Addition Of Control Variables Research Articles

Load and recovery monitoring in Swiss top-level youth soccer players: Exploring the associations of a new web application-based score with recognised load measures

Load and recovery monitoring in Swiss top-level youth soccer players: Exploring the associations of a new web application-based score with recognised load measures

How Does the Digital Economy Drive the Optimization and Upgrading of Industrial Structure? The Mediating Effect of Innovation and the Role of Economic Resilience

The digital economy (DE) has become a major driving force behind the optimization and upgrading of industrial structures (ISOU), but research on its driving mechanisms has yet to be verified. To this end, the driving influence of the DE on ISOU is targeted and the role played by economic resilience (ER) and innovation is explored. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020, the driving influence of the DE on ISOU is analyzed using a two-way fixed-effects model. This empirical study finds that the DE has a positive driving effect on both industrial structure advancement and rationalization and that the driving effect is still significant after the addition of control variables and the robust-type test with one period of lag. The DE presents regional differences in ISOU, with the driving effect of the DE on the industrial structure advancement in the eastern region having a more significant performance than that in the central and western regions and the driving influence on the rationalization of the industrial structure in the eastern and western regions exceeds that in the central region. The impact of the DE on ISOU has a mediating role through innovation. ER has a moderating role in the process and innovation, as a partial mediator, also has a threshold effect. Finally, based on the research and discussion, conclusions and countermeasure recommendations are presented.

Auditor characteristics and audit report lag: A research from the Indonesian Stock Exchange

This study aims to determine the effect of auditor specialists, auditor reputation, auditor gender, auditor education level, and auditor professional certification on audit report lag by using research objects, namely all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2017-2021 period. The sampling technique in this study used a purposive sampling technique. The data analysis used in this study is the Eviews 9 panel data regression analysis software. The results show that the auditor specialist independent variable has a negative effect on audit report lag. Meanwhile, auditor reputation, auditor gender, and auditor education level do not effect audit report lag. The professional certification of auditors has a positive effect on audit report lag. Meanwhile, the addition of control variables, namely firm size and loss, has a positive effect on audit report lag. However, the control variable ROA has a negative effect on audit report lag.

Integrating Estimation of Inflation Threshold and Nowcasting Regional Economic Growth Using Classical, Machine Learning, and Ensemble Method

In line with the global economic recovery, Indonesia's post-pandemic economic recovery is experiencing major challenge caused by uncertainty due to increasing inflationary pressure. Efforts to reduce inflationary fluctuations were carried out by the government in order to maintain optimal economic growth under the inflation targeting policy framework. Hence it is necessary to inspect the inflation threshold for economic growth in determining the inflation target. This study attempts to integrate inflation threshold estimation and nowcasting modelling of regional economic growth as an early warning system for achieving the government's economic growth target by utilizing several classical, machine learning, and ensemble models. Threshold estimation for the National level and East Java is applied to provincial groups obtained from clustering time series with dynamic time wrapping (DTW), author's justification, and the west-east region. In addition, estimates were also carried out in the period before Covid-19 as well as the entire period and the addition of predictor variables to test the sensitivity of the inflation threshold estimate. The results show that there was a non-linear relationship between inflation and economic growth with an inverted U shape. There are differences in the inflation threshold range due to provincial groupings, addition of control variables, both for the National level and for East Java. Evaluation of the inflation level in East Java and eight cities shows that in several periods, East Java inflation has exceeded Bank Indonesia's ITF target. Taking into account the estimated threshold range, it is recommended to set a more flexible inflation target at the regional economic level. Finally, the results of nowcasting with several specifications, such as the use of machine learning models and weighted ensemble models based on accuracy, as well as out-sample predictions with one-step ahead can improve the accuracy and consistency of the model for both short-term and long-term.

