Addition Of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Research Articles

Effects and mechanisms of ultrasound-assisted emulsification treatment on the curcumin delivery and digestive properties of myofibrillar protein-carboxymethyl cellulose complex emulsion gel

Different emulsion gel systems are widely applied to deliver functional ingredients. The effects and mechanisms of ultrasound-assisted emulsification (UAE) treatment and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) modifying the curcumin delivery properties and in vitro digestibility of the myofibrillar protein (MP)-soybean oil emulsion gels were investigated. The rheological properties, droplet size, protein and CMC distribution, ultrastructure, surface hydrophobicity, sulfhydryl groups, and zeta potential of emulsion gels were also measured. Results indicate that UAE treatment and CMC addition both improved curcumin encapsulation and protection efficiency in MP emulsion gel, especially for the UAE combined with CMC (UAE-CMC) treatment which encapsulation efficiency, protection efficiency, the release rate, and bioaccessibility of curcumin increased from 86.75 % to 97.67 %, 44.85 % to 68.85 %, 18.44 % to 41.78 %, and 28.68 % to 44.93 % respectively. The protein digestibility during the gastric stage was decreased after the CMC addition and UAE treatment, and the protein digestibility during the intestinal stage was reduced after the CMC addition. The fatty acid release rate was increased after CMC addition and UAE treatment. Apparent viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus were decreased after CMC addition while increased after UAE and UAE-CMC treatment especially the storage modulus increased from 0.26 Pa to 41 Pa after UAE-CMC treatment. The oil size was decreased, the protein and CMC concentration around the oil was increased, and a denser and uniform emulsion gel network structure was formed after UAE treatment. The surface hydrophobicity, free SH groups, and absolute zeta potential were increased after UAE treatment. The UAE-CMC treatment could strengthen the MP emulsion gel structure and decrease the oil size to increase the curcumin delivery properties, and hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction might be essential forces to maintain the emulsion gel.

Combination of carboxymethylcellulose and wood hemicelluloses to enhance encapsulation efficiency and microcapsule wall thickness

Wood hemicelluloses have been used as a wall material for spray-dried microencapsulation of polyphenols. Nevertheless, their incomplete water solubility could negatively impact their encapsulation efficiency (EE) and the formation of a complete protective layer, which might be alleviated synergistically by combining them with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Here, we explored the effects of CMC addition (0.5–3.0 %, w/w of WM) on the capacity of galactoglucomannans (GGM) and glucuronoxylans (GX) to retain bioactive compounds of bilberry during spray drying; and its contribution to the formation of wall thickness. The results revealed that EE of GGM and GX increased by 4–8 % with the CMC addition at 0.5 %, but significantly declined at higher CMC concentrations. Adding CMC improved the microcapsules' antioxidant activities, surface smoothness, and solubility, but had no effect on their particle size, thermal properties, amorphous structure, or moisture content. The majority of the GGM and GX microcapsules had a hollow internal structure surrounded by continuous wall matrix with a thickness of about 2.3–2.6 μm, which increased to 3.1–3.5 μm with the addition of 0.5 % CMC. Therefore, using CMC at an optimized proportion as a co-encapsulant improved wood hemicelluloses' ability to protect bioactive compounds during spray drying and enhanced microcapsule wall formation.

Inhibitory mechanism of carboxymethyl cellulose on advanced glycation end products in plant-based meat alternatives

Plant-based meat alternatives (PBMA) were detected with high advanced glycation end products (AGEs) levels in our previous study, threatening human health. In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) exhibited excellent inhibitory effects on AGEs in both PBMA and chemical model systems. Moreover, the inhibitory effects were dependent on the levels of CMC addition. With 4% CMC addition, the contents of Nε-carboxymethy-L-lysine (CML) and Nε-carboxyethy-L-lysine (CEL) in PBMA decreased by 75% and 83%, respectively. Through comprehensive characterizations and high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, three possible inhibitory pathways were proposed at the molecular level: CMC improved the thermal stability of soy protein isolates (SPI) via covalent bond; CMC occupied the amino reaction sites on SPI and competitively inhibited the reaction between SPI and glucose; CMC scavenged the intermediates of AGEs (i.e glyoxal and methylglyoxal). This research lays a theoretical foundation on the inhibition of AGEs in PBMA through the regulation of hydrocolloids.

