of the samples have been characterized via Fourier-transformation infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) and optical microscope. From the outcomes, the morphology was showed copper oxide nanocrystals by this technique is rely on the media of electrolytic and preparation time. It was cleared from (XRD), the addition of CuCl2 with the compositions was led to increase appearance of copper oxide. The uniformity of copper oxide nanoparticles with the average grain size about 70,104 nm. These results encourage preparing these nanostructures for using in industrial applications.

Investigation of Cr(VI) reduction potential and mechanism by Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus under glucose fermentation condition

This study examined the microbial reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] by an extremely thermophilic bacterium, Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus, under glucose fermentation conditions at 70°C. Experimentation with different initial Cr(VI) concentrations confirmed that C. saccharolyticus had the ability to reduce Cr(VI) and immobilize Cr(III). At a concentration of 40mg/L, Cr(VI) was completely reduced within 12h, and 97% of the reduction product Cr(III) precipitated on the cell surface. Cr(VI) reduction was accelerated by the addition of neutral red (NR, an electron mediator), resulting in the reduction time shortened to 1h. The addition of CuCl2, a Ni-Fe hydrogenase inhibitor, also enhanced Cr(VI) reduction. Additionally, analysis of the relationship between Cr(VI) reduction and glucose fermentation suggested that different electron sources acted during CuCl2 and NR conditions. Hydrogen served as an electron donor under normal fermentation and NR conditions with the catalysis of Ni-Fe hydrogenase. However, when the activity of Ni-Fe hydrogenase was inhibited by CuCl2, C. saccharolyticus directly used reduction equivalents during glucose fermentation for intracellular Cr(VI) reduction. Therefore, our findings demonstrated high Cr(VI) reduction ability and different electron transfer pathways during Cr(VI) reduction by C. saccharolyticus.

Cu(II) complexes with anilido-imine ligands: Synthesis, characterization and catalysis on reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene

Several copper(II) complexes bearing bidentate anilido-imine ligands [(Ar′NCHC6H4-NAr)Cu]2(μ-Cl)2 (Ar=Ar′=2,6-Me2C6H3 (1a); Ar=Ar′=2,6-Et2C6H3 (1b); Ar=3,5-(CF3)2C6H3, Ar′=2,6-iPr2C6H3 (1d); Ar=p-OMeC6H4, Ar′=2,6-iPr2C6H3 (1e)), (Ar′NCHC6H4-NAr)CuCl (Ar=Ar′=2,6-iPr2C6H3 (1c)), and that bearing tridentate quinolinyl anilido-imine ligand (2,6-iPr2C6H3NCHC6H4-NAr)CuCl (Ar=8-quinolinyl (1f)) were synthesized via reactions of the corresponding ligands with nBuLi and subsequent in-situ addition of CuCl2. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that 1a and 1d are dinuclear, while 1f with N,N,N-tridentate ligand is in monomeric form. In the presence of 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), these well-defined complexes showed moderate to high activities in reverse ATRP of styrene. High conversions up to 86.5% were obtained and polymers with controllable molecular weight and relatively narrow polydispersity were produced.

Effect of pulse current on the electrodeposition of copper from choline chloride-ethylene glycol

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been considered as alternatives to classic aqueous deposition baths used at room temperature. This work describes a preliminary study about the copper deposition process from a bath based on choline chloride/ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvents. The physical properties, such as viscosity and conductivity of the bath, are compared before and after the addition of CuCl2 · 2H2O. The process kinetics during copper deposition was investigated. By optimizing the concentration of metallic salts and operating temperature, deposits with compact surfaces and small grain size were obtained. However, the process has a very limited current efficiency. Pulse plating was applied to improve the mass transport and refine grain size. In this case, an important improvement was achieved. Current efficiency (CE) increased significantly compared to the results obtained in direct current. This proves that pulse plating can be used as an effective method to reduce deposition time and costs. Surface morphology of deposits was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and compositional analysis was quantified by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS).

Purification and characterization of a low-temperature ammonia monooxygenase from heterotrophic nitrifier Acinetobacter sp. Y16

Low-temperature ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) was purified from a heterotrophic nitrifier Acinetobacter sp. Y16 by anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme was a membrane-bound monomer with a molecular mass of approximately 31 kDa. It could catalyze the oxidation of ammonium without stabilizing agents in vitro at low temperature. Addition of CuCl2 could stimulate AMO activity in vitro. The enzyme was stable in the temperature range of 4–15°C with less than 9% change in its activity. The optimal activity temperature was 15°C. Above 20°C, the enzyme completely lost its activity. The enzyme activity was stable when stored at 4°C for five days, at 10°C for two days, and at 15°C for one day. This study purified a highly pure AMO from a heterotrophic nitrifier Acinetobacter sp. for the first time.

Cu powder-catalyzed single electron transfer-living radical polymerization of acrylonitrile

Single electron transfer-living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) has been used as a new technique for the synthesis of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) catalyzed by Cu(0) powder with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) as the initiator and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as the ligand in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or mixed solvent. Well-controlled polymerization has been achieved as evidenced by a linear increase of molecular weight with respect to monomer conversion as well as narrow molecular weight distribution. Kinetics data of the polymerizations at both ambient temperature and elevated temperature demonstrate living/controlled feature. An increase in the concentration of ligand yields a higher monomer conversion within the same time frame and almost no polymerization occurs in the absence of ligand due to the poor disproportionation reaction of Cu(I). The reaction rate exhibits an increase with the increase of the amount of catalyst Cu(0)/HMTA. Better control on the molecular weight distribution has been produced with the addition of CuCl2. In the presence of more polar solvent water, it is observed that there is a rapid increase in the polymerization rate. The effect of initiator on the polymerization is also preliminarily investigated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011