Information disclosure ratings and continuing overreaction: Evidence from the Chinese capital market

On the basis of the theory developed by Daniel, Hirshleifer, and Subrahmanyam (DHS) (1998), this study examines the influence of information disclosure rating on continuing overreaction and the role and effects of information disclosure rating in emerging markets. Using a comprehensive sample of firms listed in the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (hereafter, SZSE) from 2001 to 2018, this study finds that a higher information disclosure rating leads to greater continuing overreaction and that increased investor attention, rather than stock liquidity, is the main channel of influence. According to a review of relevant literature, this is the first study to evaluate the association between information disclosure rating and continuing overreaction. After the addition of control variables, use of alternative proxies, and overcoming potential endogeneity problems, a robust conclusion is obtained. Moreover, considering the uniqueness of China’s stock market, tests of the split-share structure reform (SSSR) and state-owned enterprises are conducted. Compared with those of developed countries, China’s information disclosure system is not mature and comprehensive. Therefore, financially illiterate individual investors, when exposed to large amounts of information, are unable to make rational decisions and tend to rely too much on official sources and follow the herd, leading to a more serious continuing overreaction in the market.

Spectrum Flexibility and Mobile Development

In this paper we study the effects on mobile market outcomes from three specific attributes linked to a flexible spectrum policy: the presence of a secondary market for spectrum trading, a technological neutrality approach, and the possibility of conducting sharing agreements among operators. In terms of market outcomes, we identify four possible variables: capital investment, network coverage, service pricing, and adoption. After designing a precise causal approach linking the above-mentioned variables, we were able to identify a significant impact on the four independent variables from the spectrum policies. When those three policies are jointly adopted, mobile capital investment is 35.9% larger than when that is not the case. In addition, promoting these policies can increase network coverage by 9.8% after two years, bring down mobile broadband prices by -5.8%, and increase mobile broadband unique subscribers’ penetration by 0.9%. When we consider a wider period of 5-years, dynamic effects take over, resulting in mobile broadband prices being reduced in -14.3% and mobile broadband unique subscribers’ penetration potentially increasing in 2.4%. These results were verified to be robust after the addition of control variables and when controlling for potential endogeneities associated to these causal frameworks. In sum, we believe, based on this evidence, that a flexible approach towards spectrum management that allows for secondary trading, technological neutrality and network sharing can contribute significantly to the development of the mobile sector, thereby maximizing socioeconomic welfare.

Abstract C03: Untangling the influence of healthcare distrust on black Americans' intention to participate in cancer prevention research

Abstract Background: Eliminating racially driven cancer inequities requires conducting research with underrepresented groups, such as Black Americans, yet research participation is not comparable with the burden of cancer in this population. Distrust of the healthcare system is often cited as a central reason for Blacks' lower cancer research participation rates. Few studies have explored whether distrust operates alone or in combination with other attitudes toward research to influence Blacks' intention to participate in cancer research. The study purpose was to explain the relationship between healthcare distrust and the intention to participate in cancer prevention research among a group of Southern Blacks. We hypothesized that healthcare distrust would be inversely related to and a significant predictor of intention to participate in cancer prevention research. Methods: A survey tool was developed based on previous qualitative research and administered between November 2014 and July 2015. Eligible respondents identified as Black American, were 18 or older, residents of South Carolina, and had never been diagnosed with cancer. Of the 208 surveys collected, 194 met eligibility criteria. Analyses were restricted to 130 participants with complete responses. Survey items assessed participant demographics, healthcare distrust, and previous research participation. Research related attitudes/beliefs collected included positive and negative beliefs about research participation, social norms around participation, and beliefs about individual and community level outcomes of research participation. Multiple regression models were created to describe the relationship between negative beliefs about cancer prevention research and intention to participate in cancer prevention research. Analyses were conducted in STATA 13. Results: The analytic sample was predominately female (88.5%), employed (73.9%), lived in urban areas (83.9%), and had a high school education or less (55.4%). A large proportion reported being likely or very likely to participate in cancer prevention research (83.4%) but only 34.6% reported previous participation in health research. Intention to participate in cancer prevention research had a slightly negative association with healthcare mistrust (r= -0.19). Healthcare mistrust was predictive of intention to participate in the base model (R2=0.04), but after the addition of control variables healthcare mistrust became an insignificant predictor. The model was strengthened with the addition of scales reflecting positive and negative attitudes, social norms, and outcomes related to cancer prevention research participation (R2=0.40). Except for participation outcomes, all research related beliefs were significant predictors of intention. Additional models were constructed to determine the demographic covariates of research related beliefs. Only the model describing social norms around cancer prevention research was significant (R2=0.17), with gender serving as a significant predictor of the model. Conclusion: Although commonly referenced as a barrier to research participation among Black Americans, healthcare distrust failed to predict intention to participate in cancer prevention research. Social norms regarding participation and positive and negative attitudes toward participation in cancer prevention research were strong predictors of intention, yet beliefs about the outcomes of research had no impact on willingness to participate. This study highlights the need to explore a wider set of attitudes and beliefs in order to determine what drives intention to participate in cancer research in this population. Equally important is the need to explore influences on research participation outside of intention given the disparity between intention and participation in the study sample. Citation Format: Deeonna E. Farr, Heather M. Brandt, Daniela B. Friedman, Cheryl A. Armstead, Sue P. Heiney, Swann A. Adams, Wanda Green, Samira Khan, James R. Hebert. Untangling the influence of healthcare distrust on black Americans' intention to participate in cancer prevention research. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr C03.