The Effect Of Adding Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (Cmc) On The Characteristics Of Orange Sweet Potato Jam

This Study aims to analyze the effect of addition Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) as much as 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% on the quality of color, aroma, soft texture, easy to spread texture and taste of orange sweet potato jam. This type of research is a pure experiment using a Completely Randomized Design method consisting of 5 treatments and 3 repetitions. To analyze the quality of orange sweet potato jam, an organoleptic test was carried out involving 3 expert panelists. The data obtained was then tabulated and continued with ANOVA. If F count > F table then proceed with the Duncan test. The results of this research show that the addition of CMC has an effect on the quality of the soft texture and the texture is easy to spread. Meanwhile, the quality of color, aroma and taste has no effect. The results of data analysis obtained the highest overall achievement scores, namely color 3.67 (2%), aroma 3.67 (2%), easy to spread texture 4.00 (2%), soft texture 4.00 (2%), and taste 4.00 (2%). The best quality test results for orange sweet potato jam with the addition of CMC were in treatment X4 with the addition of 2% CMC.

Enhanced Stability, Superior Anti-Corrosive, and Tribological Performance of Al2O3 Water-based Nanofluid Lubricants with Tannic Acid and Carboxymethyl Cellulose over SDBS as Surfactant

In this research work, the stability, tribological, and corrosion properties of a water-based Al2O3 nanofluid (0.5 wt%) formulated with tannin acid (TA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as dispersants or surfactants were investigated. For comparative purposes, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) was also incorporated. The stability of the nanofluid was assessed through zeta potential measurements and photo-capturing, revealing the effectiveness of TA and CMC in preventing nanoparticle agglomeration. Tribological properties were examined using a pin-on-disk apparatus, highlighting the tribofilm of Al2O3 that enhanced lubricating properties of the nanofluid by the SEM, resulting in reduced friction and wear of the contacting surfaces. Sample with the addition of both TA and CMC exhibited the best tribological performance, with a ~ 20% reduction in the friction coefficient and a 59% improvement in wear rate compared to neat nanofluid without TA and CMC. Additionally, the corrosion resistance of the nanofluids were evaluated via weight loss and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The nanofluid sample containing both TA and CMC exhibited the lowest corrosion rate, with 97.6% improvement compared to sample without them. This study provides valuable insights into the potential applications of TA and CMC-based Al2O3 nanofluids as effective and environmentally friendly solutions for coolant or lubrication in cutting processes.

Preparation of Reduced Graphene Oxide Films with High and Uniform Thickness for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Reduced graphene films have attracted widespread commercial interest due to high electrical conductivity toward (EMI) shielding. At present, the preparation path of reduced graphene film is to use graphene oxide (GO) as the raw material through self-assembly and high-temperature heat treatment. However, the thickness of reduced graphene films is not high and uniform because of the higher mobility of the graphene oxide slurry, which destroys the reliability of the membrane in the field of electromagnetic interference shielding. Here, we propose the use of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to increase the viscosity of graphene oxide to prepare reduced graphene films with high and uniform thickness. After modification with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, the EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of reduced graphene oxide films stabilized at 91–96 dB at 8–12 GHz, which is higher than pure graphene films. Meanwhile, the addition of CMC does not affect the structure of reduced graphene films. This work broadens the application of reduced graphene films in electromagnetic shielding.

Curdlan/sodium carboxymethylcellulose composite adsorbents: A biodegradable solution for organic dye removal from water

Composite adsorbent comprised of curdlan (CURD) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were fabricated through a single-step heating process, targeting the removal of methylene blue (MB) from wastewater. The CURD/CMC composite adsorbents had a honeycomb porous structure. The integration of CMC not only increased the storage modulus of the CURD/CMC composite hydrogels but also affected the thermal stability and swelling behavior of the composite adsorbents in different pH solutions. Specifically, the addition of 1.2 % CMC increased the peak temperature (184.73 °C) of CURD/CMC composite adsorbent melting by 5.99 °C compared to CURD adsorbent. The addition of CMC improved the swelling ratio of the composite adsorbent at pH 3,7, and 12 with swelling ratio up to 918.07 %. The synergistic interaction between CURD and CMC led to an enhanced adsorption capacity of the aerogel for MB, achieving a maximum adsorption capability of 385.85 mg/g. Adsorption isotherm assessments further demonstrated that the Langmuir isotherm model well fitted the adsorption data of the composite adsorbent on MB. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential of the developed biodegradable adsorbents as promising adsorbents for efficiently eliminating organic dyes from water.

The effect of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and banana puree (Musa acuminata Colla) addition on the characteristics and microstructure of goat milk yogurt

Yogurt is one of the fermented products which may have increased functional value. However, yogurt made from goat milk has a weak gel strength and high level of syneresis which may reduce consumer acceptance. The addition of CMC and banana puree was expected to improve the characteristics of yogurt. The aim of this research was to study the effect of the addition of CMC (0.75; 1; and 1.25%) and banana puree (10 and 20%) on the characteristics of goat milk yogurt (viscosity, syneresis, total lactic acid bacteria, total acid, and pH). Further analysis was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to study the microstructure of goat milk yogurt in depth. The results showed that the addition of CMC had a significant effect on the viscosity, while the addition of banana puree had a significant effect not only on the viscosity, but also total acid and pH. There was an interaction between these two factors on the syneresis. The best treatment was obtained at the addition of 1% CMC and 20% banana puree with the viscosity of 7991 cP, syneresis of 6.23%, total lactic acid bacteria of 2.4 x 108 CFU/mL, total acid of 1.49% and pH of 4.49. The microstructure of best treatment goat milk yogurt had denser, more compact and smaller voids than those of control one.

Optimization on removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by sodium carboxymethyl cellulose modified nanoscale Pd/Fe bimetal with response surface methodology

2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is a toxic and harmful organic intermediate widely used in industrial production. Recently, the utilization of nano-zero-valent iron (NZVI) for 2,4-DCP treatment has gained significant popularity, but the deactivation and agglomeration of NZVI always appear and continue to present challenges. To address these issues, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and noble metal catalyst Pd are used as stabilizers to improve the removal efficiency of NZVI on 2,4-DCP. The CMC-modified nanoscale Pd/Fe bimetal (CMC-Pd/Fe) particles were prepared by the liquid phase reduction method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the addition of Pd and CMC succeeded in ameliorating the aggregation of NZVI. A five-level-four-factor central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the removal of 2,4-DCP by CMC-Pd/Fe and explored the factors influencing the removal of 2,4-DCP, including the amount of catalyst, the initial pH of the system, the time of reaction, and the initial concentration of 2,4-DCP. A statistically significant and well-fitting quadratic regression model was successfully constructed to predict 2,4-DCP removal efficiency. The high F-value of 14.35, very low p-value (<0.0001), nonsignificant Lack of Fit, and appropriate coefficient of determination of 0.9399 demonstrate a good correlation between the experimental and predicted values of the proposed model. The analyses of variance reveal catalyst amount and reaction time have a positive effect on the removal efficiency of 2,4-DCP and the CMC-Pd/Fe catalyst amount shows the most apparent significance, with PC (percent contribution) greater than 26. Conversely, pH and 2,4-DCP concentration have a negative impact on the removal process. The optimum condition is 1.10 g/L of catalyst amount, 5.63 of pH, 2.31 h of reaction time, and 20 mg/L of initial 2,4-DCP concentration. The validation results from parallel experiments showed that the average removal efficiency of 2,4-DCP reached 96.32% under the optimal conditions.