The Negative Relationship between Size and the Probability of Weekly Attendance in Churches in the United States

Are people less likely to attend large churches? Using nationally representative data, I find a negative relationship between size and the probability of attendance for Conservative, Mainline, and black Protestants and for Catholics in parishes larger than 500 attenders. The addition of control variables does not change these patterns. These results support the theory that group cohesion lies at the heart of the size-participation relationship in churches. With the rapid growth of megachurches in the United States, a negative relationship between size and frequency of attendance could serve to accelerate aggregate declines in attendance. Methodologically, this article demonstrates how Bayesian hierarchical models can handle complex data structures and imputation procedures in a unified model.

Predictive Power of Aggregate Short Interest

The short sale of a stock is motivated by financial profits an investor expects to gain from declining stock prices. Short interest, defined as the proportion of shares shorted to all outstanding shares for a given stock, represents the collective expectations of short sellers. While the variation in short interest at the firm level may be dominated by firm-specific expectations, the variation in an aggregate measure of short interest across a broad sample of stocks most likely reflects changing expectations of macroeconomic conditions. With this motivation, this paper examines the relationship between lagged aggregate short interest and cyclical changes in GDP using quarterly US data from 1973 to 2013. The results strongly suggest that lagged aggregate short interest is a statistically significant regressor in explaining cyclical changes in GDP at up to a 4 quarter lag. Moreover, these results do not change with the addition of control variables and are robust to the use of different filters to decompose the growth trend from the cyclical component of GDP.

Political Connection and Firm Value

We study the effect of political connection (PC) on company value in an environment where low PC is due to better institutions and not confounded by favorable social/cultural factors. We find that in Singapore, the only country that fits this description, PC in general adds little to the value of a company. However, in industries that are subject to more stringent government regulations, PC appears to be somewhat important. Robustness checks show that alternative PC variables give rise to similar results, and the addition of control variables do not drastically change the findings. Politically connected firms have higher managerial ownership and tend to be smaller than non-PC firms, rendering them more susceptible to poorer governance practices. We show that the presence of politically connected directors somewhat neutralizes such potential negative effects. PC firms are associated with good governance practices such as nonduality in their chairman and chief executive officer positions and fewer executive directors.

Political Connection and Firm Value

We study the effect of political connection (PC) on company value in an environment where low PC is due to better institutions and not confounded by favorable social/cultural factors. We find that in Singapore, the only country that fits this description, PC in general adds little to the value of a company. However, in industries that are subject to more stringent government regulation, PC appears to be somewhat important. Robustness checks show that alternative PC variables give rise to similar results, and the addition of control variables do not drastically change the findings. PC firms have higher managerial ownership and tend to be smaller than non-PC firms, rendering them more susceptible to poorer governance practices. We show that the presence of PC directors somewhat neutralizes such potential negative effects. PC firms are associated with good governance practices such as non-duality in their Chairman and CEO and fewer executive directors.

The Impact of Upside and Downside Risk on Expected Stock Returns: Across Firm Size and Value Measures

We investigate the relation between various alternative risk measures and future daily returns using a sample of firms over the 1988-2009 time period. Previous research indicates that returns are not normally distributed and that investors seem to care more about downside risk than total risk. Motivated by these findings and the lack of research on upside risk, we model the relation between future returns and risk measures and investigate the following questions: Are investors compensated for total risk? Is the compensation for downside risk different than the compensation for upside risk? and which measure of risk (i.e., upside, downside, or total) is most important to investors? We find that, although investors seem to be compensated for total risk, measures of downside risk, such as the lower partial moment, better explain future returns. Further, when downside and upside risk are modeled simultaneously, investors seem to care only about downside risk. Our findings are robust to the addition of control variables, including prior returns, size, book-to-market ratio of equity (B/M), and leverage. We also find evidence of short-run mean reversals in daily returns. Our findings are important because we document a positive risk-return relationship, using both total and downside risk measures; however, we find that investors are concerned more with downside risk than total risk.