Analysis of Photocatalytic Properties of Titanium Dioxide Electrode Supported By Hydroxyapatite Co-Catalyst in a Marine Solar Cell

Titanium dioxide (TiO2), as an n-type semiconductor photocatalyst, has been widely studied and used in many environmental and energy applications such as solar cells, wastewater treatment, air purification, water splitting for hydrogen production and CO2 conversion due to its superior electrical and optical properties, stability, and biocompatibility. Using its photocatalytic and other properties, we have been studying a floating photoelectrochemical cell that can be applicable to the marine environments. This cell is designed to utilize titanium dioxide as its photoanode and copper oxides photocathode, and seawater is used as an electrolyte between electrodes. The drawbacks of using titanium dioxide as photocatalysts are its high electron-holes recombination rates and lower absorption efficiency in visible light regions. To improve against these drawbacks, we studied hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) as co-catalyst for titanium dioxide electrode. Since HAp possesses biocompatibility, it is suitable to be used with TiO2 electrode in marine environments. In previous studies, it was found that HAp improved and boosted the current density produced by the titanium dioxide electrode. However, removal of HAp occurred from the surface of titanium dioxide during the photoelectrochemical measurements. Therefore, in this study, we have optimized the content of HAp paste that would be applied to the surface of titanium dioxide electrode by screen printing method.For preparation of titanium dioxide electrode, type 329J4L stainless steel was selected as the base substrate. Firstly, surface of the substrate was grinded to form the grid pattern and cleaned with ethanol in ultrasonic cleaner and then with distilled water. After that, the substrate was passivated with 10 % HNO3 at 60 ºC for 30 minutes. The passivated substrate was then printed and heat treated with TiO2 paste twice at 150 ºC for 1 hour and 550 ºC for 30 minutes respectively. Double layered titanium dioxide electrode was then printed with HAp paste and heat treated at 150 ºC for 1 hour. To check the characteristics of photocatalytic effect of electrode, photopotential and potentiodynamic polarization measurements were performed to the electrode. For illumination test, xenon light with an intensity of 10.5 mW/cm2 and a calibrated wavelength of 250-800 nm was used as the light source. The measurement was conducted in artificial seawater as the controlled electrolyte. Standard calomel electrode (SCE) was used as a reference electrode and platinum electrode as a counter electrode. The measurement was performed both with and without irradiated conditions. The microstructures and surface morphology of electrode before and after electrochemical measurements were analyzed and examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD).The results show optimized HAp also improve the photocatalytic activities of n-type semiconductor titanium dioxide. In previous study, removal of HAp was considered due to the addition of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a viscosity modifier to HAp paste. CMC possess higher hydration rate which may cause rapid agglomeration when it is introduced to water. Although it has satisfactory quality to control the viscosity of the paste, rapid hydration cause removal of HAp after the electrode was heat treated and measurement was performed in artificial seawater. In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as the viscosity modifier for HAp paste and Triton-X-100 was used as the surfactant to control the surface tension of the paste. As a result, HAp paste was produced to be screen-printable onto the surface of TiO2 electrode and removal of HAp was minimized compared to the previous study. Moreover, HAp became a good sorbent and co-catalyst for titanium dioxide electrode in its photocatalytic activities.

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Cellulose nanofibrils nanocomposite as coating for food packaging paper

ABSTRACT Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) can be modified to be used as a coating on food paper packaging. Previous research on PVA/CNF composites showed a low viscosity, which impacted their performance on the coating paper process. To overcome this problem, a thickening agent, such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), is needed. In this work, the effect of CMC on PVA/CMC/CNF nanocomposites was investigated by varying the concentrations of CMC with PVA/CMC and CNF ratio of 80:20 and 90:10. The nanocomposites were characterized by their physical and tensile properties which could affect their coating performance. Moreover, the coating process was conducted on paper and the performances of the coated paper were studied. The results showed that the increase in CMC concentration led to an increasing viscosity and good zeta potential, suggesting good dispersion. Moreover, the addition of CMC improved the tensile properties of PVA/CMC/CNF nanocomposites. However, SEM analysis of PVA/CMC-1:CNF (80:20) revealed the occurrence of agglomeration which might influence the performance of the coated paper. Interestingly, PVA/CMC-1:CNF (80:20) had an excellent water resistance, with the lowest Cobb60. Moreover, the addition of CMC 1 wt% increased WVTR, which remained lower than the blank sample. Meanwhile, PVA/CMC-2:CNF (80:20) demonstrated the best performance in the oil absorption and tearing resistance test. In summary, the addition of CMC can effectively improve the physical and tensile properties of the PVA/CMC/CNF, as well as the barrier properties and tear strength of the PVA/CMC/CNF coated paper. The results demonstrate the potency of this material as a coating for food packaging paper.

Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose addition on the characteristic of chitosan-based bioplastic

Bioplastic is an alternative solution in solving the problem of the plastic waste accumulation. Chitosan is a marine product waste from the crustacean group that can be used as a raw material for bioplastic because of its good film-forming ability. However, the bioplastic from chitosan has the property of being easily broken, so another material is added, namely carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), that increase the bond’s compactness. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of CMC on the characteristics of bioplastic made from 2% chitosan and 0.5% glycerol with a volume ratio of 10:1 chitosan:CMC. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with the addition of CMC (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%). The characteristics of the bioplastic tested in this study included film thickness, density, water content, solubility, tensile strength, elongation, antibacterial activity, and functional group analysis. The addition of 0.5% CMC resulted the bioplastic with a film thickness of 0.072 mm, the density of 0.836 g/cm3, the water content of 16.99%, the solubility of 40.5%, the tensile strength of 12.83 MPa, the elongation of 41.76%, inhibition zone of the antibacterial activity of 2.83 mm and a new group is formed in film that was made.

Influence of Carboxymethyl Cellulose on the Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Gliricidia sepium and Petiveria alliacea Extracts: Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Effect Evaluation.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized and stabilized using ecological strategies: the extracts of the leaves of the plants Gliricidia sepium (GS) and Petiveria alliacea (PA) reduced the metallic Au ions to AuNPs. The AuNPs were analyzed as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for pyridoxine detection (vitamin B6). UV-vis spectroscopy was carried out to assess the stability of the AuNPs. As a result, absorption bands around 530 and 540 nm were obtained for AuNPs-PA and AuNPs-GS, respectively. Both cases associated it with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). In the final stage of the synthesis, to stabilize the AuNPs, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was added; however, LSPR bands do not exhibit bathochromic or hypsochromic shifts with the addition of CMC. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs show relatively spherical morphologies; the particle diameters were detected around 7.7 and 12.7 nm for AuNPs-PA and AuNPs-GS, respectively. The nanomaterials were evaluated as SERS substrates on pyridoxine, revealing an intensification in the vibrational mode centered at 688 cm-1 associated with the pyridinic ring. Complementarily, different density functional theory functionals were included to obtain molecular descriptors on the Aun-cluster-pyridoxine interaction to study the SERS behavior.

The potential of using sweet corn (Zea mays Saccharata) husk waste as a source for biodegradable plastics