4D variational data assimilation for locally nested models: Complementary theoretical aspects and application to a 2D shallow water model

AbstractWe consider the application of a four‐dimensional variational data assimilation method to a numerical model, which employs local mesh refinement to improve its solution. We focus on structured meshes where a high‐resolution grid is embedded in a coarser resolution one, which covers the entire domain. The formulation of the nested variational data assimilation algorithm was derived in a preliminary work (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2008; under review). We are interested here in complementary theoretical aspects. We present first a model for the multi‐grid background error covariance matrix. Then, we propose a variant of our algorithms based on the addition of control variables in the inter‐grid transfers in order to allow for a reduction of the errors linked to the interactions between the grids. These formulations are illustrated and discussed in the test case experiment of a 2D shallow water model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

European Union economic growth and the age structure of the population

We test the robustness of correlations between age structure and economic growth in EU15 countries by replicating a previous OECD study. A hump-shaped relation with the age structure is confirmed where increases in the dependent age group shares are associated with decreasing GDP growth rates. In addition we confirm that the peak of the hump is in the upper part of the working age population. Models estimated on data up to 1990 agree quite well when data for 15 more years are added. Sensitivity tests, instrumented regressions and addition of control variables do not change this conclusion. Thus, the age profile of correlations between age and economic growth is robust over time. This motivates a prospective analysis of future effects ageing will have on EU growth. The basic conclusion from this exercise is that ageing will be accompanied by stagnation in GDP growth, but at rather different time horizons.

STRAINED LIVES AND CRIME: EXAMINING INTRA‐INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN STRAIN AND OFFENDING IN A SAMPLE OF INCARCERATED WOMEN*

When applied to the study of changes in an individual's offending, general strain theory posits that individuals will be more likely to offend during periods of high strain. Using 36 months of retrospective data collected from female inmates, we explore the relationship between intra‐individual changes in strain and changes in offending and drug use. We also examine how different dimensions of strain‐recent composite strain, duration, clustering and accumulation, contribute to the explanation of offending. We find that changes in strain are associated with changes in violence, drug use, and property crime and that these relationships remain after the addition of control variables. Moreover, the strain‐crime relationship holds when the correct causal order is specified. When modeling offending, taking various dimensions of strain into account does increase the amount of variation explained for some outcomes, but other dimensions are highly correlated. We conclude that conceptualizing the interaction between strain and crime as a dynamic process is constructive and that general strain theory will be improved if criminologists move beyond static conceptions of strain.

The impact of own and spouse's urinary incontinence on depressive symptoms

This study investigated the impact of own and spouse's urinary incontinence on depressive symptoms. Attention was paid to the possibility that gender and caregiving might be important factors in understanding significant effects. We used negative binomial regression to analyze survey data for 9974 middle-aged and older respondents to the Health and Retirement Study in the USA. Results supported the hypothesis that the respondents’ own urinary incontinence was associated with depressive symptoms (unadj. IRR=1.73, 95% CIs=1.53, 1.95 for men; unadj. IRR=1.50, 95% CIs=1.38, 1.63 for women). Controlling sociodemographic and health variables reduced this relationship, but it remained statistically significant for both men and women. Having an incontinent wife put men at greater risk for depressive symptoms (unadj. IRR=1.13, 95% CIs=1.02, 1.25), although this relation became nonsignificant with the addition of control variables. No relation between women's depressive symptoms and husbands’ (in)continence status was found. Caregiving was not a significant variable in the adjusted analyses, but spouses’ depressive symptoms emerged as a significant predictor of the respondents’ own depressive symptoms. Health care providers must be sensitive to the emotional impact of urinary incontinence. Our findings also suggest the importance of considering the patient's mental health within a wider context, particularly including the physical and mental health of the patient's spouse.