Synthetic plastics are generally challenging to degrade in the environment and capable of releasing harmful chemicals upon improper disposal, endangering both wildlife and humans. Therefore, this study aimed to develop cellulose-based bioplastics from corn husk waste and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) using sorbitol as a plasticizer. The effect of corn husk delignification, CMC addition, and variations in sorbitol concentration were investigated. The results of Chesson's test showed that the delignification process increased cellulose content to 77.30% and decreased lignin content to 3.6%. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) demonstrated the effective removal of lignin and hemicellulose components from corn husk fibers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated the elevation of corn husk crystallinity from 63.97% to 80.83% after the treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed bioplastic morphologies featuring porous and smooth surfaces juxtaposed with uneven and lumpy characteristics. Biodegradation assessment yielded a peak value of 33.4% under a composition comprising 3% CMC and 1.5% sorbitol. The swelling test performed on corn husk bioplastic samples produced values ranging from 52.89 to 66%, with the highest value recorded at 66% for the bioplastic formulation consisting of 3% CMC and 1.5% sorbitol. Resistance testing on samples containing 3% CMC, with a soaking time of four days in acidic environments, indicated a maximum weight loss of 61.3% (10% H2SO4) and 62.5% (20% H2SO4). Alkaline resistance tests displayed a 95.6% (10% NaOH) and 94.6% (20% NaOH) weight loss under similar conditions. These results suggested the potential utility of corn husk waste as a viable bioplastic source, promoting the circular economy concept in Indonesia while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, reducing waste volume, and increasing rural economic growth.

Improved Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn) Fruit Juice Quality with Carboxymethyl Cellulose Extracted from Cassava Peel (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

The utilization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) from cassava peel (Manihot esculenta Crantz) through the quality of Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn) juice was carried out through three stages. The first stage is α-cellulose isolation from cassava peel powder using an acid method and then comparing it with commercial cellulose using FTIR analysis. The second stage is an α-cellulose conversion into CMC by alkalization (using isopropanol and NaOH), carboxymethylation (using NaMCA), neutralization (using CH3COOH 90% and ethanol), purification (using distilled water followed by centrifugation and the addition of acetone which produces CMC with positive results), and then comparing isolated CMC with commercial CMC by using FTIR analysis. The last stage is Tamarillo fruit juice preparation with and without CMC addition. At this stage, the concentration of CMC was carried from 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, and 1.25%. The resultant juice was analyzed for its quality by stability (letting it stand for 24 hours), pH (with a pH meter), viscosity (with an Ostwald viscometer), vitamin C content (using the iodimetry method), antioxidant activity (using the free radical scavenging method with a solution and using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer), and organoleptic (tests on 30 untrained panellists). The best results were obtained from Tamarillo juice containing 1.25% CMC, which has 73% stability, pH 4.49, viscosity of 77.79 cP, vitamin C content of 25.32 mg/100 g and antioxidant activity of 59%. Organoleptic test results showed that fruit juice with the addition of 0.75% CMC was the most preferred result by panellists based on aroma, taste, texture, and color.

Bentonite-Based Drilling Boyolali Mud Fabrication with Additive Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Na2CO3 and KOH

This study aimed to examine the effect of adding KOH, Na2CO3, and Carboxymethyl Cellulose additives on the physical properties of the mud, as well as the optimal additive for sludge production. The preparation of the basal sludge involved the addition of 22.5 grams of bentonite, 350 millilitres of distilled water, and 10 grams of Barite as a constant variable. Then it stated 0.5 variations of the Na2CO3 additive; 1.5; 3 grams, KOH 0.5; 1.5; and 3 grams, and Carboxymethyl Cellulose 3; 6; and 9 grams. A physical property measurement involving density was conducted. Samples were evaluated for Plastic Viscosity and Yield Point at 300 and 600 rpm dial speeds. After 30 minutes of filter press compression, the filtration loss, mud cake, and pH were measured. The results indicate that the KOH additive decreases Yield Point by 8.6 lb/100ft2 and increases Filtrate Loss by 5.8 mL and sediment pH by 11.12 points. The additive Na2CO3 then causes a reduction in Filtrate Loss of 10.4, 8.8, 7.6 mL and an increase in Plastic Viscosity. While Carboxymethyl Cellulose can increase Plastic Viscosity by 7; 13; 55 cP, Gel strength by 4; 6; 40 Lb/100 ft2, and Filtrate Loss by 10; 8; 7.6mL. Carboxymethyl Cellulose is the additive that has the most significant effect on the physical properties of the mud because it can affect Plastic Viscosity, Gel Strength, Yield Point, and Filtrate Loss so that the soil can approach API 13A Standards. The optimal amount of Carboxymethyl Cellulose should be added at a mass of 6 grams, or 13 cP.

Physicochemical properties, in vitro starch digestibility, and enzyme inhibition of Irish potato-based functional flour as influenced by unripe plantain flour or sodium carboxymethylcellulose addition

Physicochemical properties, in vitro starch digestibility, and enzyme inhibition of Irish potato-based functional flour as influenced by unripe plantain flour or sodium carboxymethylcellulose addition

The impact of varying key sensory attributes on consumer perception of beer body

Beer body remains a poorly defined term, and although technical brewing experts currently describe it as the fullness of flavour and mouthfeel, little is known regarding the impact of different sensory factors on its perception. Previous studies have linked consumer understanding of beer body with viscosity (e.g. thickness, smoothness), alcohol warmth and flavour intensity. Therefore, modifications to these attributes in a base beer were explored. A commercial 0.05 % lager beer was used as the beer base, with ethanol additions at two levels to yield 2.8 and 4.5 % alcohol by volume (ABV), resulting in three levels in total for ethanol. Viscosity, bitterness and hoppy aroma were each increased to perceivably different levels by the addition of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), iso-α-acids, and hop oil extract, respectively, resulting in two levels for each (with addition and without). Beer samples (n = 18) were evaluated by naive UK beer consumers (n = 100) for overall liking, the intensity of perceived body and consumer-derived attributes using the Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) technique. A 4-way ANOVA revealed significant positive effects of all four variables (p < 0.05) on body intensity ratings and significant impacts of ethanol, bitterness and aroma on overall liking. Correlation of RATA data with overall beer body ratings showed positive correlations with sensory attributes; smooth, overall flavour, overall aftertaste, hoppy flavour and negatively correlated with watery mouthfeel. Furthermore, cluster analysis was conducted on the body intensity ratings revealing three distinct consumer clusters based on the variables. This research suggests that beer consumers are not a homogenous group when it comes to body perception, and they place different levels of importance on different variables and their associated sensory attributes.

Controllable Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Its Application in Tobacco Sheets

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with different degree of substitution (DS) was prepared by controlling feed ratio and times of alkalization and etherification. CMC with different molecular weight was prepared by degradation of hydrochloric acid solution. Orthogonal experiments were designed to study the effects of addition amount, molecular weight and DS of CMC on the tensile strength of tobacco sheets. The effects of CMC on the thermal properties and aerosol release of tobacco sheets were also studied. The results showed that the addition amount and the molecular weight of CMC had obvious effect on the tensile strength of tobacco sheets. The DS of CMC had no significant effect on the tensile strength of tobacco sheets. The addition of CMC improved the thermal stability of tobacco sheets to a certain extent, and had certain influence on the content of nicotine in aerosol.

Stability properties of slurry based on coal-to-liquid gasification ash slag

ABSTRACT The coal-to-liquid gasification ash and slag (GAS) is a solid waste with high yield, difficult degradation and environmental hazards. In this study, a novel extinguishing grouting material was made in the light of GAS, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was introduced as a dispersant for GAS slurry for easy blockage and bursting of pipes during the transportation of grouting material. Zeta-potential measurement, X-ray fluorescence and water separation experiment were utilized to discuss the mechanism and suspension stability of GAS slurry with different water-cement ratios and amount of CMC addition. The fire extinguishing material and the optimal mixing ratios were also obtained. The content of SiO2, Fe2O3, CaO and Al2O3 in GAS accounted for more than 80% of the total composition, and the main substances were gypsum, quartz and calcite. CMC had a prominent improvement effect on the suspension stability of slurry, and the more the added dosage, the stronger the suspension stability. The slurry suspension stability was maintained by steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion; when the water-cement ratios were 1: 0.8, 1: 1.0 and 1:1.4, the optimal addition amounts of CMC were 1.5%, 1.25% and 0.75%, respectively.